Editing Permissible exposure limit

{{Short description|Workplace environmental standard}}
The '''permissible exposure limit''' ('''PEL''' or '''OSHA PEL''') is a [[law|legal]] limit in the [[United States]] for exposure of an employee to a [[chemical substance]] or physical agents such as high level noise. Permissible exposure limits were established by the [[Occupational Safety and Health Administration]] (OSHA).  Most of OSHA's PELs were issued shortly after the adoption of the Occupational Safety and Health (OSH) Act in 1970.<ref>{{Cite web|title = OSHA Annotated PELs|url = https://www.osha.gov/dsg/annotated-pels/|website = www.osha.gov|access-date = 2015-10-25}}</ref>

[[regulation of chemicals|Chemical regulation]] is sometimes{{clarify|date=February 2021}} expressed in [[parts per million]] (ppm), but often{{clarify|date=February 2021}} in [[milligram]]s per [[cubic meter]] (mg/m<sup>3</sup>).<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |date=October 29, 2023 |title=Permissible Exposure Limits |url=https://www.osha.gov/annotated-pels |access-date=October 29, 2023 |website=osha.gov/annotated-pels}}</ref> Units of measure for physical agents such as [[noise]] are specific to the agent.

A PEL is usually given as a time-weighted average (TWA), although some are [[short-term exposure limit]]s (STEL) or ceiling limits. A TWA is the average exposure over a specified period, usually a nominal eight hours. This means that for limited periods, a worker may be exposed to concentration excursions higher than the PEL as long as the TWA is not exceeded and any applicable excursion limit is not exceeded. An excursion limit typically means that "...worker exposure levels may exceed 3 times the PEL-TWA for no more than a total of 30 minutes during a workday, and under no circumstances should they exceed 5 times the PEL-TWA, provided that
the PEL-TWA is not exceeded."<ref name="Oregon Rules for Air Contaminants 437-002-0382 (1)c">{{cite web|title=437-002-0382 Oregon Rules for Air Contaminants|url=http://www.cbs.state.or.us/osha/pdf/rules/division_2/div_2.pdf|publisher=Oregon Occupational Safety and Health Division|access-date=30 January 2014|archive-date=4 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304000403/http://www.cbs.state.or.us/osha/pdf/rules/division_2/div_2.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref>  Excursion limits are enforced in some states (for example Oregon) and on the federal level for certain contaminants such as asbestos.

A short-term exposure limit is one that addresses the average exposure over a 15-30 minute period of maximum exposure during a single work shift. A ceiling limit is one that may not be exceeded for any time, and is applied to irritants and other materials that have immediate effects.

==Regulatory agencies for occupational noise exposure==
===OSHA===
The current PEL for OSHA  standards are based on a 5 [[decibel]] exchange rate. OSHA's PEL for noise exposure is 90 decibels (dBA) for an 8-hour TWA. Levels of 90-140 dBA are included in the noise dose.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Rawool |first1=Vishakha |title=Hearing Conservation in Occupation, Education, and Home Settings |date= 19 September 2011 |publisher=Thieme Publishers, Inc. |location=New York|isbn=978-1604062564 |pages=33}}</ref> PEL can also be expressed as 100 percent “dose” for noise exposure. When the noise exposure increases by 5&nbsp;dB, the exposure time is cut in half.<ref>{{cite web |title=OSHA Fact Sheet |url=https://www.osha.gov/Publications/laboratory/OSHAfactsheet-laboratory-safety-noise.pdf |website=OSHA |access-date=21 November 2018}}</ref> According to OSHA, a 95dBA TWA would be a 200 percent dose.<ref>{{cite web |title=Permissible Noise Exposures |url=https://www.osha.gov/SLTC/noisehearingconservation/pel.html |website=OSHA |access-date=20 November 2018}}</ref> PEL is exceeded when TWA > 90 dBA. OSHA requires feasible engineering OR [[administrative controls]], and mandatory hearing protection when the PEL is exceeded.

===MSHA===
Like OSHA, [[Mine Safety and Health Administration]] (MSHA) also uses the same 5 decibel exchange rate and 90 dBA for an 8-hour TWA for their PEL. Once a miner's noise exposure exceeds the PEL, feasible engineering AND administrative controls must be in place to try to limit the noise exposure of the employees. If a mine operator uses administrative controls, procedures for such controls must be posted on the bulletin board and a copy must be supplied to all affected employees.<ref>{{cite web |title=62.130 Permissible Exposure Limit |url=https://www.ecfr.gov/cgi-bin/text-idx?SID=28741a401b0e74a8d116a4d905dd89b6&mc=true&node=pt30.1.62&rgn=div5#se30.1.62_1130 |website=Government Publishing Office |access-date=20 November 2018}}</ref>

===NIOSH===
The [[National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health]] (NIOSH) [[Recommended Exposure Limit]] (REL) for noise exposure uses a 3 decibel exchange rate. The recommendation for occupational noise exposure is 85 decibels (dBA) for an 8-hour TWA. For every 3&nbsp;dB over 85, the exposure time is cut in half. NIOSH reports exposures above this level are considered hazardous. NIOSH uses a hierarchy of control to reduce or remove hazardous noise.<ref>{{cite web |title=Controls for Noise Exposure |url=https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/topics/noisecontrol/default.html |website=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention |access-date=22 November 2018|date=2018-11-09 }}</ref>

== Chemical regulation for permissible exposure limits ==
Permissible Exposure Limits are regulatory limits for chemical hazards in a workplace set by [[Occupational Safety and Health Administration|OSHA]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-12-14 |title=1988 OSHA PEL Project Documentation {{!}} NIOSH |url=https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/pel88/pelstart.html |access-date=2023-11-28 |website=www.cdc.gov |language=en-us}}</ref><ref name=what>{{Cite web |date=2015-07-30 |title=What is the PEL and How Does it Work? |website=Safety Management Group |url=https://safetymanagementgroup.com/blog/what-is-the-pel-and-how-does-it-work/ |access-date=2023-11-28 |language=en-US}}</ref> Organizations may implement stricter guidelines for chemical use and exposure, but OSHA guidelines must be followed at the minimum.<ref name=smr>{{Cite journal |last=Rappaport |first=S. M. |date=May 1993 |title=Threshold limit values, permissible exposure limits, and feasibility: The bases for exposure limits in the United States |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/ajim.4700230502 |journal=American Journal of Industrial Medicine |language=en |volume=23 |issue=5 |pages=683–694 |doi=10.1002/ajim.4700230502 |issn=0271-3586|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref name=what/> Permissible Exposure Limits are time-weighted average, meaning that a worker may be exposed to higher concentrations of the chemical at different times of the work shift.<ref name=what/><ref>{{Cite web |title=Workplace Exposure Limits |url=https://response.restoration.noaa.gov/oil-and-chemical-spills/chemical-spills/resources/workplace-exposure-limits.html |access-date=2023-11-28 |website=response.restoration.noaa.gov}}</ref>

Many factors contribute in establishing Permissible Exposure Limits. [[Threshold limit value|Threshold Limit Values]] (TLVs), often determined by the [[American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists]] (ACGHI), is a key component in determining the PEL.<ref name=smr/><ref name=what/> Other things that contribute to determining the PEL are toxicity and particle size.<ref name=what/>

PELs for chemicals are measured in mg/M<sup>3</sup> (milligrams per cubic meter).<ref name=":2" /> Mg/M<sup>3</sup> is used to measure pollutant’s mass in the air.<ref>{{Cite web |title=What is Milligram Per Cubic Meter (Mg/M3)? - Definition from Safeopedia |url=http://www.safeopedia.com/definition/90/milligram-per-cubic-meter-mgm3 |access-date=2023-11-28 |website=safeopedia.com |language=en}}</ref> PELs compliance is monitored through direct reading measurement tools, various sampling methods, and measuring biological markers in workers.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=November 6, 2023 |title=Direct Reading Instruments |url=https://www.osha.gov/direct-reading-instruments |access-date=November 6, 2023 |website=osha.gov/direct-reading-instruments}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Tustin |first=Aaron W. |last2=Cannon |first2=Dawn L. |date=February 2022 |title=Analysis of biomonitoring data to assess employer compliance with OSHA's permissible exposure limits for air contaminants |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/ajim.23317 |journal=American Journal of Industrial Medicine |language=en |volume=65 |issue=2 |pages=81–91 |doi=10.1002/ajim.23317 |issn=0271-3586|url-access=subscription }}</ref>  Sampling for biological markers may include sampling urine and blood.<ref name=":1" /> Direct measurement tools, such as Q-Trak, and indirect measurement tools such as [[Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry|gas chromatography]] can be used for air sampling.<ref name=":0" />

== Noise Exposure ==
The Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) in the United States established the allowed exposure limit for occupational noise at 90 dB and is based on an 8-hour time-weighted average for an 8-hour workday.<ref>"Occupational noise exposure - overview". ''Occupational Safety and Health Administration''. https://www.osha.gov/noise </ref> For worker's safety, OSHA mandates hearing conservation programs when noise levels are higher than 85 decibels.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Occupational Noise Exposure |url=https://www.osha.gov/noise/exposure-controls |access-date=2024-08-01}}</ref> This is dependent on the sector, profession, or nation, different restrictions may apply.

Currently, about 200 million Americans are subject to harmful workplace noise.<ref>Christa L. Themann, Elizabeth A. Masterson; Occupational noise exposure: A review of its effects, epidemiology, and impact with recommendations for reducing its burden. ''J. Acoust. Soc. Am.'' 1 November 2019; 146 (5): 3879–</ref> There are many factors, besides in the workplace, to how noise exposure can affect individuals more or less. These factors can include, but are not limited to, ageing, heredity factors, recreational activities, and some illnesses.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |title=Guidance and resources |url=https://iosh.com/guidance-and-resources |access-date=2024-08-01 |website=IOSH |language=en}} </ref>

While there are recommendations that exist for noise levels and noise control in communities, there is a lack of general agreement regarding acceptable exposure limits in non-occupational settings or the general environment. To limit noise exposure levels there are several approaches that can be used. One way to limit noise exposure is by wearing [[personal protective equipment]] (PPE) such as earplugs, or earmuffs.<ref name=":3" /> Another way to limit exposure should be reducing being in environments with heavy amounts of noise exposure.<ref>Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2023, January 23). ''Noise and hearing loss - noise and occupational hearing loss''. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/topics/noise/noise.html </ref> With this in mind it is important to keep individuals informed about prolonged noise exposure.

==See also==
*[[Mine Safety and Health Administration]]
*[[National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health]]
*[[Recommended exposure limit]]
*[[Respirator assigned protection factors]]
*[[Short-term exposure limit|STEL]]
*[[Threshold limit value]] published by [[American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists|ACGIH]]
*[[Occupational exposure banding]]

== References ==
<references />

==External links==
* [https://www.osha.gov/dsg/annotated-pels/index.html Permissible Exposure Limits – Annotated Tables] (Permissible Exposure Limits – Annotated Tables)
* [https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/pel88/npelname.html 1988 OSHA PEL Project Documentation: List by Chemical Name] Available from NIOSH
* [http://www.acgih.org ACGIH website] ACGIH website
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20131229045640/http://www.tera.org/oars/WEEL.html Workplace Environmental Exposure Limits (WEEL) Values available on-line through The Occupational Alliance for Risk Science - Workplace Environmental Exposure Levels (WEEL)]
{{Commons-inline|list=
* [[commons:File:Statistical methods noncompliance with occupational health standards.pdf|Statistical Methods for the Determination of Noncompliance with Occupational Health Standards (1975)]]
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[[Category:Chemical safety]]
[[Category:Concentration indicators]]
[[Category:Environmental standards]]
[[Category:National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health]]
[[Category:Occupational Safety and Health Administration]]