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Peter Arnett
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{{Short description|New Zealand-American journalist (born 1934)}} {{Use New Zealand English|date=September 2014}} {{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}} {{Infobox person | name = Peter Arnett | honorific_suffix = {{post-nominals|country=NZL|ONZM|size=100%}} | image= Peter Arnett.jpg | caption = Arnett in 1996 | birth_name = Peter Gregg Arnett | birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1934|11|13}} | birth_place = [[Riverton, New Zealand|Riverton]], [[New Zealand]] | death_date = | death_place = | occupation = [[Journalist]], [[news presenter|anchorman]] | years active = 1960−present | spouse = Nina Nguyen (separated 1983) | children = 2 | credits = Awarded the 1966 [[Pulitzer Prize]] in International Reporting for his work in [[Vietnam]] }} '''Peter Gregg Arnett''' {{post-nominals|country=NZL|ONZM}} (born 13 November 1934) is a New Zealand-born American [[journalist]].<ref>{{cite web|url = http://www.rosettabooks.com/author/peter-arnett/|title = Peter Arnett|publisher = RosettaBooks|access-date = 13 September 2016|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160920214225/http://www.rosettabooks.com/author/peter-arnett/|archive-date = 20 September 2016|url-status = dead}}</ref> He is known for his coverage of the [[Vietnam War]] and the [[Gulf War]]. He was awarded the 1966 [[Pulitzer Prize]] in International Reporting for his work in Vietnam from 1962 to 1965, mostly reporting for the [[Associated Press]]. Arnett also worked for ''[[National Geographic (magazine)|National Geographic]]'' magazine, and later for various television networks, most notably for nearly two decades at [[CNN]]. Arnett published a memoir, ''Live from the Battlefield: From Vietnam to Baghdad, 35 Years in the World's War Zones'' (1994). In March 1997, Arnett interviewed [[Osama bin Laden]], leader of [[Al-Qaeda]].<ref name="Osama">{{cite web|date = 5 December 2001|url = http://archives.cnn.com/2001/COMMUNITY/12/05/gen.arnett.cnna/|title = Peter Arnett: Osama bin Laden and returning to Afghanistan|publisher = [[CNN News]]|access-date = 12 September 2007|first = Peter|last = Arnett|url-status = dead|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20091207161036/http://archives.cnn.com/2001/COMMUNITY/12/05/gen.arnett.cnna/|archive-date = 7 December 2009|df = dmy-all}}</ref> The journalism school at the [[Southern Institute of Technology]] in New Zealand was named for Arnett.<ref>{{cite web |date= 23 April 2015 |url = http://www.pmc.aut.ac.nz/pacific-media-watch/nz-peter-arnett-journalism-school-forced-close-over-lack-students-9232|title = NZ: 'Peter Arnett' journalism school forced to close over lack of students|publisher = [[Pacific Media Watch]]| access-date = 11 September 2016 }}</ref> ==Early life== Arnett was born in 1934 in [[Riverton, New Zealand|Riverton]], in New Zealand's [[Southland, New Zealand|Southland]] region. His first job as a journalist was with ''[[The Southland Times]]''.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Harvey |first1=Kerry |title=When Arnett met bin Laden <!-- Print title shown; online title is: "Bin Laden's chilling words to Kiwi journalist" --> |url=https://www.stuff.co.nz/entertainment/tv-radio/tv-guide/114967718/bin-ladens-chilling-words-to-kiwi-journalist |access-date=16 August 2019 |work=[[The Press]] |date=16 August 2019 |page=11}}</ref> ==Vietnam== During his early years in journalism, Arnett worked in Southeast Asia, largely based in [[Bangkok]]. In 1960 he started publishing a small English-language newspaper in [[Laos]].<ref name="cjrarchives">{{cite web|date=2006|url=http://cjrarchives.org/issues/2006/6/Halberstam1.asp|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080109195453/http://cjrarchives.org/issues/2006/6/Halberstam1.asp|url-status=usurped|archive-date=9 January 2008|title=The Death of Supply Column 21 (Nov-Dec 2006)|publisher=Columbia Journalism Review at Columbia University|access-date=12 September 2007|first=David|last=Halberstam}}</ref> Eventually, he made his way to Vietnam, which the French had abandoned after being defeated at [[Dien Bien Phu]] by communists from North Vietnam. Arnett became a reporter for the [[Associated Press]], based in [[Saigon]] in the South, in the years when the United States began to get involved in the civil conflict and through the Vietnam War. On 7 July 1963, in what became known as the [[Double Seven Day scuffle]], he was injured in a widely reported physical altercation between a group of western journalists and South Vietnamese undercover police. The reporters were trying to cover [[Buddhist crisis|Buddhist protests]] against the South Vietnamese government. His articles, such as "Death of Supply Column 21," about an event during [[Operation Starlite]] in August 1965, resulted in raising the ire of the American government, which had been increasing the number of forces in the region.<ref name="cjrarchives" /> Arnett accompanied troops on dozens of missions, including the [[Battle of Dak To#Hill 875|battle of Hill 875]], in November 1967. An American detachment was sent to rescue another unit that was stranded in hostile territory, and the rescuers were nearly killed during the operation. In September 1972, Arnett joined a group of U.S. peace activists, including [[William Sloane Coffin]] and [[David Dellinger]], on a trip to [[Hanoi]], [[North Vietnam]], to accept three American [[Prisoner of war|prisoners of war]] for return to the United States.<ref name="Arnett">{{cite book|last=Arnett|first=Peter|title=Live from the Battlefield: From Vietnam to Baghdad: 35 Years in the World's War Zones|publisher=Simon & Schuster|year=1994|isbn=0-671-75586-2|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/livefrombattlef000pete}}</ref>{{rp|274-8}} Arnett wrote in an unvarnished manner when reporting stories of ordinary soldiers and civilians. Arnett's writing was often criticised by administration spokesmen as negative, who wanted to keep reporting of the war positive. General [[William Westmoreland]], President [[Lyndon B. Johnson]] and others in power put pressure on the AP to get rid of or transfer Arnett from the region.<ref name="Arnett" />{{rp|259-60}} In what is considered one of his iconic dispatches, published on 7 February 1968, Arnett wrote about the [[Battle of Bến Tre]]: "'It became necessary to destroy the town to save it,' a United States major said today. He was talking about the decision by allied commanders to bomb and shell the town regardless of civilian casualties, to rout the Vietcong."<ref>{{cite news|date=8 February 1968<!-- This is the date of publication; the date of reporting was 7 February. -->|title=Major Describes Move|work=The New York Times}}</ref> The quotation was gradually altered in subsequent publications, eventually becoming the more familiar, "We had to destroy the village in order to save it."<ref name="verifier">{{cite book|title=The Quote Verifier: Who Said What, Where, and When|last=Keyes|first=Ralph|year=2006|publisher=St. Martin's Griffin|isbn=978-0-312-34004-9|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/quoteverifierwho00keye}}</ref> The accuracy of the original quotation and its source have often been called into question. Arnett never revealed his source, except to say that it was one of four officers he interviewed that day.<ref name="verifier" /> US Army Major Phil Cannella, the senior officer present at Bến Tre, suggested the quotation might have been a distortion of something he said to Arnett.<ref name="verifier" /> ''[[The New Republic]]'' at the time attributed the quotation to [[United States Air Force|US Air Force]] Major Chester L. Brown.<ref>[[Peter Braestrup|Braestrup, Peter]], [https://books.google.com/books?id=SSfcAAAAIAAJ&q=%22new+republic%22+%22chester+l.+brown%22&dq=%22new+republic%22+%22chester+l.+brown%22&cd=2 ''Big story: how the American Press and Television Reported and Interpreted the Crisis of Tet 1968 in Vietnam and Washington, Volume 1'' Freedom House (U.S.)] (Westview Press, 1977) via Google Books.</ref> In [[Walter Cronkite]]'s 1971 book, ''Eye on the World'', Arnett reasserted the quotation was something "one American major said to me in a moment of revelation."<ref>{{cite book|title=Eye on the World|last=Cronkite|first=Walter|year=1971|publisher=Cowles Book Company}}</ref> Arnett was one of the last western reporters remaining in Saigon after its fall and capture by the [[People's Army of Vietnam]]. Occupying soldiers showed him how they had entered the city.<ref name="Arnett" />{{rp|305}} Arnett wrote the 26-part mini-series documentary, ''[[Vietnam: The Ten Thousand Day War]]'' (1980), produced by [[Canadian Broadcasting Corporation]] (CBC). ==Soviet invasion of Afghanistan== At the time of the [[Soviet Invasion of Afghanistan]], Arnett was working for ''[[Parade (magazine)|Parade]]'' magazine. With a contact named Healy, he entered Afghanistan illegally from Pakistan; both men were dressed in traditional clothing as natives and led by [[Mujahideen]] guides. They continued to a [[Jalalabad]] hideaway of approximately fifty rebels. The trip came to an end when Healy fell into the [[Kunar River]], ruining the pair's cameras. Later, Arnett would recount the story to journalist [[Artyom Borovik]], who was covering the Soviet side of the war.<ref name="hidden">[[Artyom Borovik|Borovik, Artyom]], ''The Hidden War,'' 1990. International Relations Publishing House, USSR</ref> ==Gulf War== Beginning in 1981, Arnett worked for [[CNN]] for 18 years, ending in 1999. During the [[Gulf War]], he became a household name worldwide as the only reporter to have live coverage directly from [[Baghdad]], especially during the first 16 hours. His dramatic reports often were accompanied by the sound of air raid sirens blaring and US bombs exploding in the background. Together with two other CNN journalists, [[Bernard Shaw (journalist)|Bernard Shaw]] and [[John Holliman]], Arnett brought continuous coverage from Baghdad for the 16 initial intense hours of the war (17 January 1991). Although 40 foreign journalists were present at the [[Royal Tulip Al Rasheed Hotel|Al-Rashid Hotel]] in Baghdad at the time, only CNN possessed the means — a private phone line connected to neighbouring Amman, Jordan — to communicate to the outside world.<ref>{{cite news|last1=McDOUGAL|first1=DENNIS|title=How CNN Won Battle for a Phone Line : Television: A 'four-wire' system allowed the all-news network to achieve a coup in its war coverage from Baghdad.|url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1991-01-25-ca-710-story.html|access-date=15 May 2016|work=Los Angeles Times|date=25 January 1991}}</ref> CNN broadcast Arnett's extended call live for several hours, with a picture of Arnett as video. Soon the other journalists left Iraq, including the two CNN colleagues, which left Arnett as the sole remaining reporter. His accounts of civilian damage caused by the bombing were not well received by the coalition war administration. Its spokesmen had emphasized terms such as "smart bombs" and "surgical precision" in their public statements, in an effort to project keeping civilian casualties would be at a minimum. [[White House]] sources would later attack Arnett, saying that he was being used as a tool for Iraqi disinformation. Two weeks into the war, Arnett was able to obtain an exclusive, uncensored interview with [[Saddam Hussein]].<ref name="cnn2001">{{cite web |date=16 January 2001 |url =http://www.cnn.com/COMMUNITY/transcripts/2001/01/16/arnett/|title =Peter Arnett: A look back at Operation Desert Storm |publisher = [[CNN News]]| access-date = 12 September 2007 | first=Peter |last=Arnett }}</ref> Due to Arnett's reporting from the "other side", for a period of five weeks, the Gulf War was the first to be broadcast live on TV. About halfway through the war, representatives of the [[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] approached Arnett. They believed that the Iraqi military was operating a high-level communication network from the basement of the Al Rashid Hotel, which is where Arnett and other staff from CNN were staying. The CIA wanted him out so the Air Force could bomb the hotel, but Arnett refused. He said he had been given a tour of the hotel and denied there was such a facility.<ref>Rosenkranz, Keith, ''Vipers in the Storm'' (McGraw Hill), p. 299</ref> ==Interview with Osama Bin Laden== In March 1997, Arnett of [[CNN]] interviewed [[Osama bin Laden]], leader of [[Al-Qaeda]], after Bin Laden declared jihad on the United States. Asked by Arnett, "What are your future plans?", Bin Laden said, "You'll see them and hear about them in the media, God willing."<ref>{{cite news|url=http://archives.cnn.com/2001/COMMUNITY/12/05/gen.arnett.cnna/|title=Peter Arnett: Osama bin Laden and returning to Afghanistan|access-date=30 November 2009|work=CNN|date=2001-12-05|archive-date=24 January 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130124090340/http://archives.cnn.com/2001/COMMUNITY/12/05/gen.arnett.cnna/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.crono911.net/docs/Arnett1997.pdf |title=Arnett interview transcript |access-date=16 May 2020 |archive-date=9 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210609150428/http://www.crono911.net/docs/Arnett1997.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> ==Operation Tailwind== In 1998, Arnett narrated a report on the joint venture (between CNN and [[Time (magazine)|''Time'']] magazine) programme called ''[[CNN NewsStand|NewsStand]]'', covering "[[Operation Tailwind]]" in Laos in 1970. The report, titled ''The Valley of Death'', claimed that in 1970, the [[United States Army]] had used [[sarin]], a [[nerve agent]], against a group of deserting U.S. soldiers in Laos. The men who allegedly conducted the attack were an elite [[United States Army Special Forces|Green Beret]]s A-Team. The report was expressly approved by both CNN Chairman Tom Johnson and CNN President Rick Kaplan. In response, [[the Pentagon]] commissioned another report contradicting that of CNN's. CNN subsequently conducted its own investigation. It concluded that the "journalism [in the ''Valley of Death''] was flawed" and retracted the story. While all 12 men of the Green Beret A-Team were wounded in action during Operation Tailwind, no sarin was involved. Due to a number of rebuttals claiming the CNN report was flawed, three or more of the individuals responsible were fired or forced to resign.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ajr.org/Article.asp?id=3213|title=American Journalism Review|access-date=4 May 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130606054403/http://www.ajr.org/Article.asp?id=3213|archive-date=6 June 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref> Arnett was reprimanded, and left the network in April 1999, apparently due to "lingering fallout" from Tailwind.<ref>{{cite web |date=20 April 1999|url = https://variety.com/1999/tv/news/arnett-will-leave-cnn-1117493413/|title = Arnett will leave CNN|publisher = Variety| access-date = 13 September 2016 |first=Josef | last=Adalian }}</ref> ==Invasion of Iraq 2003== On assignment for [[NBC]] and [[National Geographic (magazine)|''National Geographic'']], Arnett went to Iraq in 2003 to cover the [[2003 invasion of Iraq|U.S. invasion]]. After a press meeting there, he granted an interview to state-run [[Television in Iraq|Iraqi TV]] on 31 March 2003. In it he said: {{quote|[N]ow America is re-appraising the battlefield, delaying the [[2003 invasion of Iraq|war against Iraq]], maybe a week, and re-writing {{sic}} the war plan. The first plan has failed because of Iraqi resistance[;] now they are trying to write another war plan.}} Earlier in the interview he said: {{quote|[O]ur reports about civilian casualties here, about the resistance of the Iraqi forces, are going back to the United States. It helps those who oppose the war when you challenge the policy to develop their arguments.|Peter Arnett<ref name="IraqiInterview">{{cite web |date=31 March 2003 |url=http://edition.cnn.com/2003/WORLD/meast/03/30/sprj.irq.arnett.transcript/|title=Transcript of Peter Arnett interview on Iraqi TV|publisher=[[CNN News]]| access-date=21 September 2016}}</ref>}} When Arnett's remarks sparked a "firestorm of protest", NBC initially defended him, saying he had given the interview as a professional courtesy and that his remarks were "analytical in nature". A day later, though, NBC, [[MSNBC]] and ''[[National Geographic (magazine)|National Geographic]]'' all severed their relationships with Arnett.<ref name="nationalgeographic">{{cite web |date=31 March 2003|url=http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2003/03/0331_030331_arnettfired.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030411132314/http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2003/03/0331_030331_arnettfired.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=11 April 2003|title=National Geographic Fires Peter Arnett|publisher=National Geographic News |access-date=12 September 2007}}</ref> In response to Arnett's statement on Iraqi TV, NBC stated: {{quote|It was wrong for Mr. Arnett to grant an interview with state-controlled Iraqi TV, especially at a time of war and it was wrong for him to discuss his personal observations and opinions.}} Arnett responded: {{quote|My stupid misjudgment was to spend fifteen minutes in an impromptu interview with Iraqi television. I said in that interview essentially what we all know about the war, that there have been delays in implementing policy, there have been surprises.|Peter Arnett}} Later that day, Arnett was hired by the British tabloid, ''[[Daily Mirror|The Daily Mirror]]'', which had opposed the war. A couple of days later he also received work from Greek television channel [[ERT2|NET television]], and Belgian [[VTM (TV channel)|VTM]]. ==Academic career== [[File:DIG13872 jjg-145.jpg|thumb|[[Dan Rather]] and Arnett discuss the role of the media in shaping perceptions of the Vietnam War at a panel discussion presented by the LBJ Presidential Library (April 2016)]] After retiring as a field reporter in 2007, Arnett lives in Los Angeles. He also teaches journalism at [[Shantou University]] in China. In New Zealand, the Peter Arnett School of Journalism was named for him at the [[Southern Institute of Technology]]; the journalism school closed in 2015.<ref>Richard Horgan ( 13 July 2012 ), [http://www.mediabistro.com/fishbowlla/peter-arnett-shanzou-university-china-cnn-pulitzer-documentary_b67123 Peter Arnett Talks About His Chinese Journalism Students], 13 July 2012, Fishbowl.la</ref><ref>Lara Farrar (10 June 2012), [https://www.nytimes.com/2012/06/04/world/asia/04iht-educlede04.html?_r=0 Treading a Fine Line by Teaching Journalism in China], ''The New York Times''</ref> ==Personal life== In 1964, Arnett married Nina Nguyen, a Vietnamese woman. They had two children, Elsa and Andrew. Nina and Peter separated in 1983, divorced more than 20 years later, then reconciled in 2006.<ref>Ben Stanley, [https://thespinoff.co.nz/media/22-03-2016/how-new-zealands-peter-arnett-the-worlds-greatest-war-correspondent-found-peace-at-last/ "How NZ’s Peter Arnett, the world’s greatest war correspondent, found peace at last."] From ''The Spin-off,'' 22 March 2016.</ref> Elsa Arnett attended [[Stuyvesant High School]] in New York and [[Harvard University]]. After graduating, she went into journalism, became a reporter, worked for several months on ''The Washington Post'' as an intern and then joined ''[[The Boston Globe]]''.<ref name="booknotes">{{cite web |date=20 February 1994|url = https://www.c-span.org/video/?54712-1/live-battlefield|title = Live from the Battlefield: From Vietnam to Baghdad, 35 years in the World's War Zones|publisher = Booknotes| access-date = 9 February 2018 | first=Peter |last=Arnett |quote=Elsa Arnett is my daughter. She's 25 years of age, born in Saigon. My wife was a Vietnamese woman. We separated a few years ago, but we're still in touch. Elsa, a bright young lady, and she went to Stuyvesant High School in New York, as an accomplished student, went on to Harvard University. I never had a university education. Well, Elsa compensated for that by going to Harvard University and graduating with high honors and, lo and behold, went into journalism, became a reporter, worked for several months on The Washington Post as an intern and then joined The Boston Globe; spent a couple of years there and, thank goodness, agreed to help me get this book done.}}</ref> She worked with her father on his 1994 memoir about his reporting life. Elsa Arnett is married to former White House lawyer [[John Yoo]].<ref>[http://www.pittsburghlive.com/x/pittsburghtrib/opinion/columnists/datelinedc/s_616001.html "Defending John Yoo"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090925093139/http://www.pittsburghlive.com/x/pittsburghtrib/opinion/columnists/datelinedc/s_616001.html |date=25 September 2009 }}, ''[[Pittsburgh Tribune-Review|TribLIVE]]'' (Pittsburgh), 15 March 2009. "Dateline D.C. is written by a Washington-based British journalist and political observer."</ref> In the [[2007 New Year Honours (New Zealand)|2007 New Year Honours]], Arnett was appointed an [[Officer of the New Zealand Order of Merit]], for services to journalism.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.dpmc.govt.nz/publications/new-year-honours-list-2007 | title=New Year honours list 2007 |date=30 December 2006 | publisher=Department of the Prime Minister and Cabinet | access-date=12 September 2020}}</ref> ==In popular culture== Peter Arnett appeared in Robert Wiener's book ''[[Live from Baghdad]]''. He appeared as a character in the 2002 [[HBO]] [[Live from Baghdad (film)|film of the same name]], where he was portrayed by actor [[Bruce McGill]]. The book, as well as the film, features Arnett's work as part of Wiener's crew in [[Baghdad]]. Arnett joined the team as tensions between Iraq and the West were escalating toward an imminent military encounter. CNN sent Arnett to Baghdad because of his experience in covering military conflicts. Arnett was part of the live coverage beginning on 16 January 1991, the start of the [[Gulf War air campaign]], where he and colleagues [[Bernard Shaw (journalist)|Bernard Shaw]] and [[John Holliman]] kept broadcasting from their [[Royal Tulip Al Rasheed Hotel|Al-Rasheed Hotel]] room amid extensive [[Airstrike|aerial bombing]] by the [[Coalition of the Gulf War|Western Coalition forces]]. Arnett's interview with Bin Laden in 1997 became the subject of the movie 'A War Story' produced for television. Arnett's role was played by John Leigh.<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://www.stuff.co.nz/entertainment/tv-radio/115235494/a-war-story-kiwi-journalist-plays-secondfiddle-to-osama-bin-laden-in-tvnzs-sunday-theatre | title=A War Story: Kiwi journalist plays second-fiddle to Osama Bin Laden in TVNZ's Sunday Theatre| date=23 August 2019}}</ref> ==Selected works== {{external media| float = right| video1 = [https://www.c-span.org/video/?54712-1/live-battlefield ''Booknotes'' interview with Arnett on ''Live from the Battlefield'', 20 February 1994], [[C-SPAN]]}} * ''Live from the Battlefield: From Vietnam to Baghdad: 35 Years in the World's War Zones''. New York: Simon & Schuster, 1994. {{ISBN|0671755862}} * ''Saigon Has Fallen: A Wartime Recollection by the Pulitzer Prize-Winning Journalist''. New York: Rosetta Books/Associated Press, 2015 {{ISBN|978-0-7953-4643-9}} ==See also== * [[CNN controversies]] * [[List of New Zealand television personalities]] ==References== {{Reflist|2}} ===Bibliography=== *{{Cite book|last=Rosenkranz|first=Keith|title=Vipers in the Storm: Diary of a Gulf War Fighter Pilot|location= New York|publisher= McGraw-Hill|date= 1999|isbn=0-07-134670-8}} ==External links== {{Commons category|Peter Arnett}} * {{C-SPAN|17383}} * [[François Sully|Sully, François]], [https://web.archive.org/web/20120413051748/http://openvault.wgbh.org/catalog/sully-455-ambassador-ellsworth-bunker-arrival-in-saigon-top-u-s-officials-barry-zorthian-jack-steward-porter-c "Associated Press' Peter Arnett testing the first flame thrower captured from the Vietcong in Vietnam"], photograph; 8 December 1965. Copyright Healey Library, [[UMass Boston]]; via ''openvault.wgbh.org''. * {{The Interviews name|peter-arnett}} {{Buddhist crisis}} {{PulitzerPrize International Reporting}} {{Vietnam War correspondents}} <!--Is Arnett in fact a Maori as this claims?--> {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Arnett, Peter}} [[Category:American television reporters and correspondents]] [[Category:American war correspondents of the Vietnam War]] [[Category:War correspondents of the Vietnam War]] [[Category:1934 births]] [[Category:Living people]] [[Category:CNN people]] [[Category:People from Riverton, New Zealand]] [[Category:Pulitzer Prize for International Reporting winners]] [[Category:New Zealand television presenters]] [[Category:New Zealand emigrants to the United States]] [[Category:Officers of the New Zealand Order of Merit]] [[Category:Naturalized citizens of the United States]] [[Category:Ngāi Tahu people]] [[Category:20th-century American journalists]] [[Category:American male journalists]]
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