Editing Peter Shore

{{short description|British politician}}
{{distinguish|text=the theoretical computer scientist [[Peter Shor]] or the Egyptologist [[A. F. Shore|A. F. "Peter" Shore]]}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2024}}
{{Use British English|date=November 2016}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| honorific-prefix    = {{pns|RHon|size=100%}}
| name                = The Lord Shore of Stepney
| honorific-suffix    = {{postnom|country=GBR|PC|size=100%}}
| image               = Petershore.jpg
| office              = [[Shadow Leader of the House of Commons]]
| leader              = [[Neil Kinnock]]
| term_start          = 31 October 1983
| term_end            = 13 July 1987
| predecessor         = [[John Silkin]]
| successor           = [[Frank Dobson]]
| office1             = [[Shadow Secretary of State for Business, Innovation and Skills|Shadow Secretary of State for Trade and Industry]]
| leader1             = [[Neil Kinnock]]
| term_start1         = 31 October 1983
| term_end1           = 26 October 1984
| predecessor1        = [[Peter Archer, Baron Archer of Sandwell|Peter Archer]] {{small|(Trade)}}<br />[[Stanley Orme]] {{small|(Industry)}}
| successor1          = [[John Smith (Labour Party leader)|John Smith]]
| office2             = [[Shadow Chancellor of the Exchequer]]
| leader2             = [[Michael Foot]]
| term_start2         = 8 December 1980
| term_end2           = 31 October 1983
| predecessor2        = [[Denis Healey]]
| successor2          = [[Roy Hattersley]]
| office3             = [[Shadow Foreign Secretary]]
| leader3             = [[James Callaghan]]
| term_start3         = 14 July 1979
| term_end3           = 8 December 1980
| predecessor3        = [[Francis Pym]]
| successor3          = [[Denis Healey]]
| office4             = [[Shadow Secretary of State for the Environment]]
| leader4             = [[James Callaghan]]
| term_start4         = 4 May 1979
| term_end4           = 14 July 1979
| predecessor4        = [[Michael Heseltine]]
| successor4          = [[Roy Hattersley]]
| office5             = [[Secretary of State for the Environment]]
| primeminister5      = [[James Callaghan]]
| term_start5         = 8 April 1976
| term_end5           = 4 May 1979
| predecessor5        = [[Tony Crosland]]
| successor5          = [[Michael Heseltine]]
| office6             = [[Secretary of State for Trade]]
| primeminister6      = [[Harold Wilson]]
| term_start6         = 4 March 1974
| term_end6           = 8 April 1976
| predecessor6        = [[Peter Walker, Baron Walker of Worcester|Peter Walker]] (Trade and Industry)
| successor6          = [[Edmund Dell]]
| office7             = [[Shadow Minister for Europe]]
| leader7             = [[Harold Wilson]]
| term_start7         = 19 October 1971
| term_end7           = 19 April 1972
| predecessor7        = [[Harold Lever]]
| successor7          = [[Michael Foot]]
| office8             = [[Minister without portfolio (United Kingdom)|Minister without Portfolio]]
| primeminister8      = [[Harold Wilson]]
| term_start8         = 6 October 1969
| term_end8           = 19 June 1970
| predecessor8        = [[George Thomson, Baron Thomson of Monifieth|George Thomson]]
| successor8          = [[Niall Macpherson, 1st Baron Drumalbyn|The Lord Drumalbyn]]
| office9             = [[Secretary of State for Economic Affairs]]
| primeminister9      = [[Harold Wilson]]
| term_start9         = 29 August 1967
| term_end9           = 6 October 1969
| predecessor9        = [[Michael Stewart, Baron Stewart of Fulham|Michael Stewart]]
| successor9          = [[Anthony Crosland]] (Minister of State)
| office10            = [[Member of Parliament (United Kingdom)|Member of Parliament]]<br />for [[Bethnal Green and Stepney (UK Parliament constituency)|Bethnal Green and Stepney]]<br />{{small|[[Stepney (UK Parliament constituency)|Stepney]] (1964–1974)<br />[[Stepney and Poplar]] (1974–1983)}}
| term_start10        = 15 October 1964
| term_end10          = 8 April 1997
| predecessor10       = [[Stoker Edwards]]
| successor10         = [[Oona King]]
| birth_name          = Peter David Shore
| birth_date          = {{birth date|1924|5|20|df=y}}
| birth_place         = [[Great Yarmouth]], England
| death_date          = {{death date and age|2001|9|24|1924|5|20|df=y}}
| death_place         = London, England
| party               = [[Labour Party (UK)|Labour]]
| alma_mater          = [[King's College, Cambridge]]
| spouse              = {{Marriage|[[Liz Shore|Liz Wrong]]|1948}}
| children            = 4
| caption             = Shore in 1973
}}

'''Peter David Shore, Baron Shore of Stepney''', {{postnom|country=GBR|PC}} (20 May 1924 – 24 September 2001) was a [[Labour Party (UK)|British Labour Party]] politician and [[Cabinet of the United Kingdom|Cabinet minister]], noted in part for his opposition to the United Kingdom's entry into the [[European Economic Community]]. He served as a [[Member of Parliament (United Kingdom)|Member of Parliament]] (MP) for over 30 years, from 1964 to 1997.

His idiosyncratic left-wing nationalism led to comparison with the French politician [[Jean-Pierre Chevènement]].<ref>{{cite journal |url= https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/ld199798/ldhansrd/vo980423/text/80423-22.htm| journal=[[Hansard]] | date=23 April 1998 | at= Column 1342| title = The Financial Statement and Budget Report 1998-99}}</ref> He was described in an obituary by the Conservative journalist [[Patrick Cosgrave]] as "Between [[Harold Wilson]] and [[Tony Blair]], the only possible Labour Party leader of whom a Conservative leader had cause to walk in fear" and, along with [[Enoch Powell]], "the most captivating rhetorician of the age".<ref name="CosgraveDalyell">{{cite news|last1=Cosgrave|first1=Patrick|last2=Dalyell|first2=Tam|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/obituaries/lord-shore-of-stepney-9204257.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220526/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/obituaries/lord-shore-of-stepney-9204257.html |archive-date=26 May 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live|title=Lord Shore of Stepney|work=The Independent|date=26 September 2001|access-date=10 February 2017}}</ref>

==Early life==
Born in [[Great Yarmouth]], Norfolk, Shore was the son of a [[Merchant Navy (United Kingdom)|Merchant Navy]] captain and was brought up in a middle-class environment.<ref name = ODNB>{{cite ODNB|title = Shore, Peter David, Baron Shore of Stepney (1924–2001), politician|last = Crick|first = Martin|date = 2005|doi = 10.1093/ref:odnb/76251}}</ref> He attended [[Quarry Bank High School]] in Liverpool and, from there, went to [[King's College, Cambridge]], to read History as an [[exhibitioner]], where he was a member of the [[Cambridge Apostles]], a secret society with an elite membership.<ref name="CosgraveDalyell"/> During the later stages of [[World War II]] he served in the [[Royal Air Force]], spending most of his time in India.<ref name = ODNB/>

==Political career==
He had specialised in political economy during part of his degree and joined the [[Labour Party (UK)|Labour Party]] in 1948. He spent the 1950s working for the party and, after two unsuccessful Parliamentary contests at [[St Ives (UK Parliament constituency)|St Ives]] in 1950 and [[Halifax (UK Parliament constituency)|Halifax]] in 1959, he was appointed as Head of the Labour Party's Research Department and took charge of the renewal of party policy following its third successive defeat in 1959. Shore was only briefly a follower of [[Hugh Gaitskell]]; his adherence to the [[Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament]] from 1958 led to a breach in relations for several years.<ref name="Pearce">{{cite news|last=Pearce|first=Edward|url=https://www.theguardian.com/news/2001/sep/26/guardianobituaries.obituaries|title=Lord Shore of Stepney|work=The Guardian|date=26 September 2001|access-date=10 February 2017}}</ref>

He became close to [[Harold Wilson]] after Wilson had been elected as party leader, and was the main author of the Labour Party manifesto for the [[1964 United Kingdom general election|1964 general election]]. At the last minute, he was selected to fight for the safe seat of [[Stepney (UK Parliament constituency)|Stepney]] in the election, which he easily won.<ref>[http://www.aim25.ac.uk/cgi-bin/vcdf/detail?coll_id=6019&inst_id=1&nv1=search&nv2= "Shore, Peter David, 1924-2001, Baron Shore of Stepney, politician"], Archives in London and the M25 area</ref>

After only a short spell on the backbenches, Wilson chose Shore to be [[Parliamentary Private Secretary]], responsible for liaising between the Prime Minister and Labour MPs, though [[Denis Healey]] termed him "Harold's lapdog".<ref name="Pearce"/> Shore was responsible for drafting the [[1966 United Kingdom general election|1966]]<ref>[http://politicsresources.net/area/uk/man/lab66.htm "Time for Decision"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170713115531/http://www.politicsresources.net/area/uk/man/lab66.htm |date=13 July 2017 }}, - Text of the 1966 Labour Party manifesto, Political Science Resources website.</ref> and [[1970 United Kingdom general election|1970]]<ref>[http://politicsresources.net/area/uk/man/lab70.htm "Now Britain's Strong - Let's Make It Great to Live In"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170509104426/http://www.politicsresources.net/area/uk/man/lab70.htm |date=9 May 2017 }}, - Text of the 1970 Labour Party manifesto, Political Science Resources website.</ref> election manifestos.<ref name="CosgraveDalyell"/> Shore's job as Wilson's PPS kept them in close contact and in August 1967, Shore became a member of the Cabinet as [[Secretary of State for Economic Affairs]].

===In government===
This Department had been created by Wilson to undertake long-term planning of the economy. Shore declared immediately his belief in state-controlled economic planning, together with the regulation of prices and wages. Early in 1968, the responsibility for prices and incomes was transferred to another department. The [[HM Treasury|Treasury]] had never approved of the creation of the Department for Economic Affairs and began reasserting its influence, depriving it of any significant power. The department was wound up in October 1969. At the same time, Shore sided with those in [[Westminster system#Cabinet government|cabinet]] who were opposed to [[Barbara Castle]]'s [[Command paper|White Paper]], ''[[In Place of Strife]]''. In a conversation with [[Richard Crossman]] at the time, Wilson was frustrated with Shore: "I over-promoted him. He's no good".<ref name="Pearce"/>

Shore was retained in the Cabinet as a [[Minister without portfolio (United Kingdom)|Minister without Portfolio]] and Deputy [[Leader of the House of Commons]]. He played a key part, behind the scenes, in planning the Labour Party's unsuccessful 1970 general election campaign. In opposition, Shore was appointed as spokesman on Europe, taking the lead in opposing [[Edward Heath]]'s application to join the [[European Economic Community]]. Shore had already become convinced that membership of the EEC would be a disaster because it would stop the British government from taking necessary economic action. However, due to organisation by pro-EEC Labour backbenchers, Heath was able to steer his policy successfully through Parliament.

===EEC===
When Wilson returned to government in 1974, Shore was appointed as [[Secretary of State for Trade and Industry|Secretary of State for Trade]]. His term in office was dominated by the renegotiation of the terms of British membership of the EEC, a pledge contained in the Labour manifesto as a preparation for a national [[referendum]] on membership; this compromise had reunited the Labour Party on the issue. Shore participated in the discussions without believing that any new terms would be acceptable, and during the referendum, he joined with other anti-EEC politicians in opposing membership.

The results of the [[1975 United Kingdom European Communities membership referendum|1975 Referendum]], giving a two-to-one majority in favour of remaining a member of the EEC, damaged Shore along with the other 'dissenting ministers'. His inclination to support an [[autarkic]] economy ruled him out of consideration as a new [[Chancellor of the Exchequer]], but Shore was moved to [[Secretary of State for the Environment]] by new Prime Minister [[James Callaghan]] in 1976.<ref name = ODNB/> This move was a promotion but involved him in considerable political controversy. He called on local authorities to cut spending and waste, and criticised the trade unions representing local authority staff for failure to support modernisation. Shore also launched a campaign to revitalise the [[inner cities]] of Britain.

===Nuclear deterrent===
Shore became a fervent advocate of the British nuclear deterrent for the last three decades of his life, but in 1958 he had been an active member of CND. In his 1966 book ''Entitled to Know'', he was critical of the [[Nassau Agreement]] with the United States under which Britain's nuclear submarines were, except in a national emergency, permanently assigned to [[NATO]]. Regarding dependence on NATO as limiting Britain's freedom of action, Shore negatively compared Britain's nuclear strategy to that of France:

{{blockquote|For if such a policy is like [[General de Gaulle]]'s, based upon a deliberate and far-reaching politico-military strategy of national independence, past disengagement from NATO and détente in Europe, it merits the most careful examination. But, of these broader aims, there was not a whisper or suggestion from Tory Ministers.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Entitled to Know|author=Peter Shore|year=1966|publisher=MacGibbon & Kee|location=London|page=70}}</ref>
...after the cancellation of [[Blue Streak (missile)|Blue Streak]]...that, failing the development of a major new British weapons system, we hadn't, and could not in future possess, a genuine independent nuclear capacity.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Entitled to Know|author=Peter Shore|year=1966|publisher=MacGibbon & Kee|location=London|page=71}}</ref>}}

Shore had always been implacably opposed to any suggestion of British participation in the [[Vietnam War]], both as PPS and in Cabinet he had encouraged Wilson to distance himself more explicitly from American foreign policy.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Leading the Left|author=Peter Shore|year=1993|publisher=Weidenfeld & Nicolson|location=London|pages=94–95}}</ref> By the mid-1970s, while continuing to condemn American foreign policy in Vietnam and [[1973 Chilean coup d'état|Chile]], he had become more supportive of NATO and the United States.<ref name = ODNB/>

===Labour leadership candidate===
When the Labour Party went into opposition in 1979, Shore was made [[Shadow Foreign Secretary]], having recanted on his previous support for [[CND]]. He was persuaded to stand as a candidate in the election of a new party leader in November 1980 by [[Michael Foot]], who thought he was the best-placed soft-left candidate to defeat [[Denis Healey]]. ''[[The Times]]'' branded him the initial favourite.<ref name = ODNB/> However, Shore came bottom of the poll with 32 votes when Foot was himself persuaded to stand. Foot then made him [[Shadow Chancellor]] where his support for interventionist measures met with Foot's approval; party policy also became opposed to EEC membership, which suited Shore well. In the early 1980s, Shore's patriotic tendencies were again evident when he first of all strongly opposed the Conservative Government's attempts to hand over the [[Falkland Islands]] to Argentina, then supported [[Margaret Thatcher]] over the [[Falklands War]] of 1982.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.newstatesman.com/international-politics/2010/03/british-argentina-islands |title= World Affairs|website=www.newstatesman.com |access-date=5 April 2019}}{{title missing|date=May 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.theguardian.com/news/2001/sep/26/guardianobituaries.obituaries |title=Obituary: Lord Shore of Stepney |website=www.theguardian.com |date= 26 September 2001|access-date=6 April 2019}}</ref>

===Shadow Cabinet===
He fought for the leadership again after Foot resigned, but obtained a dismal vote of 3%,<ref name="Pearce"/> being unsupported by any Constituency Labour Party. Shore served as [[Shadow Leader of the House of Commons]] for four years under [[Neil Kinnock]] but his influence with the leadership was negligible and he was not re-elected to the [[Shadow cabinet]] in 1985. He stood down from the front bench in 1987 and thereafter served on the Foreign Affairs Select Committee, devoting himself to European Union questions. [[Edward Pearce (journalist)|Edward Pearce]] wrote in his ''Guardian'' obituary of Shore that "he had now become a right-wing figure, cluckingly approved of by Conservatives".<ref name="Pearce"/>

[[Tony Blair]] selected him as a senior Labour statesman as his nominee for the [[Committee on Standards in Public Life]] when it was set up in 1994.<ref name = ODNB/>

===Backbenches and retirement===
After several attempts in his constituency party to deselect him, he finally stood down from the House of Commons at the [[1997 United Kingdom general election|1997 general election]], and in the dissolution honours he was made a [[life peer]], being created '''Baron Shore of Stepney''', of [[Stepney]] in the [[London Borough of Tower Hamlets]] on 5 June 1997.<ref>{{London Gazette |issue=54789 |date=10 June 1997 |page=6745}}</ref> 

In contrast to Pearce's assertion that Shore had become a "right-wing figure", [[Chris Mullin (politician)|Chris Mullin]] quoted Shore in 1997 as saying: "I still believe in state intervention, a good measure of equality, full employment."<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last1=Mullin, Chris |title=A Walk-On Part: Diaries 1994–1999 |last2=Winstone |first2=Ruth |date=2011 |publisher=Profile Books |isbn=978-1-84668-523-1 |location=London |pages=210|author1-link= Chris Mullin (politician)}}</ref> Mullin described Shore as alienated from [[New Labour]] and quoted his criticism: "I like Tony Blair. I think he is probably right about wanting to put a certain distance between the party and the unions, but I'm offended by New Labour's constant repudiation of our past.'''"'''<ref name=":1" />

His book ''Separate Ways'' (2000) advocated a [[multi-speed Europe]], with some countries as merely associate members, so as to allow the centre to forge a political union at its own pace.

== Personal life and death ==
On 27 September 1948, Shore married Dr [[Liz Shore|Elizabeth Catherine Wrong]], daughter of the Canadian historian [[Edward Murray Wrong]]. Known as Liz, she was the [[Chief Medical Officers (United Kingdom)|Deputy Chief Medical Officer of England]] from 1977 to 1985, and in this role and later positions she championed women's career progression in medicine.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Warren |first=Penny |date=2022-03-18 |title=Dr Liz Shore obituary |url=https://www.theguardian.com/society/2022/mar/18/dr-liz-shore-obituary |access-date=2022-03-20 |website=The Guardian |language=en}}</ref> They had two daughters, Thomasina and Tacy, both retired teachers, and two sons, Crispin, who is Professor of Social Anthropology at [[Goldsmiths, University of London]], and Piers, who died in 1977.<ref name=":0" />

On 12 July 2001, Lord Shore collapsed in the House of Lords shortly after speaking in a debate on monetary policy.<ref>{{Cite news |date=13 July 2001 |title=Lord Shore 'stable' after collapse |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk_politics/1436619.stm |work=[[BBC News]]}}</ref> He received resuscitation and was taken to [[St Thomas' Hospital]]. He died there from [[chronic obstructive pulmonary disease]] and heart disease on 24 September 2001, aged 77.<ref name = ODNB/><ref>{{Cite news |date=24 September 2001 |title=Peter Shore: Principled man of politics |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk_politics/1437718.stm |work=BBC News}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Bibliography==
* ''Entitled to Know'', MacGibbon & Kee (1966) {{ISBN|978-0-2616-3132-8}}
* ''[https://digital.library.lse.ac.uk/Documents/Detail/europe-the-way-back-1973/111639 Europe: the way back]'', Fabian Society (1973)
* ''Leading the Left'', Weidenfeld & Nicolson (1993) {{ISBN|978-0-2978-1096-4}}
* ''Separate Ways'', Duckworth (2000) {{ISBN|978-0-7156-2972-7}}

==Archives==
* [http://archives.lse.ac.uk/TreeBrowse.aspx?src=CalmView.Catalog&field=RefNo&key=SHORE Catalogue of the Shore papers] at the [https://web.archive.org/web/20070618035533/http://www.lse.ac.uk/library/archive/Default.htm Archives Division] of the [[London School of Economics]].

== External links ==
* {{Wikiquote-inline}}
* {{Hansard-contribs | mr-peter-shore | Peter Shore }}

{{s-start}}
{{s-par|uk}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Stoker Edwards]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Member of Parliament (United Kingdom)|Member of Parliament]]<br />for [[Stepney (UK Parliament constituency)|Stepney]]|years=[[1964 United Kingdom general election|1964]]–[[February 1974 United Kingdom general election|1974]]}}
{{s-non|rows=3|reason=Constituency abolished}}
|-
{{s-new|rows=2|constituency}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Member of Parliament (United Kingdom)|Member of Parliament]]<br />for [[Stepney and Poplar (UK Parliament constituency)|Stepney and Poplar]]|years=[[February 1974 United Kingdom general election|1974]]–[[1983 United Kingdom general election|1983]]}}
|-
{{s-ttl|title=[[Member of Parliament (United Kingdom)|Member of Parliament]]<br />for [[Bethnal Green and Stepney (UK Parliament constituency)|Bethnal Green and Stepney]]|years=[[1983 United Kingdom general election|1983]]–[[1997 United Kingdom general election|1997]]}}
|-
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{{s-ttl|title=[[Secretary of State for Economic Affairs]]|years=1967–1969}}
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{{s-ttl|title=[[Minister without portfolio (United Kingdom)|Minister without Portfolio]]|years=1969–1970}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Niall Macpherson, 1st Baron Drumalbyn|The Lord Drumalbyn]]}}
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{{s-ttl|title=[[Secretary of State for Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy|Secretary of State for Trade]]|years=1974–1976}}
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{{s-ttl|title=[[Secretary of State for the Environment]]|years=1976–1979}}
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{{succession box|title=Secretary of the Research Department of the [[Labour Party (UK)|Labour Party]]|years=1959&ndash;1964|before=[[David Ginsburg (politician)|David Ginsburg]]|after=[[Terry Pitt]]}}
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{{Presidents of the Board of Trade}}
{{Secretary of State for Environment}}
{{Second Wilson Ministry}}{{Parliamentary Private Secretaries to the Prime Minister|state=collapsed}}{{Callaghan Ministry}}
{{Shadow Foreign Secretaries}}
{{Shadow Chancellors of the Exchequer}}
{{Labour Party leadership election, 1980}}
{{Labour Party leadership election, 1983}}
{{Fabian Society}}
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Shore, Peter}}
[[Category:1924 births]]
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[[Category:Alumni of King's College, Cambridge]]
[[Category:British Eurosceptics]]
[[Category:British Secretaries of State for the Environment]]
[[Category:Chairs of the Fabian Society]]
[[Category:Deaths from chronic obstructive pulmonary disease]]
[[Category:Deaths from coronary artery disease]]
[[Category:Labour Party (UK) MPs for English constituencies]]
[[Category:Labour Party (UK) life peers]]
[[Category:Life peers created by Elizabeth II]]
[[Category:Members of the Privy Council of the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Ministers in the Wilson governments, 1964–1970]]
[[Category:Parliamentary private secretaries to the prime minister]]
[[Category:People educated at Quarry Bank High School]]
[[Category:People from Great Yarmouth]]
[[Category:Politicians from Liverpool]]
[[Category:Presidents of the Board of Trade]]
[[Category:Royal Air Force personnel of World War II]]
[[Category:Transport and General Workers' Union-sponsored MPs]]
[[Category:UK MPs 1964–1966]]
[[Category:UK MPs 1966–1970]]
[[Category:UK MPs 1970–1974]]
[[Category:UK MPs 1974]]
[[Category:UK MPs 1974–1979]]
[[Category:UK MPs 1979–1983]]
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