Editing Philadelphia Experiment

{{Short description|Supposed US Navy experiment in 1943}}
{{Other uses }}
[[File:USS Eldridge (DE-173) underway, circa in 1944.jpg|thumb|upright=1.35|{{USS|Eldridge}} (DE-173), {{circa|1944}}]]
{{Paranormal}}
The '''Philadelphia Experiment''' was an alleged event claimed to have been witnessed by an ex-[[United States Merchant Marine|merchant marine]]r named [[Carl Meredith Allen|Carl M. Allen]] at the United States Navy's [[Philadelphia Naval Shipyard]] in [[Philadelphia]], [[Pennsylvania]], United States, some time around October 28, 1943. Allen described an experiment where the U.S. Navy attempted to make a [[destroyer escort]], {{USS|Eldridge}}, disappear and the bizarre results that followed.

The story surfaced in late 1955 when Allen sent a book full of hand-written annotations referring to the experiment to a U.S. Navy research organization and, a little later, a series of letters making further claims to a [[UFO]] book writer. Allen's account of the event is widely understood to be a [[hoax]].<ref name="Carroll 2015">{{cite web |url=http://skepdic.com/philadel.html |title=Philadelphia experiment |first=Robert Todd |last=Carroll |author-link=Robert Todd Carroll |website=[[The Skeptic's Dictionary]] |date = 2015-11-21 |access-date=2021-07-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210518005522/http://skepdic.com/philadel.html |archive-date=2021-05-18 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Dash 2000">{{cite book |title=Borderlands |first=Mike |last=Dash |author-link=Mike Dash |location=Woodstock, New York |publisher=Overlook Press |year=2000 |orig-year=1997 |isbn=978-0879517243 |oclc=41932447 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/borderlands00dash }}</ref>{{rp|300–301}}<ref name="Adams 1987">{{cite web |url=https://www.straightdope.com/21341696/did-the-u-s-navy-teleport-ships-in-the-philadelphia-experiment |title=Did the U.S. Navy teleport ships in the Philadelphia Experiment? |last=Adams |first=Cecil |author-link=Cecil Adams |website=[[The Straight Dope]] |date=1987-10-23 |access-date=2021-07-10 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201111210101/https://www.straightdope.com/21341696/did-the-u-s-navy-teleport-ships-in-the-philadelphia-experiment |archive-date=2020-11-11}}</ref> 

Several different—and sometimes contradictory—versions of the alleged experiment have circulated over the years in [[paranormal]] literature and popular movies. The U.S. Navy maintains that no such experiment was ever conducted, that the details of the story contradict well-established facts about USS ''Eldridge'', and that the physics the experiment is claimed to be based on are non-existent.<ref name="NHHC">{{cite web |url=https://www.history.navy.mil/research/library/online-reading-room/title-list-alphabetically/p/philadelphia-experiment.html |title=Philadelphia Experiment |website=[[Naval History and Heritage Command]] |date=2017-11-20 |access-date=2021-07-10 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210708140858/https://www.history.navy.mil/research/library/online-reading-room/title-list-alphabetically/p/philadelphia-experiment.html |archive-date=2021-07-08 |url-status=live}}</ref>

== Origins of the story ==

The story of a "Philadelphia Experiment" originated in late 1955 when Carl M. Allen sent an anonymous package marked "Happy Easter" containing a copy of [[Morris K. Jessup]]'s book ''The Case for the UFO: Unidentified Flying Objects'' to the U.S. [[Office of Naval Research]]. The book was filled with handwritten notes in its margins, written with three different shades of blue ink, appearing to detail a debate among three individuals, only one of whom is given a name: "Jemi". They commented on Jessup's ideas about the propulsion for [[flying saucers]], discussed [[extraterrestrial intelligence|alien races]], and expressed concern that Jessup was too close to discovering their technology.<ref name="Jessup 2003">{{cite book |title=The Case for the UFO: Unidentified Flying Objects |version=Varo Edition |author-last=Jessup |author-first=Morris K. |author-link=Morris K. Jessup |date=2003 |orig-date=1955 |location=Castelnau-Barbarens, France |publisher=Quantum Future Group  |url=https://archive.org/details/THECASEFORTHEUFOVaroEditionM.K.Jessup/ |access-date=2021-07-18 |via=The [[Internet Archive]]}}</ref>{{rp|27–29, 35, 65, 80, 102, 115, 163–165}}

The commenters referred to each other as "[[Gypsies]]", and discussed two different types of "people" living in [[outer space]]. Their text contained [[non-standard]] use of [[capitalization]] and [[punctuation]], and detailed a lengthy discussion of the merits of various elements of Jessup's [[wikt:assumption#Noun|assumptions]] in the book. There were oblique references to the Philadelphia Experiment (one commenter reassures his fellow annotators who have highlighted a certain theory which Jessup advanced).<ref name="Adams 1987">{{cite web |url=https://www.straightdope.com/21341696/did-the-u-s-navy-teleport-ships-in-the-philadelphia-experiment |title=Did the U.S. Navy teleport ships in the Philadelphia Experiment? |last=Adams |first=Cecil |author-link=Cecil Adams |website=[[The Straight Dope]] |date=1987-10-23 |access-date=2021-07-10 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201111210101/https://www.straightdope.com/21341696/did-the-u-s-navy-teleport-ships-in-the-philadelphia-experiment |archive-date=2020-11-11}}</ref><ref name="Moseley">{{cite book |author1-last=Moseley |author1-first=James W. |author2-last=Pflock |author2-first=Karl T. |date=2002 |title=Shockingly Close to the Truth!: Confessions of a Grave-Robbing Ufologist. |location=Amherst, NY |publisher=[[Prometheus Books]] |isbn=1573929913}}</ref>

Shortly thereafter, in January 1956, Allen began sending a series of letters to Jessup, using his given name as well as "Carlos Miguel Allende".<ref name="NHHC 1996"/><ref name="Allen 1956">{{cite web |author-last=Allen |author-first=Carl M. |date=1956 |title=The Carl Allen Letters |website=The Philadelphia Experiment From A–Z |url=https://www.de173.com/carl-allen/ |access-date=2021-07-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160808142934/http://www.de173.com/carl-allen/ |archive-date=2016-08-08 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Hochheimer">{{cite web |author-last=Hochheimer |author-first=Andrew H. |title=Carlos Miguel Allende or Carl Meredith Allen or... |website=The Philadelphia Experiment From A–Z |url=https://www.de173.com/carlos-miguel-allende-carl-allen/ |access-date=2021-07-10 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200520103422/https://www.de173.com/carlos-miguel-allende-carl-allen/ |archive-date=2020-05-20}}</ref> The first known letter warned Jessup not to investigate the levitation of [[unidentified flying object]]s. Allen put forward a story of dangerous science based on alleged unpublished theories by [[Albert Einstein]]. He further claimed a scientist named Franklin Reno put these theories into practice  at the [[Philadelphia Naval Shipyard]] in October 1943.<ref name="Allen 1956"/>

Allen claimed to have witnessed this experiment while serving aboard the {{SS|Andrew Furuseth}}.  In Allen's account, a destroyer escort was successfully made invisible, but the ship inexplicably teleported to [[Norfolk, Virginia]], for several minutes, and then reappeared in the Philadelphia yard.  The ship's crew was supposed to have suffered various side effects, including insanity, intangibility, and being "frozen" in place.<ref name="Allen 1956"/> When Jessup wrote back requesting more information to corroborate his story, Allen said his memory would have to be recovered<ref name="Allen 1956"/>  and referred Jessup to what seems to be a non-existent Philadelphia newspaper article that Allen claimed covered the incident.<ref name="NHHC"/><ref name="Hochheimer Newspaper Article">{{cite web |author-last=Hochheimer |author-first=Andrew H. |title=The Newspaper Article Fact or Fake |url=https://www.de173.com/news-paper-article/ |website=The Philadelphia Experiment From A–Z |access-date=2021-07-18 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20210718204434/https://www.de173.com/news-paper-article/ |archive-date=2021-07-18 |url-status=live |quote=To this date (Nov/2020) no one has come forward with the exact newspaper and date the article appeared in. Not even a copy of the originally mailed clipping has appeared anywhere. I have personally searched thousands of newspaper pages and have found nothing that resembles the gist of this article }}</ref>

In 1957,<ref name="Moore 1990">{{cite book |author-last=Moore |author-first=William L. |author-link=Bill Moore (ufologist) |others=in consultation with [[Charles Berlitz|Berlitz, Charles]] |title=The Philadelphia Experiment: Project Invisibility |location=New York |publisher=Fawcett Crest; Ballantine |date=1990 |isbn=978-0449214718 |orig-date=1979 |url=https://archive.org/details/philadelphiaexp000moor/ |url-access=registration |access-date=2021-07-18 }}</ref>{{rp|67}} Jessup was invited to the Office of Naval Research where he was shown the annotated copy of his book. Jessup noticed the handwriting of the annotations resembled the letters he received from Allen.<ref name="Varo 2003">{{cite book |title=The Case for the UFO: Unidentified Flying Objects |version=Varo Edition |author-last=Jessup |author-first=Morris K. |author-link=Morris K. Jessup |date=2003 |orig-date=1955 |location=Castelnau-Barbarens, France |publisher=Quantum Future Group |contribution=Introduction |pages=8–10 |contributor=Varo Manufacturing Company |url=https://archive.org/details/THECASEFORTHEUFOVaroEditionM.K.Jessup/ |access-date=2021-07-18 |via=The [[Internet Archive]]}}</ref>{{rp|9}}  (Twelve years later, Allen would say that he authored all of the annotations in order "to scare the hell out of Jessup".)<ref name="APRO 1969">{{cite periodical |magazine=The A.P.R.O. Bulletin |publisher=[[Aerial Phenomena Research Organization]] |date=July–August 1969 |location=Tucson, Arizona |title=Allende Letters a Hoax |url=https://www.de173.com/allende-letters-a-hoax/ |pages=1,3 |url-status=live |access-date=2021-07-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210718234027/https://www.de173.com/allende-letters-a-hoax/ |archive-date=2021-07-18 |via=The Philadelphia Experiment From A–Z}}</ref>

Two officers at ONR, Captain Sidney Sherby and Commander George W. Hoover, took a personal interest in the matter.<ref name="NHHC 1996"/><ref name="Varo 2003"/>{{rp|9}}  Hoover later explained that his duties as Special Projects Officer required him to investigate many publications and that he ultimately found nothing of substance to the alleged invisibility experiment.<ref name="Kusche 1979">{{cite magazine |author-last=Kusche |author-first=Larry |title=''The Philadelphia Experiment:Project Invisibility''. By William A. Moore in consultation with Charles Berlitz. Grosset & Dunlap, New York, 1979 |department=Book Reviews |magazine=Skeptical Inquirer |volume=4 |number=1 |date=Fall 1979 |pages=58–62 |url=https://skepticalinquirer.org/1979/10/the-philadelphia-experiment-project-invisibility/ |access-date=2021-07-18 }}</ref>{{rp|59}} Hoover discussed the annotations with Austin N. Stanton, president of Varo Manufacturing Corporation of Garland, Texas, during meetings about Varo's contract work for ONR.<ref name="Kusche 1979"/>{{rp|59–60}}

Stanton became so interested that Varo's office began producing [[mimeograph]]ed copies of Jessup's book with the annotations and Allen's letters, first a dozen and eventually 127 copies.<ref name="Kusche 1979"/>{{rp|59–60}}<ref name="Varo 2003"/>{{rp|9}}  These copies came to be known as the "Varo edition".<ref>{{cite magazine |author-last=Steiger |author-first=Brad |title=The Mysterious Allende Letters |pages=4–9 |magazine=The Allende Letters
|url=https://www.yumpu.com/en/document/view/56302830/the-allende-letters-1968 |access-date=2021-07-18 |publisher=Universal Publishing |location=New York |date=1968}}</ref>{{rp|6}}<ref name="Moore 1990"/>{{rp|72}}  Besides noting handwriting of the individual named "Jemi" (addressed as such by the others and using blue-violet ink),  the anonymous introduction to the Varo edition concludes that there were two other individuals making annotations, "Mr. A" (identified as Allen by Jessup, in blue ink), "Mr. B" (in blue-green ink).<ref name="Varo 2003"/>{{rp|8}}

Jessup tried to publish more books on the subject of UFOs, but was unsuccessful. He lost his publisher and experienced a succession of downturns in his personal life, and died by suicide in Florida on April 30, 1959.<ref name="Donovan 2011">{{cite book |author-last=Donovan |author-first=Barna William |date=2011 |title=Conspiracy Films: A Tour of Dark Places in the American Conscious |page=106 |publisher=McFarland |location=Jefferson, NC |isbn=978-0786486151}}</ref><ref name="Bainton 2013" />

The various book writers who tried to get more information from Carl Allen found his responses elusive, or couldn't find him at all. One reporter from Allen's hometown of [[New Kensington, Pennsylvania|New Kensington]], Pennsylvania, interviewed his family and was handed a pile of documents and books, all scribbled with Allen's annotations. They described Allen as a "fantastic mind", but also a drifter and a "master leg-puller".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://windmill-slayer.tripod.com/aliascarlosallende/|title=Carlos Allende and his Philadelphia Experiment|website=windmill-slayer.tripod.com}}</ref>

===Repetitions===

In 1965 [[Vincent Gaddis]] published a book of [[Charles Fort#Fortean phenomena|Forteana]], titled ''Invisible Horizons: True Mysteries of the Sea.'' In it he recounted the story of the experiment from the Varo annotations.

George E. Simpson and Neal R. Burger published a 1978 novel titled ''Thin Air.'' In this book, set in the present day, a [[Naval Criminal Investigative Service|Naval Investigative Service]] officer investigates several threads linking wartime invisibility experiments to a [[List of conspiracies (political)|conspiracy]] involving [[Teleportation|matter transmission]] technology.

Large-scale popularization of the story came about in 1979 when the author [[Charles Berlitz]], who had written a best selling book on the [[Bermuda Triangle]], and his co-author, [[ufologist]] [[Bill Moore (ufologist)|William L. Moore]], published ''The Philadelphia Experiment: Project Invisibility,'' which purported to be a factual account.<ref name="Bainton 2013">{{cite book |author-last=Bainton |author-first=Roy  |date=2013 |title=The Mammoth Book of Unexplained Phenomena: From bizarre biology to inexplicable astronomy |location=London |publisher=Robinson |page=461 |isbn=978-1780337968}}</ref> The book expanded on stories of bizarre happenings, lost [[unified field theory|unified field theories]] by [[Albert Einstein]], and government [[coverup]]s, all based on the Allende/Allen letters to Jessup.<ref name="Donovan 2011" />

Moore and Berlitz devoted one of the last chapters in ''The Philadelphia Experiment: Project Invisibility'' to "The Force Fields of Townsend Brown", namely the experimenter and then-U.S. Navy technician [[Thomas Townsend Brown]]. Paul LaViolette's 2008 book ''Secrets of Antigravity Propulsion'' also recounts some mysterious involvement of Townsend Brown.

The story was adapted into a 1984 [[time travel in fiction|time travel film]] called ''[[The Philadelphia Experiment (film)|The Philadelphia Experiment]]'', directed by [[Stewart Raffill]]. Though only loosely based on the prior accounts of the "Experiment", it served to dramatize the core elements of the original story. In 1989, Alfred Bielek claimed to have been aboard USS ''Eldridge'' during the Experiment.<ref name="Hughes 2012">{{cite book |author-last=Hughes |author-first=Kara |title=Myths and Mysteries of Pennsylvania: True Stories of the Unsolved and Unexplained |location=Guilford, Connecticut |publisher=Globe Pequot Press |date=2012 |pages=63–65 |isbn=978-0762791064 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TEmLBAAAQBAJ |access-date=2021-07-11}}</ref>  Addressing the [[Mutual UFO Network|MUFON]] Conference in 1990, Bielek asserted that Raffill's film was largely consistent with the events he claimed to have witnessed in 1943.<ref name="Bielek 1992">{{cite web
|author-last=Bielek |author-first=Alfred |title=Al Bielek's Speech at the MUFON Conference, January 13, 1990 |website=Bielek Debunked |url=http://www.bielek-debunked.com/MUFON_Int.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181001192056/http://www.bielek-debunked.com/MUFON_Int.html |archive-date=2018-10-01 |access-date=2021-07-11 |others=Transcribed by Tippen, Clay; edited by Andersen, Rick |date=October 1992 |orig-date=1990-01-13}}</ref> Bielek would later add details to his claims on radio talk shows, conferences, and the Internet.<ref>Bielek interview with Art Bell, Coast to Coast AM Radio, Phoenix, AZ, 1993</ref><ref name="Barnes, Houpt, & Schelm">{{cite web |author1-last=Barnes |author1-first=Marshall |author2-last=Houpt |author2-first=Fred |author3-last=Schelm |author3-first=Gerold   |url=http://www.bielek-debunked.com |title=Al Bielek Debunked | access-date=2021-07-11 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181009201438/http://www.bielek-debunked.com/ | archive-date=2018-10-09 | url-status=dead }}</ref>

===General synopsis===
:''Note: Several different, and sometimes contradictory, versions of the alleged experiment have circulated over the years. The following synopsis recounts key story points common to most accounts.<ref name="Dash 2000"/>''

The  experiment was allegedly based on an aspect of some [[unified field theory]], a term coined by [[Albert Einstein]] to describe a class of potential theories; such theories would aim to describe&nbsp;— mathematically and physically&nbsp;— the interrelated nature of the forces of [[electromagnetism]] and [[gravitation|gravity]].

According to some accounts, unspecified "researchers" thought that a theory of this type would enable using large [[electrical generators]] to [[bend light]] around an object via [[refraction]], so that the object became completely invisible. The Navy regarded this as of military value and it sponsored the experiment.

Another unattributed version of the story proposes that researchers were preparing magnetic and gravitational measurements of the [[seafloor]] to detect anomalies, supposedly based on Einstein's attempts to understand gravity. In this version, there were also related secret experiments in [[Nazi Germany]] to find [[anti-gravity]], allegedly led by [[Schutzstaffel|SS]]-[[Obergruppenführer]] [[Hans Kammler]].

There are no reliable or attributed accounts, but in most accounts of the supposed experiment, USS ''Eldridge'' was fitted with the required equipment at the [[Philadelphia Naval Shipyard]]. Testing began in the summer of 1943, and it was supposedly successful to a limited extent. One test resulted in ''Eldridge'' being rendered nearly invisible with some witnesses reporting a "greenish fog" appearing in its place. Crew members complained of severe [[nausea]] afterwards.<ref name="auto">{{cite episode |title=Invisibility Cloaks |date=7 July 2009 |series=That's Impossible |series-link=That's Impossible (show) |network=[[History (U.S. TV channel)|History]] |season=1 |number=1}}</ref>

Allegedly, when the ship reappeared some sailors were embedded in the metal structures of the ship, including one sailor who ended up on a deck level below where he began and had his hand embedded in the steel hull of the ship as well as some sailors who went "completely [[wikt:bananas#Adjective|bananas]]".<ref name="auto"/> There is also a claim the experiment was altered after that point at the request of the Navy, limiting it to creating a [[stealth technology]] that would render USS ''Eldridge'' invisible to radar.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Lavers |first=Chris |date=March 2008 |title=Invisibility rules the waves |url=https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/2058-7058/21/03/30 |journal=Physics World |volume=21 |issue=3 |pages=21–25 |doi=10.1088/2058-7058/21/03/30 |bibcode=2008PhyW...21c..21L |issn=0953-8585|url-access=subscription }}</ref> None of these allegations have been independently substantiated.

Other versions of the story give the date of the experiment as October 28, 1943. In this version, ''Eldridge'' not only became invisible, but disappeared from the area and [[Teleportation|teleported]] to [[Norfolk, Virginia]], over {{convert|200|mi|km}} away. It is claimed that ''Eldridge'' sat for some time in view of men aboard the ship {{SS|Andrew Furuseth}}, whereupon ''Eldridge'' vanished and then reappeared in [[Philadelphia]] at the site it had originally occupied.<ref>[https://www.discoveryuk.com/mysteries/what-is-the-true-story-of-the-philadelphia-experiment/ What is the True Story of the Philadelphia Experiment?, Discovery Networks International, 20 May 2022]</ref><ref>https://www.history.navy.mil/research/library/online-reading-room/title-list-alphabetically/p/philadelphia-experiment.html Philadelphia Experiment, Naval History and Heritage Command, history.navy.mil, Published: Mon Nov 20 15:21:48 EST 2017</ref>

Many versions of the tale include descriptions of serious side effects for the crew. Some crew members were said to have been physically fused to bulkheads while others suffered from mental disorders, some re-materialized inside out, and still others vanished. It is also claimed that the ship's crew may have been subjected to [[brainwashing]] to maintain the secrecy of the experiment.

==Evidence and research==

The historian [[Mike Dash]] notes that many authors who publicized the "Philadelphia Experiment" story after that of Jessup appeared to have conducted little or no research of their own. Through the late 1970s, for example, Allende/Allen was often described as mysterious and difficult to locate, but Goerman determined Allende/Allen's identity after only a few telephone calls.<ref name="Dash 2000"/>{{rp|300–301}}

Others speculate that much of the key literature emphasizes dramatic embellishment rather than pertinent research. Berlitz's and Moore's account of the story (''The Philadelphia Experiment: Project Invisibility'') claimed to include factual information, such as transcripts of an interview with a scientist involved in the experiment, but their work has also been criticized for [[plagiarism|plagiarizing]] key story elements from the novel ''Thin Air'' which was published a year earlier.

===Misunderstanding of documented naval experiments===
Personnel at the Fourth Naval District have suggested that the alleged event was a misunderstanding of routine research during [[World War II]] at the Philadelphia Naval Shipyard. One theory is that "the foundation for the apocryphal stories arose from [[degaussing]] experiments which have the effect of making a ship undetectable or 'invisible' to magnetic mines." Another possible origin of the stories about [[Levitation (physics)|levitation]], [[teleportation]], and effects on human crew might be attributed to experiments with the generating plant of the destroyer {{USS|Timmerman|DD-828}}, wherein a higher-frequency generator produced [[corona discharge]]s, although none of the crew reported suffering effects from the experiment.<ref name="NHHC 1996">{{cite web |url=https://www.history.navy.mil/research/library/online-reading-room/title-list-alphabetically/p/philadelphia-experiment/philadelphia-experiment-onr-info-sheet.html |title=Philadelphia Experiment: Office of Naval Research Information Sheet |website=[[Naval History and Heritage Command]] |date=1996-09-08 |access-date=2021-07-11 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210514055617/https://www.history.navy.mil/research/library/online-reading-room/title-list-alphabetically/p/philadelphia-experiment/philadelphia-experiment-onr-info-sheet.html |archive-date=2021-05-14}}</ref>

Observers have argued that it is inappropriate to grant credence to an unusual story promoted by one individual in the absence of corroborating evidence. Robert Goerman wrote in ''[[Fate (magazine)|Fate]]'' magazine in 1980, that "Carlos Allende"/"Carl Allen", who is said to have corresponded with Jessup, was Carl Meredith Allen of [[New Kensington, Pennsylvania]], who had an established history of [[psychiatric illness]] and who may have fabricated the primary history of the experiment as a result of his mental illness. Goerman later realized that Allen was a family friend and "a creative and imaginative loner&nbsp;... sending bizarre writings and claims".<ref>{{Skeptoid | id=4016 | number=16 | title= The Real Philadelphia Experiment: The US Navy did not make a warship completely disappear in 1943|date=2006-12-24}}</ref>

===Timeline inconsistencies===
USS ''Eldridge'' was not commissioned until August 27, 1943, and it remained in port in [[New York City]] until September 1943. The October experiment allegedly took place while the ship was on its first [[shakedown cruise]] in [[the Bahamas]], although proponents of the story claim that the [[ship's logs]] might have been falsified or else still be [[Classified information in the United States|classified]]. An alternative explanation is that {{USS|Hammann|DE-131}} was actually used rather than USS ''Eldridge'' as USS ''Hammann'' arrived in the shipyard on October 20, 1943.<ref name="de173.com">{{cite news | title = The Philadelphia Experiment From A-Z | url = https://de173.com/uss-hammann-de-131/ | work = Reprint by Sam Kuncevich, Originally published in The Blurb, March, 1989}}</ref>

The [[Office of Naval Research]] (ONR) stated in September 1996, "ONR has never conducted investigations on radar invisibility, either in 1943 or at any other time." Pointing out that the ONR was not established until 1946, it denounces the accounts of "The Philadelphia Experiment" as complete "[[science fiction]]".

A reunion of Navy veterans who had served aboard USS ''Eldridge'' told a Philadelphia newspaper in April 1999 that their ship had never made port in Philadelphia.<ref name="Lewis 1999">{{cite news | title = The Where Ship? Project: Though long dismissed by the Navy, the legend of The Philadelphia Experiment shows no signs of disappearing | first = Frank | last = Lewis | url = http://citypaper.net/articles/081999/news.cb.ship.shtml | work = [[Philadelphia City Paper]] | date = August 19–26, 1999 | access-date = 2008-02-05 | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120624005111/http://archives.citypaper.net/articles/081999/news.cb.ship.shtml | archive-date = 2012-06-24 }}</ref> Further evidence discounting the Philadelphia Experiment timeline comes from USS ''Eldridge’s'' complete World War II action report, including the remarks section of the 1943 deck log, available on [[microfilm]].<ref name="NHHC"/>

===Alternative explanations===
Researcher [[Jacques Vallée]]<ref name="Vallée 1994">Vallée, Jacques F. (1994) [http://www.scientificexploration.org/journal/jse_08_1_vallee.pdf "Anatomy of a Hoax: The Philadelphia Experiment Fifty Years Later"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091222023540/http://www.scientificexploration.org/journal/jse_08_1_vallee.pdf |date=2009-12-22 }} ''[[Journal of Scientific Exploration]]'' Volume 8, Number 1, pp. 47–71</ref>{{unreliable source?|date=February 2020}} describes a procedure on board {{USS|Engstrom}}, which was docked alongside the ''Eldridge'' in 1943. The operation involved the generation of a powerful electromagnetic field on board the ship in order to [[Deperming|deperm]] or [[Degaussing|degauss]] it, with the goal of rendering the ship undetectable or "invisible" to magnetically fused undersea [[naval mine|mines]] and [[torpedo]]es. This system was invented by a Canadian, [[Charles F. Goodeve]], when he held the rank of [[commander]] in the [[Royal Canadian Naval Volunteer Reserve]], and the [[Royal Navy]] and other navies used it widely during World War II.

British ships of the era often included such degaussing systems built into the upper decks (the [[Electrical conduit|conduits]] are still visible on the deck of {{HMS|Belfast}} in London, for example). Degaussing is still used today. However, it has no effect on visible light or radar. Vallée speculates that accounts of USS ''Engstrom's'' degaussing might have been garbled and [[confabulated]] in subsequent retellings, and that these accounts may have influenced the story of "The Philadelphia Experiment".

Vallée cites a veteran who served on board USS ''Engstrom'' and who suggests it might have traveled from Philadelphia to Norfolk and back again in a single day at a time when merchant ships could not, by use of the [[Chesapeake & Delaware Canal]] and [[Chesapeake Bay]], which at the time was open only to naval vessels.<ref name="Vallée 1994"/> Use of that channel was kept quiet: German submarines had ravaged shipping along the East Coast during [[Second Happy Time|Operation Drumbeat]], and thus military ships unable to protect themselves were secretly moved via canals to avoid the threat.<ref name="Vallée 1994"/>

The same veteran claims to be the man that Allende witnessed "disappearing" at a bar. He claims that when a fight broke out, friendly barmaids whisked him out of the bar before the police arrived, because he was under age for drinking. They then covered for him by claiming that he had disappeared.<ref name="Vallée 1994"/>

==See also==
{{Portal|Philadelphia}}
* [[Diffused lighting camouflage]], a prototype Royal Canadian Navy counter-illumination system for ships
* [[List of conspiracy theories]]
* [[Montauk Project]]
* [[Yehudi lights]], a prototype US Navy counter-illumination system for aircraft

== References ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==External links==
* [https://www.de173.com The Philadelphia Experiment from A–Z] – A collection of images, articles, USS ''Eldridge''’s Logs, original research, and timeline of events
* [https://archive.org/details/PhiladelphiaExperiment The Philadelphia Experiment by the Department of the Navy – Naval Historical Center]
* [https://www.de173.com/the-varo-edition The Varo Edition of ''The Case for the UFO''] All Information available, including original pages.
* [http://www.cassiopaea.org/cass/Varo-Jessup.pdf PDF version of "The Case for the Unidentified Flying Object" by Morris K. Jessup – 2003 transcription of the Office of Naval Research (ONR) annotated "Varo edition", with three-color notes supposedly by Carlos Miguel Allende]
* [https://windmill-slayer.tripod.com/aliascarlosallende/ Alias Carlos Allende by Robert A. Goerman] – the story of Carl Meredith Allen
* [https://www.cusslerbooks.com/book-display.php?ISBN=0425250636&TITLE=Mirage Mirage, by Clive Cussler] -- works this myth into part of his "Oregon" series of adventure novels

{{Time travel}}
{{Urban legends}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Conspiracy theories involving the United States military]]
[[Category:Culture of Philadelphia]]
[[Category:American urban legends]]
[[Category:Pennsylvania folklore]]
[[Category:Hoaxes in the United States]]
[[Category:1943 in Pennsylvania]]
[[Category:Teleportation]]
[[Category:World War II-related historical negationism]]