Editing Phoolan Devi

{{short description|Indian bandit and politician (1963–2001)}}
{{For|the 1985 film|Phoolan Devi (film)}}
{{Featured article}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2021}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name                = Phoolan Devi
| image               = Non-free_picture_of_Phoolan_Devi.jpg
| alt                 = Head and shoulder photograph of woman half-smiling past camera. She wears a brown necklace and her black hair is pulled back.
| caption             = Phoolan Devi in 1995
| office              = [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha|Member of the Lok Sabha]] for [[Mirzapur Lok Sabha constituency|Mirzapur]]<!--, [[Uttar Pradesh]]-->
| term_start          = 1996
| term_end            = 1998
| predecessor         = [[Virendra Singh (Mirzapur)|Virendra Singh]]
| successor           = Virendra Singh
| term_start1         = 1999
| term_end1           = 25 July 2001
| predecessor1        = Virendra Singh
| successor1          = [[Ram Rati Bind]]
| birth_name          = Phoolan Mallah
| birth_date          = {{birth date|1963|08|10|df=y}}
| birth_place         = Gorha Ka Purwa, [[Jalaun district|Jalaun]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], India
| death_date          = {{death date and age|2001|07|25|1963|08|10|df=y}}
| death_place         = [[New Delhi]], [[Delhi]], India
| death_cause         = [[Assassination]] by shooting
| occupation          = {{hlist|[[Dacoit]]|[[politician]]}}
| party               = [[Samajwadi Party]]
| parents             = {{ubl|Devidin Mallah (father)|Moola Devi (mother)}}
| spouse              = {{ubl|Puttilal|Umed Singh}}
}}

'''Phoolan Devi''' ({{IPA|hi|pʰuː.lən d̪eː.ʋiː|lang}}, 10 August 1963 {{endash}} 25 July 2001), popularly known as the '''Bandit Queen''', was an Indian [[dacoit]] (bandit) who became a politician, serving as a [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha|member of parliament]] until her assassination. She was a woman of the [[Mallaah|Mallah]] [[subcaste]] who grew up in poverty in a village in the [[States and union territories of India|state]] of [[Uttar Pradesh]], where her family was on the losing side of a land dispute which caused them many problems. After being married off at the age of eleven and being [[Sexual Abuse|sexually abused]] by various people, she joined a gang of dacoits. Her gang robbed higher-caste villages and held up trains and vehicles. When she punished her rapists and evaded capture by the authorities, she became a heroine to the [[Other Backward Class]]es who saw her as a [[Robin Hood]] figure. Phoolan Devi was charged ''[[Trial in absentia|in absentia]]'' for the 1981 '''Behmai massacre''', in which twenty [[Rajput|Thakur]] men were killed, allegedly on her command. After this event, the [[List of chief ministers of Uttar Pradesh|Chief Minister of Uttar Pradesh]] resigned, and calls to apprehend her were amplified. She surrendered two years later in a carefully negotiated settlement and spent eleven years in [[Gwalior]] prison, awaiting trial.

Phoolan Devi was released in 1994 after her charges were set aside. She subsequently became a politician and was elected as a member of parliament for the [[Samajwadi Party]] in 1996. She lost her seat in 1998, but regained it the following year. She was the incumbent at the time of her death in 2001. She was assassinated outside her house by [[Sher Singh Rana]], who was convicted for the murder in 2014. At the time of her death, she was still fighting against the reinstituted criminal charges, having lost a 1996 appeal to the [[Supreme Court of India|Supreme Court]] to have the charges dropped. Phoolan Devi's worldwide fame grew after the release of the controversial 1994 film ''[[Bandit Queen]]'', which told her life story in a way she did not approve of. Her life has also inspired several biographies and her dictated autobiography was entitled ''I, Phoolan Devi''. There are varying accounts of her life because she told differing versions to suit her changing circumstances.

==Early life==

Phoolan Devi was born on 10 August 1963, in the village of Gorha Ka Purwa in [[Jalaun district]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], India.{{efn-ua|Names vary between texts, such as: Gorha Ka Purwa and Gorhapurwa; Vikram and Vickram; Putti Lal and Puttilal.<ref name="Szurlej" />}}<ref name="Sen" />{{rp|42}}<ref name="CNBCTV">{{Cite web |date=10 August 2022 |title=Phoolan Devi birth anniversary: An exceptional journey of the Bandit Queen |url=https://www.cnbctv18.com/india/phoolan-devi-birth-anniversary-an-exceptional-journey-of-the-bandit-queen-14420282.htm |access-date=28 November 2022 |website=CNBC TV18 |language=en |archive-date=28 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221128005942/https://www.cnbctv18.com/india/phoolan-devi-birth-anniversary-an-exceptional-journey-of-the-bandit-queen-14420282.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> The land is crossed by the [[Yamuna]] and [[Chambal River|Chambal]] rivers and is filled with gorges and ravines, making it suitable terrain for [[dacoity|dacoits]] (bandits).<ref name="Insurgents">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XzzBvVpXXJsC |title=Insurgents, raiders, and bandits |first=John |last=Arquilla |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield |location=Lanham, Maryland, US |year=2011 |isbn=978-1-56663-832-6 |access-date=3 December 2021 |archive-date=12 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230112023509/https://books.google.com/books?id=XzzBvVpXXJsC |url-status=live }}</ref>{{rp|244}} Her family was poor and from the [[Mallaah|Mallah]] subcaste, which lies towards the bottom of the [[Hindu]] [[caste system in India]], with Mallahs being [[Shudra|Shudras]] who traditionally work as fishermen.{{efn-ua|Indian society is divided into four [[Varna (Hinduism)|castes]] or social classes. From top to bottom these are: [[Brahmin]] (priests), [[Kshatriya]] (warriors), [[Vaishya]] (traders) and [[Shudra]] (labourers).<ref name="Peacock">{{cite book |last1=Peacock |first1=J. Sunita |editor1-last=Dong |editor1-first=Lan |title=Transnationalism and the Asian American heroine: Essays on literature, film, myth and media |date=10 January 2014 |publisher=McFarland & Company |location=Jefferson, North Carolina, US |isbn=978-0-7864-6208-7 |pages=187–195 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=A786X6Zyz3cC |language=en |chapter=Phoolan Devi: The primordial tradition of the Bandit Queen}}</ref>{{rp|194}} Underneath these four classes are the [[Dalit]]s, also known as the untouchables.<ref name="Rathod">{{cite book |last1=Rathod |first1=Bharat |title=Dalit academic journeys: Stories of caste, exclusion and assertion in Indian higher education |publisher=Routledge |location=New Delhi |isbn=978-1-003-22482-2 |edition=Ebook |url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/mono/10.4324/9781003224822-1/introduction-bharat-rathod |language=en |chapter=Introduction |year=2022 |pages=1–31 |doi=10.4324/9781003224822-1 |access-date=21 December 2022 |archive-date=21 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221221161852/https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/mono/10.4324/9781003224822-1/introduction-bharat-rathod |url-status=live }}</ref>}}<ref name="Sen">{{cite book |last1=Sen |first1=Mala |title=India's Bandit Queen: The true story of Phoolan Devi |date=1995 |publisher=Pandora |location=London |isbn=978-0-04-440888-8 |orig-year=1991}}</ref>{{rp|57}}<ref name="Telegraph-obit" /> Phoolan Devi and her sisters made [[dung cakes]] to burn as fuel, as is common practice in the region; her family grew [[chickpeas]], sunflowers and [[pearl millet]].<ref name="Sen" />{{rp|32–34,57}}<ref name="Moxham-Chapter5">{{cite book |last1=Moxham |first1=Roy |title=Outlaw: India's Bandit Queen and me |date=2010 |publisher=Rider|location=London |isbn=978-1-84604-182-2 |chapter=Chapter 5 |edition=Ebook}}</ref><ref name="Dung-work">{{cite journal |last1=Jeffery |first1=Roger |last2=Jeffery |first2=Patricia |last3=Lyon |first3=Andrew |title=Taking dung-work seriously: Women's work and rural development in north India |journal=Economic and Political Weekly |date=1989 |volume=24 |issue=17 |pages=32–37 |jstor=4394731 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/4394731 |issn=0012-9976 |access-date=18 October 2023 |archive-date=19 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231019032531/https://www.jstor.org/stable/4394731 |url-status=live }}</ref>

[[File:(A)_cow_dung_cooking_fuel_cakes_being_produced_at_Chunar,_Uttar_Pradesh_India.jpg|The production of [[dung cakes]] in [[Uttar Pradesh]]; dung cakes are a common fuel source in the region.<ref name="Dung-work" />|alt=Hand-made parcels of manure laid outside in the sun to dry|thumb|right]]
Phoolan Devi's mother was called Moola and her father Devidin; she had four sisters and one brother. Devidin had one brother, Biharilal, who had a son called Maiyadin. Biharilal and Maiyadin stole land from Phoolan Devi's father by bribing the village leader to change the land records. Her family was compelled to live in a small house on the edge of the village; the uncle and his son continued to harass the family and steal their crops, aiming to drive them away from the village.<ref name="Sen" />{{rp|31}} At the age of 10, Phoolan Devi decided to protest against the injustice. With her older sister Rukhmini, she sat in the disputed land and ate the chickpeas growing there, saying the crop belonged to her family. Maiyadin ordered her to leave and when she did not, he beat her into unconsciousness; the village leader then decreed that her parents should also be beaten.<ref name="Sen" />{{rp|32–35}}<ref name="Atlantic">{{cite news |last1=Weaver |first1=Mary Anne |title=India's Bandit Queen |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/1996/11/indias-bandit-queen/304890/ |access-date=20 December 2022 |work=The Atlantic |date=1 November 1996 |language=en |archive-date=17 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221217183437/https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/1996/11/indias-bandit-queen/304890/ |url-status=live |url-access= subscription}}</ref> In 2018, Phoolan Devi's mother told ''[[The Asian Age]]'' that she was still fighting to regain the land which Maiyadin had stolen from the family.<ref name="AA-18">{{cite news |last1=Verma |first1=Amita |title=Fight for Phoolan's political legacy |url=https://www.asianage.com/india/all-india/140718/fight-for-phoolans-political-legacy.html |access-date=20 December 2022 |work=The Asian Age |date=14 July 2018 |archive-date=20 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221220170541/https://www.asianage.com/india/all-india/140718/fight-for-phoolans-political-legacy.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

Following these events, Phoolan Devi's parents decided to [[arranged marriage|arrange a marriage]] for her. She was married to a man called Puttilal, who offered 100 [[Indian rupees]] (equivalent to [[₹]]400 or £4.20 in 2023), a cow and a bicycle to her parents. According to the version related by her to her biographer [[Mala Sen]], it was agreed that Phoolan Devi would start living with him after three years, but Puttilal came back within three months and took her away.<ref name="Sen" />{{rp|44–45}} He was three times her age; she refused his sexual advances and fell sick. When her parents came and collected her, they took her to a doctor who diagnosed [[measles]].<ref name="Sen" />{{rp|45–46}}<ref name="BBC-Champion">{{cite news  |last1=Lawson |first1=Alastair   |title=Phoolan Devi: Champion of the poor |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/1456441.stm |access-date=18 December 2022 |work=BBC News |date=25 July 2001 |archive-date=25 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210925043607/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/1456441.stm |url-status=live }}</ref> For a wife to leave her husband was scandalous; preying on Phoolan Devi's parents' fears of disgrace, Maiyadin offered to ensure that Puttilal took her back if they signed a document. The family was illiterate and the parents were warned that it contained a clause giving Maiyadin legal rights to their land, so they refused to sign. Phoolan Devi was sent to stay with a distant relative in the village of Teoga, where she met her recently married cousin Kailash, who ran errands for dacoits (also known locally as bahghis). They became close and had an affair, which resulted in Phoolan Devi being ordered by Kailash's wife to go back to her own village.<ref name="Sen" />{{rp|46–48}}<ref name="Atlantic" /><ref name="RK">{{cite web |last1=Snyder |first1=Michael |title=The life and legend of India's Bandit Queen |url=https://roadsandkingdoms.com/2017/indias-bandit-queen/ |website=Roads & Kingdoms |access-date=18 December 2022 |date=13 November 2017 |archive-date=18 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221218033142/https://roadsandkingdoms.com/2017/indias-bandit-queen/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

Once Phoolan Devi was back in Gorha Ka Purwa, the second son of the village leader became infatuated with her and when she did not reciprocate his affections, he attacked her.<ref name="Sen" />{{rp|49,51}} Again, Phoolan Devi needed to leave the village and Maiyadin pressured the family to ask Puttilal to take her back, which he did. In the meantime, Puttilal had taken another wife who often mistreated Phoolan Devi. After several years, Puttilal abandoned Phoolan Devi beside the Yamuna River and she again returned to the parental home.<ref name="Sen" />{{rp|52–53}} In January 1979, Maiyadin destroyed the family's crops and began to chop down a [[neem]] tree on their land. When Phoolan Devi threw stones at him and wounded his face, she was arrested by the local police and detained for one month.<ref name="Sen" />{{rp|60–61}} She later told ''[[The Atlantic]]'' that she was arrested because Maiyadin accused her of robbing him.<ref name="Atlantic" /> Mala Sen asked her if she had been raped at the police station and Phoolan Devi replied: "They had plenty of fun at my expense and beat the hell out of me too."<ref name="Sen" />{{rp|60–61}}<ref name="Telegraph-Sen-Obit">{{cite news |title=Mala Sen |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/obituaries/culture-obituaries/books-obituaries/8546445/Mala-Sen.html |access-date=18 December 2022 |work=The Daily Telegraph |date=30 May 2011 |archive-date=21 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220921203614/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/obituaries/culture-obituaries/books-obituaries/8546445/Mala-Sen.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Sen notes that it is common for victims of [[sexual assault]] to avoid or repress talking about what happened to them. Sen also observes that from the mid-1970s onwards, Indian feminist groups recorded many instances of women being attacked and murdered by men.<ref name="Sen" />{{rp|55, 61}}<ref name="Atlantic" /> The director of the ''[[Women's Feature Service]]'' commented regarding the case of Phoolan Devi that "quite often rape is used as a method of control and punishment to keep women in their place".<ref name="Lahksmanan">{{cite news |last1=Lahksmanan |first1=Indira A. R. |title=Feminist Robin Hood faced with another fight |url=https://www.newspapers.com/image/137800826/?clipping_id=126298171 |access-date=13 June 2023 |work=St. Louis Post-Dispatch |date=13 August 1997 |page=3A |language=en |url-status=live |archive-date=11 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231111130340/https://www.newspapers.com/image/137800826/?clipping_id=126298171 }}</ref>

==Banditry==
===Bandit Queen===
In July 1979, a gang of bandits led by Babu Gujjar kidnapped Phoolan Devi from her family's home, for reasons she explained in multiple ways.{{efn-ua|According to Weaver, "What followed remains obscured, for Phoolan's own accounts have varied significantly";<ref name="Atlantic" /> Snyder says her "uncle orchestrates a kidnapping by one of the many bands of armed robbers [...] that patrolled the Chambal Valley";<ref name="RK" /> Sen says Phoolan Devi received a letter from the dacoits, went to the police who refused to help her and then was taken away by Babu Gujjar;<ref name="Sen" />{{rp|67–69}} Szurlej writes that "she became embroiled in a conflict with her rich relatives, who arranged for bandits to kidnap her".<ref name="Szurlej" />}} Gujjar took her as his property and raped her repeatedly. Vikram Mallah, the second in command, became fond of Phoolan Devi and objected to her mistreatment, so he killed Gujjar and became leader of the gang.<ref name="Atlantic" /> He trained Phoolan Devi to use a rifle and the two fell in love.<ref name="QoD" />{{rp|332}}<ref name="Gun">{{cite book |last1=Devi |first1=Phoolan |editor1-last=Cuny |editor1-first=Marie-Therese |editor2-last=Rambali |editor2-first=Paul |title=I, Phoolan Devi: The Autobiography of India's Bandit Queen |date=1996 |publisher=Little, Brown and Company |location=London |isbn=978-0-316-87960-6}}</ref>{{rp|285}} Over the following year, the group robbed vehicles and looted higher caste villages, sometimes disguising themselves using stolen police uniforms.<ref name="Insurgents" />{{rp|247}}<ref name="Moxham-Chapter1">{{cite book |last1=Moxham |first1=Roy |title=Outlaw: India's Bandit Queen and me |date=2010 |publisher=Rider|location=London |isbn=978-1-84604-182-2 |chapter=Chapter 1 |edition=Ebook}}</ref> The gang lived in the ravines, constantly moving between places such as [[Devariya]], [[Kanpur]] and [[Orai]].<ref name="Sen" />{{rp|113}} They located Puttilal and punished him violently.<ref name="Sen" />{{rp|99}} As news of Phoolan Devi's exploits spread, she became popular with the lower castes, who called her Dasyu Sundari (Beautiful Bandit) and celebrated her as a [[Robin Hood]] figure, who robbed from the rich to give to the poor.<ref name="BBC-Champion" /><ref name="Harding-Queen">{{cite news |last1=Harding |first1=Luke |title=The queen is dead |url=https://www.theguardian.com/g2/story/0,3604,527406,00.html |access-date=18 December 2022 |work=The Guardian |date=26 July 2001 |archive-date=1 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200501154943/https://www.theguardian.com/g2/story/0,3604,527406,00.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Fernandes">{{cite journal |last1=Fernandes |first1=Leela |title=Reading "India's Bandit Queen": A trans/national feminist perspective on the discrepancies of representation |journal=[[Signs (journal)|Signs]] |year=1999 |volume=25 |issue=1 |pages=123–152 |doi=10.1086/495416 |jstor=3175617 |s2cid=143129445 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/3175617 |issn=0097-9740 |access-date=21 December 2022 |archive-date=21 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221221155316/https://www.jstor.org/stable/3175617 |url-status=live |url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref name="Seal" /> She was seen as an incarnation of the Hindu goddess [[Durga]] and a doll was produced of her in police uniform wearing a [[bandoleer]].<ref name="BBC-Champion" /><ref name="JRV">{{cite journal |last1=Brown |first1=C. Mackenzie |last2=Agrawal |first2=Nupur D. |title=The rape that woke up India: Hindu imagination and the rape of Jyoti Singh Pandey |journal=Journal of Religion and Violence |year=2014 |volume=2 |issue=2 |pages=234–280 |doi=10.5840/jrv2014222 |jstor=26671430 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/26671430 |issn=2159-6808 |access-date=21 December 2022 |archive-date=21 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221221155412/https://www.jstor.org/stable/26671430 |url-status=live |url-access=subscription }}</ref>

A former leader of the gang, Sri Ram Singh, was released from prison together with his brother Lalla Ram Singh in 1980; they were [[Rajput|Thakur]] men (Thakurs being a subcaste of the [[Kshatriya]] caste) and thus a higher caste than the other members. After they rejoined the bandits, a power struggle ensued and Sri Ram murdered Vikram Mallah. Without the latter's protection, Phoolan Devi was a prisoner of Sri Ram; he took her to the remote village of Behmai where she was repeatedly raped by other Thakurs. In a final indignity, she was forced to collect water for him from the well whilst naked, in front of the villagers.<ref name="Atlantic" /><ref name="Ponzanesi">{{cite book |last1=Ponzanesi |first1=Sandra |title=Doing gender in media, art and culture |chapter=The arena of the colony: Phoolan Devi and postcolonial critique |date=2017 |publisher=Routledge |location=Abingdon, UK |pages=94–105 |doi=10.4324/9781315268026-8 |hdl=1874/380923 |isbn=978-1-315-26802-6 |s2cid=188027215 |chapter-url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.4324/9781315268026-8/arena-colony-phoolan-devi-postcolonial-critique-sandra-ponzanesi |language=en |access-date=21 December 2022 |archive-date=20 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221220225000/https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.4324/9781315268026-8/arena-colony-phoolan-devi-postcolonial-critique-sandra-ponzanesi |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Sen" />{{rp|57,125–126}}

===Behmai massacre===
Phoolan Devi managed to escape and met Man Singh, a bandit with whom she formed a new gang.<ref name="Sen" />{{rp|137}} They became lovers, living on wild berries and produce stolen from cultivated fields.<ref name="Sen" />{{rp|183}}<ref name="Atlantic" /> She returned to Behmai with her gang on 14 February 1981; speaking through a [[loudhailer]], she demanded that the villagers hand over Sri Ram Singh and his brother, then the bandits went from house to house looting valuables.<ref name="Sen" />{{rp|150–151}}<ref name="QoD" />{{rp|324}} When the two men could not be found, twenty-two men were lined up at the Yamuna River and shot from behind; twenty died and two survived. Since all the dead were at the time thought to be Thakur, Thakur farmers pressured Prime Minister [[Indira Gandhi]] to impose the rule of law. When Phoolan Devi was arrested in 1983, she claimed that she had not been present at the time of the shooting.<ref name="Harding-Queen" /><ref name="Sen" />{{rp|150–151}} This was corroborated by the evidence of the two men who survived, who stated that they had not seen her and that a man called Ram Avtar was giving orders.<ref name="Sen" />{{rp|159}} By other accounts, such as that of journalist [[Khushwant Singh]], it was Phoolan Devi who put the men to death.<ref name="QoD" />{{rp|324}} She was celebrated among [[Dalits]] (people at the bottom of the caste system) for fighting back against her abuse by men of a higher caste and when she eluded capture by the authorities her fame grew.<ref name="Time">{{cite magazine |last1=Karon |first1=Tony |title=India's Bandit Queen died as she once lived |url=https://content.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,168857,00.html |access-date=20 December 2022 |magazine=Time |date=25 July 2001 |archive-date=21 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221221051418/https://content.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,168857,00.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The killings prompted the resignation of [[V. P. Singh]], the [[Chief Minister of Uttar Pradesh]].<ref name="Naim">{{cite news |last1=Naim |first1=Shahira |title=Kshatriya Samaj to honour Phoolan's killer |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/2006/20060501/nation.htm#5 |access-date=21 December 2022 |work=The Tribune India |date=30 April 2006 |archive-date=29 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201029113752/https://www.tribuneindia.com/2006/20060501/nation.htm#5 |url-status=live }}</ref> It was later clarified that the dead men were seventeen Thakurs, one Muslim, one Dalit and one member of [[Other Backward Class]]es. Phoolan Devi was charged ''[[Trial in absentia|in absentia]]'' with 48 crimes, which included kidnapping, looting and murder.<ref name="Sen" />{{rp|xiii}}<ref name="SD">{{cite news |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |title=40 years on, Behmai victims still await justice |url=https://www.siasat.com/40-years-on-behmai-victims-still-await-justice-2090516/ |access-date=10 November 2023 |work=The Siasat Daily |agency=Indo-Asian News Service |date=15 February 2021 |archive-date=10 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231110193235/https://www.siasat.com/40-years-on-behmai-victims-still-await-justice-2090516/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Surrender===
After the massacre, Phoolan Devi remained on the run and was nearly caught by the police on 31 March 1981.<ref name="QoD" />{{rp|335}} Her mother was held for five months in [[Kalpi]] prison to pressure Phoolan Devi to give herself up.<ref name="Moxham-Chapter5" /> In 1983, Phoolan Devi surrendered to the authorities after long negotiations led by Rajendra Chaturvedi, a police officer from [[Bhind]] who gained the trust of local dacoits after arresting [[Malkhan Singh Rajpoot]]. Dressed in a police uniform and wearing a red bandanna on her head, she bowed before representations of the goddess Durga and [[Mahatma Gandhi]], then [[Prostration|prostrated]] herself in front of [[Arjun Singh (Madhya Pradesh politician)|Arjun Singh]], the [[List of chief ministers of Madhya Pradesh|Chief Minister of Madhya Pradesh]], with approximately 8,000 people watching.<ref name="Rajan">{{cite book |last1=Rajan |first1=Rajeswari Sunder |title=The Scandal of the State: Women, Law, and Citizenship in Postcolonial India |date=2003 |publisher=Duke University |location=Durham, North Carolina, US |doi=10.2307/j.ctv1198tw9 |jstor=j.ctv1198tw9 |isbn=978-0-8223-3035-6 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctv1198tw9 |access-date=16 November 2023 |archive-date=16 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231116154344/https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctv1198tw9 |url-status=live }}</ref>{{rp|222}}<ref name="Atlantic" /> Phoolan Devi had set conditions regarding her surrender, which included: no death penalty for anyone from her gang; a maximum custodial sentence of eight years; no use of handcuffs; being imprisoned as a group; being imprisoned in [[Madhya Pradesh]] and not Uttar Pradesh; her family being given land with space for her goat and cow; and her brother getting a government job.<ref name="Rajan"/>{{rp|229}}<ref name="Atlantic" /> She and seven men, including Man Singh, surrendered.<ref name="Sen" />{{rp|215}} Mala Sen records that the male journalists gathered in Bhind to watch her surrender were unimpressed with her plain appearance.<ref name="Sen" />{{rp|218}} 

Phoolan Devi faced the 48 criminal charges<ref name="News9">{{cite news |title=Phoolan Devi death anniversary: Lesser-known facts about the 'Bandit Queen' |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |url=https://www.news9live.com/knowledge/phoolan-devi-death-anniversary-lesser-known-facts-about-the-bandit-queen-184888 |access-date=7 May 2023 |work=News9live |date=25 July 2022 |archive-date=12 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220812000404/https://www.news9live.com/knowledge/phoolan-devi-death-anniversary-lesser-known-facts-about-the-bandit-queen-184888 |url-status=live }}</ref> and the gang was incarcerated at [[Gwalior]], in Madhya Pradesh. Despite the prior agreement that she would not spend more than eight years in prison, she spent over ten years on remand.<ref name="QoD">{{cite book |last1=Singh |first1=Khushwant |editor1-last=Ashraf |editor1-first=Saad |title=Penguin book of Indian journeys |pages=322–335 |date=2004 |publisher=Penguin Books |location=India |isbn=978-0-14-100764-9 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BZznRtnus7gC |language=en |chapter=Phoolan Devi, queen of dacoits |access-date=21 December 2022 |archive-date=12 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230112023535/https://books.google.com/books?id=BZznRtnus7gC |url-status=live }}</ref>{{rp|322}} During this time, she had tuberculosis and was diagnosed with two stomach tumours.<ref name="Moxham-Chapter2">{{cite book |last1=Moxham |first1=Roy |title=Outlaw: India's Bandit Queen and me |date=2010 |publisher=Rider| location=London |isbn=978-1-84604-182-2 |chapter=Chapter 2 |edition=Ebook}}</ref> Whilst receiving hospital treatment, she received a [[hysterectomy]] without her consent.<ref name="Telegraph-obit" /> The others, including Man Singh, agreed to trials in Uttar Pradesh and were all acquitted, but Phoolan Devi refused to make a deal and remained convinced she would be murdered if she went there.<ref name="Atlantic" />

==Political career==
Charges against Phoolan Devi were dropped in 1994 by order of [[Mulayam Singh Yadav]], the leader of the [[Samajwadi Party]] and Chief Minister of Uttar Pradesh.<ref name="Butalia">{{cite news |last1=Butalia |first1=Pankaj |title=Phoolan Devi: From travesty to tragedy |url=https://www.opendemocracy.net/en/article_436jsp/ |access-date=20 December 2022 |work=Open Democracy |date=29 August 2001 |language=en |archive-date=20 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221220172024/https://www.opendemocracy.net/en/article_436jsp/ |url-status=live }}</ref> After her release from prison, she joined the Samajwadi Party and in the [[1996 Indian general election|1996 general election]] took a seat in the Indian lower legislative body, the [[Lok Sabha]], as the Member of Parliament (MP) for [[Mirzapur Lok Sabha constituency|Mirzapur]] in Uttar Pradesh.<ref name="Shotdead" /> She won with a margin of 37,000 and had more than 300,000 votes in total. She was not the only illiterate MP, joining others such as [[Bhagwati Devi]] and Shobhawati Devi.<ref name="Moxham-Chapter5" /> Phoolan Devi campaigned with limited success for the rights of women and to provide better amenities for the poor.<ref name="Insurgents" />{{rp|251}} She told author [[Roy Moxham]] "I want to bring hospitals, schools, electricity and clean water to the poor in the villages. To stop child marriage and to improve life for women."<ref name="Moxham-Chapter5" /> Mallah people were happy to have someone of their caste representing them in parliament for the first time and she was generally popular among Other Backward Classes.<ref name="OI22">{{cite news |last1=Ashraf |first1=Asad |title=Twenty two years after Phoolan Devi's murder, 'Bandit Queen' remains a divisive figure in Mirzapur |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/national/22-years-after-phoolan-devi-s-murder-bandit-queen-remains-a-divisive-figure-in-mirzapur-news-185795 |access-date=7 May 2023 |work=Outlook India |date=8 March 2022 |archive-date=12 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230412071013/https://www.outlookindia.com/national/22-years-after-phoolan-devi-s-murder-bandit-queen-remains-a-divisive-figure-in-mirzapur-news-185795 |url-status=live }}</ref>

The [[Kanpur#Law_and_order|Kanpur District Court]] set aside Yadav's pronouncement, which reinstated the charges against her in connection with the Behmai massacre. This decision was upheld by the [[Allahabad High Court]].<ref name="Mallick">{{cite news |last1=Mallick |first1=Sarmeeli |title=Mulayam Singh Yadav's masterstrokes that proved his mettle in Indian politics |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/mirror-now/in-focus/mulayam-singh-yadav-special-story-masterstrokes-that-proved-his-mettle-in-indian-politics-article-94757715 |access-date=7 May 2023 |work=Times Now |date=10 October 2022 |language=en |archive-date=10 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221010083826/https://www.timesnownews.com/mirror-now/in-focus/mulayam-singh-yadav-special-story-masterstrokes-that-proved-his-mettle-in-indian-politics-article-94757715 |url-status=live }}</ref> In 1996, Phoolan Devi lost a [[Supreme Court of India|Supreme Court]] appeal to have the charges against her dropped. The following year, the court approved a request from Uttar Pradesh to arraign her on charges related to the Behmai massacre and she did not attend the court hearing in [[Kanpur]]. After several months of legal machinations, the Supreme Court ruled that Phoolan Devi did not need to be jailed before trial.<ref name="Moxham-Chapter6">{{cite book |last1=Moxham |first1=Roy |title=Outlaw: India's Bandit Queen and me |date=2010 |publisher=Rider| location=London |isbn=978-1-84604-182-2 |chapter=Chapter 6 |edition=Ebook}}</ref> She lost her seat to [[Virendra Singh (Mirzapur)|Virendra Singh]], the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (BJP) candidate in the [[1998 Indian general election|1998 elections]], then regained it the [[1999 Indian general election|following year]].<ref name="Telegraph-obit">{{cite news |title=Phoolan Devi |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/obituaries/1335253/Phoolan-Devi.html |access-date=17 December 2022 |work=The Daily Telegraph |date=26 July 2001 |archive-date=17 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221217185955/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/obituaries/1335253/Phoolan-Devi.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Moxham-Chapter6"/><ref name="ShotD">{{cite news  |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |title=Phoolan Devi Shot D |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/website/story/a-hrefhttpwwwoutlookindiacompti_coverageaspgid45-phoolan-devi-shot-d/212701 |access-date=17 November 2023 |work=Outlook India |date=25 July 2001 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180115230055/https://www.outlookindia.com/website/story/a-hrefhttpwwwoutlookindiacompti_coverageaspgid45-phoolan-devi-shot-d/212701 |archive-date=15 January 2018}}</ref>

Phoolan Devi married Umed Singh in 1994; they appeared together in a film, called ''Sholay Aur Chingari'' (''Blazing Fires and Sparks'').<ref name="knot">{{cite news |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |title=Bandit Queen ties knot with politician Umed Singh |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/eyecatchers/story/19940815-bandit-queen-ties-knot-with-politician-umed-singh-809505-1994-08-14 |access-date=10 November 2023 |work=India Today |date=15 August 1994 |language=en |archive-date=10 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231110190916/https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/eyecatchers/story/19940815-bandit-queen-ties-knot-with-politician-umed-singh-809505-1994-08-14 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Butalia" /> Together with her new husband, she became a [[Buddhist]], aiming to evade the Hindu [[Caste system in India|caste system]].<ref name="Insurgents" />{{rp|251}} According to Moxham, she later renounced Buddhism.<ref name="Moxham-Chapter4">{{cite book |last1=Moxham |first1=Roy |title=Outlaw: India's Bandit Queen and me |date=2010 |publisher=Rider| location=London |isbn=978-1-84604-182-2 |chapter=Chapter 4 |edition=Ebook}}</ref>

== ''Bandit Queen'' film==
[[File:Seema_in_streer_patra.JPG|Actress [[Seema Biswas]], who played Phoolan Devi in the ''[[Bandit Queen]]''|alt=Photograph of Indian woman, who is acting in a red and yellow dress|thumb]]
 
The 1994 film ''[[Bandit Queen]]'' was loosely based on Mala Sen's biography; it was directed by [[Shekhar Kapur]] and starred [[Seema Biswas]] as Phoolan Devi.<ref name="RK" /> After it received acclaim at [[Cannes Film Festival]], Kapur asked for permission from the [[Central Board of Film Certification]] to screen the film at cinemas in India. Phoolan Devi attempted to block the release, commenting "It's simply not the story of my life".<ref name="Sen" />{{rp|254}}<ref name="Atlantic" /> She was supported by the feminist and novelist [[Arundhati Roy]], who wrote a critique of the film (entitled "The great Indian rape trick"), arguing that whilst Sen's book presented a complex story with different perspectives, Kapur portrayed Phoolan Devi as a victim without having met her.<ref name="RK" /> In his 2021 autobiography [[Farrukh Dhondy]], the former commissioning editor at [[Channel 4]], described how he rushed to Delhi in order to enlist Umed Singh's aid in persuading Phoolan Devi to drop her complaint.<ref name="Bhatia">{{cite news |last1=Bhatia |first1=Sidharth |title=The amusing, the outrageous and the pensive: Farrukh Dhondy's memoir has it all |url=https://thewire.in/books/the-amusing-the-outrageous-and-the-pensive-farrukh-dhondys-memoir-has-it-all |access-date=20 December 2022 |work=The Wire (India)|date=18 October 2021 |archive-date=20 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221220172807/https://thewire.in/books/the-amusing-the-outrageous-and-the-pensive-farrukh-dhondys-memoir-has-it-all |url-status=live }}</ref> When Phoolan Devi discovered this, the couple became estranged, before later reconciling.<ref name="Moxham-Chapter4" /> A court case was brought against screening the film by lawyer Indira Singh and Arundhati Roy at the [[Delhi High Court]].<ref name="Butalia" /> Ultimately, Phoolan Devi received £40,000 from Channel 4 and dropped the complaint.<ref name="Telegraph-obit" /> Later in 1994, she dictated her autobiography ''I, Phoolan Devi'' which was published first in French in 1996 and then in other languages, including English, Japanese and Malay. The income from book sales supported Phoolan Devi and enabled her to pay her legal fees.<ref name="Moxham-Chapter6"/><ref name="Preface">{{cite book |last1=Rambali |first1=Paul |editor1-last=Cuny |editor1-first=Marie-Thérèse |editor2-last=Rambali |editor2-first=Paul |editor3-last=Devi |editor3-first=Phoolan |title=The Bandit Queen of India: An Indian woman's amazing journey from peasant to international legend |date=2003 |publisher=Lyons Press |location=Guilford, Connecticut, US |isbn=1-59228-038-2 |pages=xii-xiii |chapter=Introduction}}</ref>

== Assassination<span class="anchor" id="Assassination of Phoolan Devi"></span> ==
{{Infobox civilian attack
| title            = Assassination of Phoolan Devi
| location         = New Delhi
| date             = 25 July 2001
| time             = 13:30
| timezone         = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| type             = Murder
| fatalities       = Phoolan Devi
| injuries         = 1
| victims          = 
| perpetrators     = 3 unidentified gunmen
}}

At 13:30 ([[Indian Standard Time|IST]]) on 25 July 2001, Phoolan Devi was shot dead by three unknown assailants outside her house at 44 Ashoka Road in New Delhi.<ref name="Shotdead">{{cite news |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |url=https://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/2001/07/26/stories/01260001.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20020131194802/http://thehindu.com/thehindu/2001/07/26/stories/01260001.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=31 January 2002 |title=Phoolan Devi shot dead |access-date=31 October 2018 |work=The Hindu |date=26 July 2001}}</ref> She was shot nine times and her bodyguard was hit twice; he returned fire as the attackers escaped by car. She was rushed to [[Dr. Ram Manohar Lohia Hospital|Lohia Hospital]] and was pronounced [[dead on arrival]].<ref name="Shotdead" /> She was aged 37 when she died and serving as an MP.<ref name="Telegraph-obit"/><ref name="Moxham-Chapter6"/> All business of both houses of [[Parliament of India|Parliament]] was adjourned for two days and the funeral took place in [[Mirzapur]].<ref name="Moxham-Chapter8">{{cite book |last1=Moxham |first1=Roy |title=Outlaw: India's Bandit Queen and me |date=2010 |publisher=Rider|location=London |isbn=978-1-84604-182-2 |chapter=Chapter 8 |edition=Ebook}}</ref> Umed Singh commented "No one likes it when someone, especially a woman, from the lower classes rises and makes a name for herself" and her lawyer Kamini Jaiswal stated "This murder is the result of caste conflict."<ref name="TNM">{{cite web |last1=Narayan |first1=Ranjana |title=Nobody likes it when a woman from the lower classes makes a name for herself: Phoolan Devi's husband |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/nobody-likes-it-when-woman-lower-classes-makes-name-herself-phoolan-devis-husband-23727 |website=The News Minute |access-date=3 July 2023 |language=en |date=25 February 2015 |archive-date=3 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230703135058/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/nobody-likes-it-when-woman-lower-classes-makes-name-herself-phoolan-devis-husband-23727 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Bhatt">{{cite news |last1=Bhatt |first1=Sheela |title=Phoolan got threatening calls: Lawyer |url=https://www.rediff.com/news/2001/jul/25phool.htm |access-date=3 July 2023 |work=Rediff.com |date=25 July 2001 |archive-date=3 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230703142337/https://www.rediff.com/news/2001/jul/25phool.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> The criminal case against her was still open at the time of her death.<ref name="Mallick" />

Days after the murder, [[Sher Singh Rana]] surrendered to police in [[Dehra Dun]] and claimed he had assassinated Phoolan Devi in revenge for the Behmai massacre; he at first struggled to convince police that he was present at the scene of the crime.<ref name="Telegraph-arrest">{{cite news |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |title=Man arrested for murder of 'Bandit Queen' |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/1335484/Man-arrested-for-murder-of-Bandit-Queen.html |access-date=17 December 2022 |work=The Daily Telegraph|date=27 July 2001 |archive-date=12 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191212140847/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/1335484/Man-arrested-for-murder-of-Bandit-Queen.html |url-status=live |url-access= subscription}}</ref><ref name="Guardian-Mystery">{{cite news |last1=Harding |first1=Luke |title=Mystery surrounds Bandit Queen murder |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2001/jul/30/worlddispatch.lukeharding |access-date=17 December 2022 |work=The Guardian |date=30 July 2001 |language=en |archive-date=17 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221217190351/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2001/jul/30/worlddispatch.lukeharding |url-status=live }}</ref> He escaped from [[Tihar Jail]] in 2004 and was recaptured two years later.<ref name="News Karnataka">{{Cite news |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.-->|date=8 August 2014 |title=Main accused in Phoolan Devi's killing convicted |work=News Karnataka |agency=Indo-Asian News Service |url=http://www.newskarnataka.com/india/Main-accused-in-Phoolan-Devis-killing-convicted/ |url-status=dead |access-date= |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140809135532/http://www.newskarnataka.com/india/Main-accused-in-Phoolan-Devis-killing-convicted/ |archive-date=9 August 2014}}</ref> In August 2014, Rana received a life sentence for murder, with ten co-defendants being acquitted.<ref name="Guardian-Killer">{{cite news |title=Killer of Phoolan Devi, India's 'Bandit Queen', given life sentence |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/aug/14/sher-singh-rana-murderer-phoolan-devi-bandit-queen-life-sentence |access-date=17 December 2022 |work=The Guardian |agency=Associated Press |date=14 August 2014 |language=en |archive-date=23 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201023060740/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/aug/14/sher-singh-rana-murderer-phoolan-devi-bandit-queen-life-sentence |url-status=live }}</ref> Two years later, he appealed his sentence to the [[Delhi High Court]] and was set free by Justice [[Gita Mittal]] on a [[Recognizance|personal bond]] of ₹50,000 (equivalent to ₹72,000 or £750 in 2023) and two [[Surety|sureties]], each of the same amount. He was required to not interact with Phoolan Devi's family and to report to the police every six months, whilst also informing them where he stayed and what mobile telephone number he was using.<ref name="NDTV">{{Cite web |title=Sher Singh Rana gets bail in Phoolan Devi murder case |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/sher-singh-rana-gets-bail-in-phoolan-devi-murder-case-1477819 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190823103221/https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/sher-singh-rana-gets-bail-in-phoolan-devi-murder-case-1477819 |archive-date=23 August 2019 |access-date=3 December 2020 |publisher=NDTV}}</ref><ref name="Bail-HT">{{cite news |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |title=Out on bail, Sher Singh Rana marries girl from MP |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/dehradun/out-on-bail-sher-singh-rana-marries-girl-from-mp/story-64SOGI08hoZKNWLEecM7ZP.html |access-date=18 June 2023 |work=Hindustan Times |date=21 February 2018 |language=en |archive-date=18 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230618135742/https://www.hindustantimes.com/dehradun/out-on-bail-sher-singh-rana-marries-girl-from-mp/story-64SOGI08hoZKNWLEecM7ZP.html |url-status=live }}</ref> 

In August 2001, Umed Singh announced prior to Phoolan Devi's [[terahvin]] that he was setting up a trust to administer the properties she owned; he was immediately denounced by her sisters and mother, who claimed he was trying to steal her investments worth ₹25 million (equivalent to ₹100 million or £1 million in 2023). Munni Devi alleged that Umed Singh knew the murderers and challenged his alibi. She said that Umed Singh was abusive towards Phoolan Devi and that her sister had tried at least twice to divorce him.<ref name="Tripathi">{{cite news |last1=Tripathi |first1=Purnima S. |title=Troubled legacy |url=https://frontline.thehindu.com/other/article30251546.ece |access-date=3 July 2023 |work=The Hindu |date=17 August 2001 |language=en |archive-date=3 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230703140414/https://frontline.thehindu.com/other/article30251546.ece |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="TTC">{{cite news |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |title=High drama over property Phoolan's husband, sister trade charges |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/2001/20010802/main5.htm |access-date=3 July 2023 |work=The Tribune, Chandigarh |agency=Tribune News Service |date=2 August 2001 |archive-date=3 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230703144529/https://www.tribuneindia.com/2001/20010802/main5.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> Phoolan Devi's first husband Puttilal also made a demand for her properties since they had never officially divorced.<ref name="Petition">{{cite news |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |title=Putti Lal files petition for Phoolan's properties |url=https://www.rediff.com/news/2001/aug/24phoo.htm |access-date=3 July 2023 |work=Rediff.com |date=24 August 2001 |archive-date=3 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230703141204/https://www.rediff.com/news/2001/aug/24phoo.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Legacy==

Phoolan Devi's fame throughout India continued to grow after her death and the controversy surrounding the ''Bandit Queen'' film had already ensured that she was globally famous. She has become a legendary figure, alongside other outlaws such as [[Ned Kelly]], [[Sándor Rózsa]] and [[Pancho Villa]].<ref name="Ponzanesi" /><ref name="Seal">{{cite journal |last1=Seal |first1=Graham |title=The Robin Hood principle: Folklore, history, and the social bandit |journal=Journal of Folklore Research |year=2009 |volume=46 |issue=1 |pages=67–89 |doi=10.2979/JFR.2009.46.1.67 |jstor=40206940 |s2cid=144567050 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/40206940 |issn=0737-7037 |access-date=21 December 2022 |archive-date=20 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221220235623/https://www.jstor.org/stable/40206940 |url-status=live |url-access=subscription }}</ref> Her life has inspired biographies by Roy Moxham, Mala Sen and Richard Shears and Isobelle Gidley, as well as novels by [[Irène Frain]] and Dimitri Friedman.<ref name="Szurlej" /><ref name="Moxham-Chapters3+6">{{cite book |last1=Moxham |first1=Roy |title=Outlaw: India's Bandit Queen and me |date=2010 |publisher=Rider|location=London |isbn=978-1-84604-182-2 |chapter=Chapters 3, 6 |edition=Ebook}}</ref> A [[graphic novel]] entitled ''Phoolan Devi, Rebel Queen'' by {{ill|Claire Fauvel|fr}} was published in 2020.<ref name="PW">{{cite news |title=''Phoolan Devi, Rebel Queen'' by Claire Fauvel |url=https://www.publishersweekly.com/978-1-68112-251-9 |access-date=21 December 2022 |work=Publishers Weekly |date=2 December 2020 |archive-date=21 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221221160817/https://www.publishersweekly.com/978-1-68112-251-9 |url-status=live }}</ref> The scholar Tatiana Szurlej notes that the facts presented in these biographies often contradict each other despite coming from interviews with Phoolan Devi herself and questions whether she forgot elements or adapted her account to suit her changing circumstances.<ref name="Szurlej">{{cite journal |last1=Szurlej |first1=Tatiana |title=From heroic Durga to the next victim of an oppressive patriarchal Indian culture: Too many variants of Phoolan Devi's biography |journal=Cracow Indological Studies |date=31 December 2018 |volume=20 |issue=2 |pages=257–280 |doi=10.12797/CIS.20.2018.02.12|s2cid=165523279 |doi-access=free }}</ref> In 1994, Arundhati Roy commented that Phoolan Devi "is suffering from a case of Legenditis. She's only a version of herself. There are other versions of her that are jostling for attention."<ref name="Roy">{{cite news |last1=Roy |first1=Arundhati |title=The great Indian rape trick |url=http://www.sawnet.org/books/writing/roy_bq1.html |access-date=20 December 2022 |work=Sawnet |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160414182145/http://www.sawnet.org/books/writing/roy_bq1.html |archive-date=14 April 2016}}</ref> Media theorist Sandra Ponzanesi states Phoolan Devi is an example of a Third World [[postcolonial]] subject who is aware of the racist and patronising [[Orientalism|Orientalist]] attitudes that First World analysts have of her.<ref name="Ponzanesi" />

Several films have been made about her life. Ashok Roy made the 1984 film ''Phoolan Devi'' in [[Bengali language|Bengali]] and followed it the next year with a [[Hindi]] version entitled ''[[Phoolan Devi (film)|Kahani Phoolvati Ki]]'' (''The story of Phoolan'').<ref name="Figurations">{{cite book |last1=Sen |first1=Meheli |last2=Basu |first2=Anustup |title=Figurations in Indian Film |date=2013 |publisher=Springer|location=Berlin |isbn=978-1-137-34978-1 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gadEAgAAQBAJ |language=en |access-date=21 December 2022 |archive-date=12 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230112023510/https://books.google.com/books?id=gadEAgAAQBAJ |url-status=live }}</ref>{{rp|23}} ''Bandit Queen'' came out in 1994 and in 2019 [[Hossein Martin Fazeli]] was developing a documentary entitled ''Phoolan''.<ref name="Sen" />{{rp|254}}<ref name="RK" /><ref name="HR">{{cite news |last1=Vlessing |first1=Etan |title=Hot Docs: Lisa Ray to voice star in Bandit Queen doc ''Phoolan'' (Exclusive) |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-news/lisa-ray-star-bandit-queen-doc-phoolan-hot-docs-1205533/ |access-date=5 May 2023 |work=The Hollywood Reporter |date=29 April 2019 |archive-date=29 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220929000631/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-news/lisa-ray-star-bandit-queen-doc-phoolan-hot-docs-1205533/ |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2022, Farrukh Dhondy announced that he was making a web series about her life told from the perspective of Rajendra Chaturvedi, the person who arranged her surrender.<ref name="Verma">{{cite news |last1=Verma |first1=Smitha |title=I was at the right place at the right time |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/magazine/2022/may/08/i-was-at-the-right-place-at-the-right-time-2450144.html |access-date=20 December 2022 |work=The New Indian Express |date=7 May 2022 |archive-date=20 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221220171644/https://www.newindianexpress.com/magazine/2022/may/08/i-was-at-the-right-place-at-the-right-time-2450144.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Phoolan Devi has been represented in [[fine art]] by painters such as [[Rekha Rodwittiya]]. Her life has also been commemorated by folk singers, making her into a mythical outlaw figure.<ref name="Brahma">{{cite journal |last1=Brahma |first1=Prakash |title=Gestures of cultural justice: Narrative justice for Phoolan Devi in epic recounting |journal=Economic and Political Weekly |year=2022 |volume=57 |issue=9 |issn=2349-8846}}</ref> [[Shirish Korde]] and Lynn Kremer wrote an opera called ''Phoolan Devi: The Bandit Queen'' which premiered in 2010 at the [[College of the Holy Cross]] in [[Worcester, Massachusetts]], US.<ref name="Guerrieri">{{cite news |last1=Guerrieri |first1=Matthew |title='Bandit Queen' chronicles a complicated heroine |url=https://www.boston.com/ae/theater_arts/articles/2010/04/26/bandit_queen_chronicles_a_complicated_heroine/ |access-date=2 October 2023 |work=Boston Globe |date=26 April 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121025182209/https://www.boston.com/ae/theater_arts/articles/2010/04/26/bandit_queen_chronicles_a_complicated_heroine/ |archive-date=25 October 2012}}</ref><ref name="Stanford">{{cite web |title=Phoolan Devi: The Bandit Queen |url=https://exhibits.stanford.edu/operadata/catalog/183-66522 |website=Opening Night! – Spotlight at Stanford |access-date=2 October 2023 |language=en |archive-date=3 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231003082558/https://exhibits.stanford.edu/operadata/catalog/183-66522 |url-status=live }}</ref>

The verdict in the court case concerning the Behmai massacre was delayed in 2020 because important case documents had been lost.<ref name="Shukla">{{cite news |last1=Shukla |first1=Nelanshu |title=Behmai massacre: Verdict in murder of 20 Thakurs by Phoolan Devi postponed as case diary disappears |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/behmai-massacre-verdict-in-murder-of-20-thakurs-by-phoolan-devi-postponed-as-case-diary-disappears-1638106-2020-01-18 |access-date=29 November 2023 |work=India Today |date=18 January 2020 |language=en |archive-date=17 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210617212836/https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/behmai-massacre-verdict-in-murder-of-20-thakurs-by-phoolan-devi-postponed-as-case-diary-disappears-1638106-2020-01-18 |url-status=live }}</ref> The last witness died the following year and since the presiding judge had been transferred, the case began again in 2022.<ref name="TT21">{{cite news |title=Last witness in Behmai massacre dies waiting for verdict |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |url=https://telanganatoday.com/last-witness-in-behmai-massacre-dies-waiting-for-verdict |access-date=7 May 2023 |work=Telangana Today |date=22 October 2021 |archive-date=25 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220525230633/https://telanganatoday.com/last-witness-in-behmai-massacre-dies-waiting-for-verdict |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="ST22">{{cite news |title=1981 Behmai case hearing begins again |url=https://theshillongtimes.com/2022/02/24/1981-behmai-case-hearing-begins-again/ |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |access-date=7 May 2023 |work=The Shillong Times |date=24 February 2022 |archive-date=4 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220304132947/https://theshillongtimes.com/2022/02/24/1981-behmai-case-hearing-begins-again/ |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2023, another suspect died, leaving only two people on trial.<ref name="HT23">{{cite news |last1=Naqvi |first1=Haidar |title=Another accused in 1981 Behmai massacre dies, only 2 men now face trial |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/lucknow-news/85yearold-accused-in-phoolan-devi-s-behmai-massacre-case-dies-leaving-only-two-in-custody-101681293588725.html |access-date=7 May 2023 |work=Hindustan Times |date=12 April 2023 |language=en |archive-date=25 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230425042022/https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/lucknow-news/85yearold-accused-in-phoolan-devi-s-behmai-massacre-case-dies-leaving-only-two-in-custody-101681293588725.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

The Mallah subcaste forms part of the [[Nishad]] caste and two Nishad political parties laid claim to Phoolan Devi's legacy.<ref name="Pioneer">{{cite news |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |title=Battle of one-upmanship among two Nishad parties worries SP |url=https://www.dailypioneer.com/2021/state-editions/battle-of-one-upmanship-among-two-nishad-parties-worries-sp.html |access-date=26 October 2023 |work=The Pioneer |date=26 July 2021 |language=en |archive-date=28 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210928165401/https://www.dailypioneer.com/2021/state-editions/battle-of-one-upmanship-among-two-nishad-parties-worries-sp.html |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2018, the [[NISHAD Party]] reported it would build a statue of her in [[Gorakhpur]].<ref name="AA-18" /> Three years later, in order to mark twenty years since her assassination, the [[Vikassheel Insaan Party]] (VIP) announced it would place {{convert|18|ft|m}} high statues of her in 18 [[districts of Uttar Pradesh]] and were prevented from doing so by the police.<ref name="Sahu">{{cite news |last1=Sahu |first1=Manish |title=Will install Phoolan Devi statues in 18 districts: Vikassheel Insaan Party |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/lucknow/will-install-phoolan-devi-statues-in-18-districts-vikassheel-insaan-party-7420854/ |access-date=26 October 2023 |work=The Indian Express |date=25 July 2021 |language=en |archive-date=20 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210920091212/https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/lucknow/will-install-phoolan-devi-statues-in-18-districts-vikassheel-insaan-party-7420854/ |url-status=live |url-access= subscription}}</ref><ref name="INS">{{cite news |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |title=Nishad Party to set up global trust in Phoolan Devi's name |url=https://www.indianewsstream.com/politics/nishad-party-to-set-up-global-trust-in-phoolan-devis-name/ |access-date=26 October 2023 |work=India News Stream |date=22 September 2021 |archive-date=22 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210922212224/https://www.indianewsstream.com/politics/nishad-party-to-set-up-global-trust-in-phoolan-devis-name/ |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Mukesh Sahani]], the leader of the VIP, was prevented from leaving [[Varanasi]] airport by the [[Government of Uttar Pradesh]] when he wanted to install a statue. He reacted by setting up a foundation in Phoolan Devi's name and promising to deliver up to 50,000 small idols of Phoolan Devi, to any local person who requested one.<ref name="INS"/><ref name="Statesman">{{cite news |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |title=VIP Chief to distribute 50,000 Phoolan Devi statues in U.P |url=https://www.thestatesman.com/uttar-pradesh/vip-chief-distribute-50000-phoolan-devi-statues-u-p-1502992683.html |access-date=26 October 2023 |work=The Statesman |date=10 August 2021 |archive-date=26 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231026122535/https://www.thestatesman.com/uttar-pradesh/vip-chief-distribute-50000-phoolan-devi-statues-u-p-1502992683.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Also in 2021, tributes marking the anniversary of her death were made by [[Chirag Paswan]] of the [[Lok Janshakti Party (Ram Vilas)]] and [[Tejashwi Yadav]] of [[Rashtriya Janata Dal]].<ref name="IE21">{{cite news |title=Now Tejashwi, Chirag also come out in praise of Phoolan Devi |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/now-tejashwi-chirag-also-come-out-in-praise-of-phoolan-devi-7424060/ |access-date=7 May 2023 |work=The Indian Express |date=27 July 2021 |language=en |archive-date=23 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220523170918/https://indianexpress.com/article/india/now-tejashwi-chirag-also-come-out-in-praise-of-phoolan-devi-7424060/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Selected works==
* {{cite book |last1=Devi |first1=Phoolan |editor1-last=Cuny |editor1-first=Marie-Therese |editor2-last=Rambali |editor2-first=Paul |title=I, Phoolan Devi: The Autobiography of India's Bandit Queen |date=1996 |publisher=[[Little, Brown and Company]] |location=London |isbn=978-0-316-87960-6 |ref=no}}

==See also==
* [[Jagga Jatt]]
* [[Paan Singh Tomar]]
* [[Seema Parihar]]
* [[Ashok Mahto gang]]
* [[List of assassinated Indian politicians]]
* [[Michelina Di Cesare]]

==Notes==
{{notelist-ua}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==

*{{cite book |last1=Frain |first1=Irène |title=Devi |date=1993 |publisher=France loisirs|location=Paris |isbn=978-2-7242-7375-5 |language=fr |ref=no}}
*{{cite book |last1=Shears |first1=Richard |last2=Gidley |first2=Isobelle |title=Devi: The Bandit Queen |date=1984 |publisher=Allen & Unwin|location=London |language=en |isbn=978-0-04-920097-5|ref=no}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Devi, Phoolan}}
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[[Category:Female bandits]]
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