Editing Phrygian cap

{{Short description|Soft conical cap with the top pulled forward}}
{{About|Liberty Cap headgear|more terms with the same name|Liberty cap (disambiguation)}}
{{About|the headgear|the medical term|Phrygian cap (anatomy)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2016}}
[[File:Musée du Louvre Darafsh (194).jpg|thumb|[[Dacians|Dacian]] prisoner with [[Phrygians|Phrygian]] cap, Roman statue from the 2nd century.]]
The '''Phrygian cap''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|f|r|ɪ|dʒ|(|iː|)|ən|audio=En-us-Phrygian.oga}} {{respell|FRIJ|(ee)|ən}}), also known as '''Thracian cap'''<ref>Tsiafaki, Despoina. "Ancient Thrace and the Thracians through Athenian eyes." ''Thracia'' 21 (2016): 261-282.</ref><ref>[https://sacred-texts.com/cla/hh/ Herodotus], 6.45 and 7.73, "Thus fared the fleet; and meanwhile Mardonios and the land-army while encamping in Macedonia were attacked in the night by the [[Bryges|Brygian]] [[Thracians]], and many of them were slain by the Brygians and Mardonios himself was wounded."; "Now the [[Phrygians]], as the Macedonians say, used to be called [[Bryges|Brigians]] during the time that they were natives of Europe and dwelt with the [[Ancient Macedonians|Macedonians]]; but after they had changed into Asia, with their country they changed also their name and were called Phrygians. The Armenians were armed just like the Phrygians, being settlers from the Phrygians."</ref><ref>[https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Strabo/home.html Strabo], 7.3.2, "Now the Greeks used to suppose that the Getae were Thracians; and the Getae lived on either side the Ister, as did also the Mysi, these also being Thracians and identical with the people who are now called Moesi; from these Mysi sprang also the Mysi who now live between the Lydians and the Phrygians and Trojans. And the Phrygians themselves are [[Bryges|Brigians]], a Thracian tribe, as are also the [[Mygdon of Thrace|Mygdonians]], the [[Bebryces|Bebricians]], the [[Maedi|Medobithynians]], the [[Bithyni|Bithynians]], and the [[Thyni|Thynians]], and, I think, also the [[Mariandyni|Mariandynians]]. These peoples, to be sure, have all utterly quitted Europe, but the Mysi have remained there. And [[Poseidonius]] seems to me to be correct in his conjecture that [[Homer]] designates the Mysi in Europe (I mean those in Thrace) when he says, "But back he turned his shining eyes, and looked far away towards the land of the horse-tending Thracians, and of the Mysi, hand-to‑hand fighters" for surely, if one should take Homer to mean the Mysi in Asia, the statement would not hang together."</ref> and '''liberty cap''', is a soft [[Pointed hat|conical]] [[Hat|cap]] with the apex bent over, associated in [[Classical antiquity|antiquity]] with several peoples in [[Eastern Europe]], [[Anatolia]], and [[Asia]]. The Phrygian cap was worn by [[Thracians]], [[Dacians]], [[Persians]], [[Medes]], [[Scythians]], [[Troy|Trojans]], and [[Phrygians]] after whom it is named.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Phrygian cap {{!}} Definition, History, & Facts|url=https://www.britannica.com/art/Phrygian-cap|access-date=2020-11-11|website=Encyclopedia Britannica|language=en}}</ref> The oldest known depiction of the Phrygian cap is from [[Persepolis]] in [[Iran]].

Although Phrygian caps did not originally function as liberty caps, they came to signify freedom and the pursuit of liberty first in the [[American Revolution]] and then in the [[French Revolution]],<ref>Richard Wrigley, "Transformations of a revolutionary emblem: The Liberty Cap in the French Revolution, ''French History''  '''11'''(2) 1997, p. 132.</ref> particularly as a symbol of [[Jacobinism]] (in which context it has been also called a '''Jacobin cap'''). The original cap of liberty was the Roman ''[[Pileus (hat)|pileus]]'', the felt cap of emancipated slaves of ancient Rome, which was an attribute of [[Libertas]], the Roman goddess of liberty. In the 16th century, the Roman iconography of liberty was revived in emblem books and numismatic handbooks where the figure of Libertas is usually depicted with a [[Pileus (hat)|''pileus'']].<ref>Carol Louise Janson, "The Birth of Dutch Liberty. Origins of the Pictorial Imagery", Diss. phil. University of Minnesota 1982 (microfilm), p. 35.</ref> The most extensive use of headgear as a modern symbol of freedom in the first two centuries after the revival of Roman iconography was made in the Netherlands, where it became popular headdress.<ref>ibd. p. 98.</ref> In the 18th century, the traditional liberty cap was widely used in English prints, and from 1789 also in French prints; by the early 1790s, it was regularly used in the Phrygian form.

It was adopted in place of a crown on the coats of arms of the [[Argentina]], [[Cuba]], and [[Nicaragua]] republics as a symbol of their struggle for liberation and independence. It thus came to be identified as a symbol of republican government. A number of national personifications, including France's [[Marianne]] and the United States' [[Columbia (personification)|Columbia]] are commonly depicted wearing the Phrygian cap. 

Protagonists of the Belgian comic series ''[[The Smurfs]]'' wear white Phrygian caps. It is the national female headdress of the Caucasian [[Ingush people]],{{sfn|Semyonov|1959}} who call it a [[kurkhars|''kurkhars'']]. 

== In antiquity ==
=== In the Iranian world ===
[[File:ParthianInChains.jpg|thumb|A [[Parthian Empire|Parthian]] (right) wearing a Phrygian cap, 203 AD]]
What came to be labelled as the Phrygian cap was originally used by several Iranian peoples, including the [[Scythians]], the [[Medes]], and the [[Persians]]. From the reports of the ancient Greeks, it appears that the Iranian variant also was a soft headdress and called a ''tiara''.

The Greeks identified one variant with their eastern neighbors and labeled it the "Phrygian cap", although it was actually worn by nearly all Iranian tribes, from the [[Cappadocian Greeks|Cappadocians]] ([[Old Persian]] ''Katpatuka'') in the west to the [[Saka]]s (OPers. ''Sakā'') in the northeast. This and other variants can be observed in the reliefs at Persepolis. All seem to have been made of soft material with long flaps over the ears and the neck, but the form of the top varies. The famous "upright (''orthē'') tiara" was worn by the king. Members of the Median upper class wore high, crested tiaras.<ref name="iranicacrown">{{cite encyclopedia | url=https://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/crown-i | title=CROWN i. In the Median and Achaemenid periods |encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia Iranica |first=Peter |last=Calmeyer |date=1993-12-15 }}</ref>

=== In the early Hellenistic world ===
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| alt1              = Attis
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| caption1          = [[Attis]]
| caption2          = [[Ganymede (mythology)|Ganymede]]
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| alt2              = Mithras, Sol Invictus
| caption1          = [[Paris (mythology)|Paris of Troy]]
| caption2          = [[Mithras]]
}}

By the 4th century BC (early [[Hellenistic period]]), the Phrygian cap was associated with [[Phrygians|Phrygian]] [[Attis]], the consort of [[Cybele]], the cult of which had by then become hellenized. The cap appears in depictions of the mythological kings [[King Midas|Midas]] and [[Rhesus of Thrace]], the legendary bard [[Orpheus]] and other Thraco-Phrygians portrayed in Greek [[Pottery of ancient Greece|vase-paintings]] and sculpture.<ref>Lynn E. Roller, "The Legend of Midas", ''Classical Antiquity,'' '''2'''.2 (October 1983:299–313) p. 305.</ref> Such images predate the earliest surviving literary references to the cap.{{fact|date=December 2022}}

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| caption1          = [[Orpheus]]
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| caption1          = [[Rhesus of Thrace|Rhesus]] (Top-Left)
| caption2          = [[Thracians|Thracian]] Horseman
}}

By extension, the Phrygian cap also came to be applied to several other non-Greek-speaking peoples ("[[barbarian]]s" in the classical sense). Most notable of these extended senses of "Phrygian" were the [[Troy|Trojans]] and other western [[Anatolia]]n peoples, who in Greek perception were synonymous with the Phrygians, and whose heroes [[Paris (mythology)|Paris]], [[Aeneas]], and [[Ganymede (mythology)|Ganymede]] were all regularly depicted with a Phrygian cap. Other Greek earthenware of antiquity also depict [[Amazons]] and so-called "Scythian" archers with Phrygian caps. Although these are military depictions, the headgear is distinguished from "[[Phrygian helmet]]s" by long ear flaps, and the figures are also identified as "barbarians" by their trousers. The headgear also appears in 2nd-century BC [[Boeotia]]n [[Tanagra figurine]]s of an effeminate [[Eros]], and in various 1st-century BC statuary of the [[Commagene]], in eastern Anatolia. Greek representations of [[Thrace|Thracians]] also regularly appear with Phrygian caps, most notably [[Bendis]], the Thracian goddess of the Moon and the hunt, and [[Orpheus]], a legendary Thracian poet and musician.{{fact|date=December 2022}}

While the Phrygian cap was of wool or soft leather, in pre-Hellenistic times the Greeks had already developed a military helmet that had a similarly characteristic flipped-over tip. These so-called "[[Phrygian helmet]]s" (named in modern times after the cap) were usually of bronze and in prominent use in Thrace, Dacia, Magna Graecia, and the rest of the Hellenistic world from the 5th century BC up to Roman times. Due to their superficial similarity, the cap and helmet are often difficult to distinguish in Greek art (especially in [[black-figure pottery|black-figure]] or [[red-figure pottery|red-figure]] earthenware) unless the headgear is identified as a soft flexible cap by long earflaps or a long neck flap. Also confusingly similar are the depictions of the helmets used by cavalry and light infantry (''cf.'' [[Peltast]]s of Thrace and [[Paeonia (kingdom)|Paeonia]]), whose headgear – aside from the traditional ''[[alopekis]]'' caps of fox skin – also included stiff leather helmets in imitation of the bronze ones.{{fact|date=December 2022}}

=== In the Roman world ===
[[File:Daker1.jpg|thumb|[[Dacians|Dacian]] sculpture with Phrygian Cap]]
The Greek concept passed to the Romans in its extended sense, and thus encompassed not only to Phrygians or Trojans (which the Romans also generally associated with the term "Phrygian"), but also the other near-neighbours of the Greeks. On [[Trajan's Column]], which commemorated [[Trajan's Dacian Wars|Trajan's epic wars]] with the [[Dacians]] (101–102 and 105–106 AD), the Phrygian cap adorns the heads of Dacian warriors. The prisoner, accompanying Trajan in the monumental, three meter tall statue of Trajan in the ancient city of [[Laodicea on the Lycus|Laodicea]], is wearing a Phrygian cap. Parthians appear with Phrygian caps in the 2nd-century [[Arch of Septimius Severus]], which commemorates Roman victories over the [[Parthian Empire]]. Likewise with Phrygians caps, but for [[Gauls]], appear in 2nd-century friezes built into the 4th-century [[Arch of Constantine]].{{fact|date=December 2022}}

The Phrygian cap reappears in figures related to the first to fourth century religion of [[Mithraism]]. This [[astrology]]-centric [[Greco-Roman mysteries|Roman mystery cult]] ([[Glossary of ancient Roman religion#cultus|''cultus'']]) projected itself with [[Zoroaster#In classical antiquity|pseudo-Oriental]] trappings (known as ''perserie'' in scholarship) in order to distinguish itself from both traditional Roman religion and from the other mystery cults. In the artwork of the cult (e.g. in the so-called "[[tauroctony]]" [[cult image]]s), the figures of the god Mithras as well as those of his helpers [[Cautes and Cautopates]] are routinely depicted with a Phrygian cap. The function of the Phrygian cap in the cult are unknown, but it is conventionally identified as an accessory of its ''perserie''.{{fact|date=December 2022}}

[[Early Christianity|Early Christian]] art (and continuing well into the [[Middle Ages]]) build on the same Greco-Roman perceptions of (Pseudo-)[[Zoroaster]] and his "[[Magi]]" as experts in the arts of astrology and [[Magic (supernatural)|magic]], and routinely depict the "[[Biblical Magi|three wise men]]" (that follow [[Star of Bethlehem|a ''star'']]) with Phrygian caps.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Appell |first=Johann Wilhelm |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eN-fAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA29 |title=Monuments of Early Christian Art: Sculptures and Catacomb Paintings : Illustrative Notes, Collected in Order to Promote the Reproduction of Remains of Art Belonging to the Early Centuries of the Christian Era |date=1872 |publisher=G. E. Eyre and W. Spottiswoode |pages=15-17, 22, 27-29, 54-55 |language=en}}</ref><gallery widths="180" heights="180" caption="'''Representations of Phrygian Caps from Antiquity'''">
File:Limestone statue of Artemis Bendis MET GR368 74.51.2477.jpg|[[Bendis]], [[Thracians|Thracian]] goddess of the moon and the hunt, wearing a Phrygian cap. Limestone Statue, c.  350 BC.
File:Judgement Paris Altemps Inv8563 n2.jpg|[[Paris (mythology)|Paris of Troy]] wearing a Phrygian cap. Marble, Roman artwork from the [[Hadrian|Hadrianic]] period (117–138 AD).
File:Miniature of the Trojan Horse.jpg|<span data-darkreader-inline-color="">The</span> [[Troy|Trojans]] <span data-darkreader-inline-color="">accept the</span> [[Trojan Horse]] <span data-darkreader-inline-color="">-</span> ''[[Aeneid]] [[Illuminated manuscript|manuscript]],'' <span data-darkreader-inline-color="">4th-century.</span>
File:DSC00355 - Orfeo (epoca romana) - Foto G. Dall'Orto.jpg|The [[Thracians|Thracian]] musician [[Orpheus]] surrounded by animals. Ancient Roman floor mosaic from [[Sicily]].
File:Attis Altieri Chiaramonti Inv1656.jpg|Roman sculpture of [[Attis]], the consort of the Phrygian goddess [[Cybele]] wearing a Phrygian cap and performing a cult dance.
File:National History Museum, Sofia, Bulgaria 20090405 048.JPG|Bronze [[Phrygian helmet|Helmet design]] widely used by the [[Thracians]], 4th century BC. 
File:Le Mystère Mithra -2022-05-22 - 11-03-39 - Tête de Mithra - 6314.jpg|Sculpted head of [[Mithraism|Mithras]], [[Sol Invictus]], 1st century AD.
File:Mount Nemrut (4).jpg|Head of [[Antiochus I of Commagene|Antiochus I Theos]] (r. 70 - 30 BC), Macedonian ruler of the [[Commagene|Commagene kingdom]], [[Mount Nemrut]], Turkey.
File:Orontes I.jpg|[[Mysians|Mysian]] Golden Coin with the image of [[Orontes I]], predecessor of [[Antiochus I of Commagene|Antiochus I Theos]], 4th century BC.
File:Greek Antiquities in the Museum August Kestner 339.JPG|A [[Gnathia vases|Gnathia-style]] ceramic vessel with lion-head spouts from ancient [[Magna Graecia]] ([[Apulia]], Italy), depicting a [[blond]] winged youth with a Phrygian cap, by [[Apulian vase painting|the "Toledo" painter]], {{circa|300 BC}}.
File:Magi (1).jpg|The biblical "[[Biblical Magi|three wise men]]" with Phrygian caps to identify them as "orientals". 6th-century, Basilica of Sant'Apollinare Nuovo in Ravenna, Italy.
File:Naqsh-e Rostam II, register view (3160636781).jpg|Naqsh-e Rostam II rock relief, attributed to the [[Sasanian Empire|Sasanian]] king [[Bahram II]], 3rd century AD.
</gallery>

== As a symbol of liberty{{anchor|bonnet_rouge|liberty_cap}} ==
[[File:Leo Belgicus Philipp von Zesen.jpg|thumb|upright|The [[Dutch Maiden]] carries her cap of liberty on a pole, and it is not of the Phrygian form. 1660]]

=== From Phrygian to liberty cap ===
In late [[Republican Rome]], a soft felt cap called the ''[[pileus (hat)|pileus]]'' served as a symbol of freemen (i.e. non-slaves) and was symbolically given to slaves upon [[manumission]], thereby granting them not only their personal liberty, but also ''libertas –'' freedom as citizens, with the right to vote (if male). Following the [[assassination of Julius Caesar]] in 44 BCE, [[Marcus Junius Brutus|Brutus]] and his co-conspirators instrumentalized this symbolism of the ''pileus'' to signify the end of Caesar's [[Roman dictator|dictatorship]] and a return to the (Roman) republican system.<ref>Cf. Appian, Civil Wars 2:119: "The murderers wished to make a speech in the Senate, but as nobody remained there they wrapped their togas around their left arms to serve as shields, and, with swords still reeking with blood, ran, crying out that they had slain a king and tyrant. One of them bore a cap on the end of a spear as a symbol of freedom, and exhorted the people to restore the government of their fathers and recall the memory of the elder Brutus and of those who took the oath together against ancient kings."</ref>

These Roman associations of the ''pileus'' with liberty and [[republicanism]] were carried forward to the 18th century, until when the pileus was confused with the Phrygian cap, then becoming a symbol of those values in the wake of Medieval Italian uses of the Phrygian cap, most notably in [[Venice]].<ref name="YK">{{citation|title=The Liberty Cap as a Revolutionary Symbol in America and France|first=Yvonne|last=Korshak|journal=Smithsonian Studies in American Art|volume=1|issue=2|year=1987|pages=52–69|doi=10.1086/424051}}.</ref>

In Venice, the Phrygian cap was used by the [[Doge of Venice|Doge]] instead of a crown as a symbol of Republican liberty, from the Middle Ages until 1797. The symbol of Libertas as a female figure holding the Phrygian cap upon a spear appeared in the 1500’s in the Apotheosis of Venice, a major painting by Paolo Veronese in the Ducal palace, iconography that would later be reused in French and American art and coinage.

=== France's ''bonnet rouge'' ===
{{Main|Symbolism in the French Revolution#Liberty cap}}
[[File:France, 1793 (NYPL b14896507-1237371) (Vinkhuijzen collection of military uniforms) Cropped. Zur Geschichte der Kostüme. Münchener Bilderbogen. Mitglieder der Kommune. (1793–1794.) French revolution sans-culottes.jpg|thumb|upright|French revolutionaries wearing ''bonnets rouges'' and ''tricolor'' [[cockade]]s]]
[[File:GillrayBritannia.jpg|thumb|In this 1793 cartoon by [[James Gillray]], who was deeply hostile to the French Revolution, a Phrygian cap substitutes for [[Scylla]] atop the dangerous "Rock of Democracy", as [[Britannia]]'s boat (the ''Constitution'') navigates [[Between Scylla and Charybdis|between Scylla's rock and Charybdis]], the "Whirlpool of Arbitrary-Power", pursued by Scylla's "dogs": [[Richard Brinsley Sheridan|Sheridan]], [[Charles James Fox|Fox]], and [[Joseph Priestley|Priestley]], depicted as [[shark]]s.<ref>{{cite web |title=Britannia between Scylla & Charybdis. or... |url=https://www.loc.gov/item/94509857/ |website=Library of Congress |access-date=7 January 2019}}</ref>]]

==== In revolutionary France ====
In 1675, the anti-tax and anti-nobility [[revolt of the papier timbré|Stamp-Paper revolt]] erupted in [[Brittany]] and north-western France, where it became known as the ''bonnets rouges'' uprising after the blue or red caps worn by the insurgents. Although the insurgents are not known to have preferred any particular style of cap, the name and color stuck as a symbol of revolt against the nobility and establishment. [[Robespierre]] would later object to the color, but was ignored.

The use of a Phrygian-style cap as a symbol of [[French Revolution|revolutionary France]] is first documented in May 1790, at a festival in [[Troyes]] adorning a statue representing the nation, and at [[Lyon]], on a lance carried by the goddess [[Libertas]].<ref>Albert Mathiez, ''Les Origines des cultures révolutionnaires, 1789–1792'' (Paris 1904:34).</ref> To this day the national allegory of France, [[Marianne]], is shown wearing a red Phrygian cap.<ref>Richard Wrigley, "Transformations of a revolutionary emblem: The Liberty Cap in the French Revolution, ''French History''  '''11'''(2) 1997:131–169.</ref>

By wearing the ''bonnet rouge'' and ''[[sans-culottes]]'' ("without silk breeches"), the Parisian working class made their revolutionary ardor and plebeian solidarity immediately recognizable. By mid-1791, these mocking fashion statements included the ''bonnet rouge'' as Parisian hairstyle, proclaimed by the Marquis de Villette (12 July 1791) as "the civic crown of the free man and French regeneration." On 15 July 1792, seeking to suppress the frivolity, [[François Christophe Kellermann]], 1st Duc de Valmy, published an essay in which the Duke sought to establish the ''bonnet rouge'' as a sacred symbol that could only be worn by those with merit. The symbolic hairstyle became a rallying point and a way to mock the elaborate wigs of the aristocrats and the red caps of the bishops. On 6 November 1793, the [[Paris Commune (French Revolution)|Paris city council]] declared it the official hairstyle of all its members.

The ''bonnet rouge'' on a spear was proposed as a component of the national seal on 22 September 1792 during the third session of the [[National Convention]]. Following a suggestion by Gaan Coulon, the Convention decreed that convicts would not be permitted to wear the red cap, as it was consecrated as the badge of citizenship and freedom. In 1792, when [[Louis XVI]] was induced to sign a constitution, popular prints of the king were doctored to show him wearing the ''bonnet rouge''.<ref>Jennifer Harris, "The Red Cap of Liberty: A Study of Dress Worn by French Revolutionary Partisans 1789-94" ''Eighteenth-Century Studies'' '''14'''.3 (Spring 1981:283–312), fig. 1. Most of the details that follow are drawn from here.</ref> The bust of [[Voltaire]] was crowned with the red bonnet of liberty after a performance of his ''[[Brutus (tragedy)|Brutus]]'' at the [[Comédie-Française]] in March 1792.

During the period of the [[Reign of Terror]] (September 1793 – July 1794), the cap was adopted defensively even by those who might be denounced as moderates or aristocrats and were especially keen to advertise their adherence to the new regime. The caps were often knitted by women known as ''[[tricoteuse]]s'', who sat beside the [[guillotine]] during public executions in Paris and supposedly continued knitting in between executions.<ref name="CMc">{{citation|last=Harden|first=J. David|title=Liberty caps and liberty trees|journal=Past and Present|issue=146|year=1995|pages=66–102|doi=10.1093/past/146.1.66}}.</ref>{{failed verification|date=April 2015}} The spire of [[Strasbourg Cathedral]] was crowned with a ''bonnet rouge'' in order to prevent it from being torn down in 1794.

==== During the Restoration ====
In 1814, the ''[[Acte de déchéance de l'Empereur]]'' decision formally deposed the [[House of Bonaparte|Bonapartes<!-- Napoleon had abdicated to his son Napoleon II, but who never reigned-->]] and [[Bourbon Restoration in France|restored the Bourbon]] regime, who in turn proscribed the ''bonnet rouge'', ''[[La Marseillaise]]'' and [[Bastille Day]] celebrations. The symbols reappeared briefly in March–July 1815 during "[[Hundred Days|Napoleon's Hundred Days]]", but were immediately suppressed again following the second restoration of [[Louis XVIII]] on 8 July 1815.

The symbols resurfaced again during the [[July Revolution]] of 1830, after which they were reinstated by the liberal [[July Monarchy]] of [[Louis Philippe I]], and the revolutionary symbols{{mdash}}anthem, holiday, and ''bonnet rouge''{{mdash}}became "constituent parts of a national heritage consecrated by the state and embraced by the public."<ref name=
"Nord">{{cite book|title=The Republican Moment: Struggles for Democracy in Nineteenth-Century France|author=Philip G. Nord|year=1995|publisher=President & Fellows of Harvard College}}</ref>

==== In modern France ====
{{Coin image box 1 double
| header = 20 [[centime]]s with [[Marianne]] on obverse
| image = File:20 Centimes (France).jpg
| caption_left = '''Obverse''': Marianne wearing the Phrygian cap of liberty.
| caption_right = '''Reverse''': Face value and French motto: "{{Lang|fr|[[Liberté, égalité, fraternité]]}}".
| width = 230
| footer = This coin was minted from 1962 to 2001.
| position = right
| margin = 0
}}The republican associations with the ''bonnet rouge'' were adopted as the [[:File:Le Bonnet Rouge c. 1914.jpg|name and emblem]] of a French satirical republican and anarchist periodical published between 1913 and 1922 by [[Miguel Almereyda]] that targeted the [[Action française]], a royalist, counter-revolutionary movement on the extreme right.

The anti-tax associations with the ''bonnet rouge'' were revived in October 2013, when a French tax-protest movement called the ''[[Bonnets Rouges]]'' used the red revolution-era Phrygian cap as a protest symbol. By means of large demonstrations and direct action, which included the destruction of many highway tax portals, the movement successfully forced the French government to rescind the tax.

=== In the United Kingdom ===
In the 18th century, the cap was often used in English political prints as an attribute of [[Liberty (goddess)|Liberty]].<ref name=":0" /> In Blackburn, England, on 5 July 1819, female reformers such as [[Alice Kitchen (reformer)|Alice Kitchen]] attended their first reform meeting and presented the chair John Knight with a "most beautiful Cap of Liberty, made of scarlet silk or satin, lined with green, with a serpentined gold lace, terminating with a rich gold tassel.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Kitchener|first=Caitlin|date=2022|title=Sisters of the Earth: The Landscapes, Radical Identities and Performances of Female Reformers in 1819|url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/1754-0208.12778|journal=Journal for Eighteenth-Century Studies|language=en|volume=45|issue=1|pages=77–93|doi=10.1111/1754-0208.12778|s2cid=246984311|issn=1754-0208|url-access=subscription}}</ref>

=== In Revolutionary America ===
[[File:Seal of the United States Senate.svg|thumb|upright|A Phrygian cap on the [[Seal of the United States Senate|Seal of the U.S. Senate]]]]
[[File:Libertas Americana silver medallion 1783.jpg|thumb|The 1783 [[Libertas Americana]] medal, initiated and designed by [[Benjamin Franklin]], honors the [[American Revolution]] and depicts the goddess of Liberty carrying a Phrygian cap]]
In the years just prior to the [[American Revolutionary War|Revolutionary War]], Americans copied or emulated some of those prints in an attempt to visually defend their "[[rights of Englishmen|rights as Englishmen]]".<ref name=":0">{{cite book|last=Zeiler|first= Frank |year=2014|title= Visuelle Rechtsverteidigung im Nordamerikakonflikt. Ein Beitrag zur Rezeption der englischen Freiheits- und Verfassungssymbolik in nordamerikanischen Druckgraphiken der Jahre 1765–1783, Signa Ivris, Vol. 13 (2014), pp. 315-346|volume= 13 |doi= 10.6094/UNIFR/11157 |isbn= 9783941226326 |url=https://freidok.uni-freiburg.de/data/11157|language=de}}</ref> Later, the symbol of republicanism and anti-monarchical sentiment appeared in the United States as the headgear of [[Columbia (personification)|Columbia]],<ref name="EMF">{{citation|last=McClung Fleming|first=E.|chapter=Symbols of the United States: From Indian Queen to Uncle Sam|title=Frontiers of American Culture|year=1968|publisher=Purdue Research Foundation|pages=1–25}}, at pp. 12, 15–16.</ref> who in turn was visualized as a goddess-like female national personification of the United States and of [[Liberty (goddess)|Liberty]] herself. The cap reappears in association with Columbia in the early years of the republic, for example, on the obverse of the 1785 ''Immune Columbia'' pattern coin, which shows the goddess with a helmet seated on a globe holding in a right hand a furled U.S. flag topped by the liberty cap.<ref name="EMF" />

Starting in 1793, U.S. coinage frequently showed Columbia/Liberty wearing the cap. The anti-federalist movement likewise instrumentalized the figure, as in a cartoon from 1796 in which Columbia is overwhelmed by a huge American eagle holding a [[Liberty Pole]] under its wings.<ref name="EMF" /> The cap's last appearance on circulating coinage was the [[Walking Liberty Half Dollar]], which was minted through 1947 (and reused on the current [[bullion]] [[American Silver Eagle]]).

The [[U.S. Army]] has, since 1778, used a "[[Department of the Army Seal and Emblem|War Office Seal]]" in which the motto "This We'll Defend" is displayed directly over a Phrygian cap on an upturned [[sword]]. It also appears on the state flags of [[flag of West Virginia|West Virginia]] and [[Flag and seal of Idaho|Idaho]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Seal of Idaho|url=https://statesymbolsusa.org/symbol-official-item/idaho/state-seal/seal-idaho|website=State Symbols USA|date=12 September 2014 |access-date=2020-05-30}}</ref> (as part of their official seals), [[Flag of New Jersey|New Jersey]], and [[Flag of New York (state)|New York]], as well as the official seal of the [[United States Senate]], the state of [[Seal of Iowa|Iowa]], the state of [[Seal of North Carolina|North Carolina]] (as well as the arms of its [[North Carolina Senate|Senate]],<ref>{{Citation|contribution=Senate of North Carolina|title=College of Arms Newsletter, No. 8 (March 2006)|place=London|publisher =[[College of Arms]]|url=http://www.college-of-arms.gov.uk/news-grants/newsletter/2006
|access-date =13 January 2008}}</ref>) and on the reverse side of both the [[Seal of Pennsylvania]] and the [[Seal of Virginia]].

In 1854, when sculptor [[Thomas Crawford (sculptor)|Thomas Crawford]] was preparing models for sculpture for the [[United States Capitol]], then-Secretary of War [[Jefferson Davis]] insisted that a Phrygian cap not be included on a ''[[Statue of Freedom]]'', on the grounds that "American liberty is original and not the liberty of the freed slave". The cap was not included in the final bronze version that is now in the building.<ref>Gale, Robert L. (1964), ''Thomas Crawford: American Sculptor'', [[University of Pittsburgh Press]], [[Pittsburgh]], p. 124.</ref>

=== In Latin America and Haiti ===

Many of the [[Spanish American wars of independence|anti-colonial revolutions in Latin America]] were heavily inspired by the imagery and slogans of the [[American Revolution|American]] and [[French Revolution]]s. As a result, the cap has appeared on the [[coats of arms]] of many Latin American nations. The [[coat of arms of Haiti]] includes a Phrygian cap to commemorate that country's [[Haitian Revolution|foundation by rebellious slaves]].

The cap had also been displayed on certain Mexican coins (most notably the old 8-[[Mexican real|reales]] coin) through the late 19th century into the mid-20th century. Today, it is featured on the [[coats of arms]] or [[national flag]]s of Argentina, Bolivia, Colombia, Republica Dominicana, Cuba, El Salvador, Haiti, Nicaragua and Paraguay.

'''The Phrygian cap in Latin American and Haitian coats of arms and flags'''
*[[Coat of arms of Argentina]]
*[[Coat of arms of Bolivia]], featured on the [[state flag]] [[Flag of Bolivia|of Bolivia]]
*[[Coat of arms of Colombia]], featured on the [[naval ensign]] [[Flag of Colombia|of Colombia]]
*[[Coat of arms of Cuba]]
*[[Coat of arms of El Salvador]], featured on the [[flag of El Salvador]]
*[[Coat of arms of Haiti]], featured on the [[flag of Haiti]]
*[[Coat of arms of Nicaragua]], featured on the [[flag of Nicaragua]]
*Reverse side of the [[coat of arms of Paraguay]], featured on the [[Flags whose reverse differs from the obverse|reverse]] of the [[flag of Paraguay]]


{{Gallery 
  |align=center
  |File:Coat of arms of Haiti.svg|The [[coat of arms of Haiti]] includes a Phrygian cap on top of a palm tree, commemorating that country's foundation in a [[Haitian Revolution|slave revolt]].
  |File:Coat of arms of Argentina.svg| The [[coat of arms of Argentina]] includes a Phrygian cap atop a [[Pike (weapon)|pike]] being held by two clasping hands, as a symbol of national unity and the willingness to fight for freedom.
  |File:Coat of arms of Colombia.svg| The [[coat of arms of Colombia]] includes a Phrygian cap as a symbol of liberty and freedom.
}}

== Gallery ==

{{gallery|noborder=yes|whitebg=no|width=120|height=120|mode=packed-hover
|File:Magi (1).jpg|In the [[Byzantium|Byzantine Empire]], Phrygia lay in [[Anatolia]] to the east of [[Constantinople]], however, in this late 6th-century mosaic from the [[Basilica of Sant'Apollinare Nuovo]], [[Ravenna]], Italy, which was erected by the Ostrogothic king [[Theodoric the Great]] as his palace chapel, during the first quarter of the 6th century (as attested to in the Liber Pontificalis). This Arian church was originally dedicated in 504 AD to "Christ the Redeemer"(which was part of the Eastern Empire at that time), the [[Biblical Magi|Three Magi]] wear Phrygian caps as their [[Getic]] forefathers did, in order to identify them as generic "[[Zoroastrians]]".
|File:Mithras petra genetrix Terme.jpg|The god [[Mithras]] being born from the rock, naked but for the Phrygian cap on his head (Marble, 180-192 AD. From the area of S. Stefano Rotondo, [[Rome]]).
|File:Louis le dernier3.jpg|Tinted etching of [[Louis XVI of France]], 1792, with a Phrygian cap.
|File:Figure allégorique de la République by Antoine-Jean Gros.png|''Allegory of the first French Republic'' by [[Antoine-Jean Gros]], depicting a Phrygian cap.
|File:Marianne - symbol of French Republic.jpg|Anonymous bust of [[Marianne]], with the Phrygian cap ([[Palais du Luxembourg]], Paris).
|File:Sansculottes.jpg|French revolutionaries wearing ''bonnets rouges'' and ''tricolor'' [[cockade]]s.
|File:EndOfSlaveTrade.jpg|A mezzotint commemorating the passage of the [[Slave Trade Act 1807]] by the [[Government of the United Kingdom|British government]], which [[Abolitionism in the United Kingdom|abolished]] the [[Atlantic slave trade|slave trade]]. [[Britannia]] is seen with a Phrygian cap at the top a pole she wields.
|File:ColumbiaStahrArtwork.jpg|[[Columbia (name)|Columbia]] wearing a Phrygian cap, personification of the United States (World War I patriotic poster).
|File:Rodrigues-republica-mab.jpg|''[[Efígie da República]]'' (Effigy of the Republic), national personification of Brazil, wearing a Phrygian cap.
|File:Bandiera del Secondo Reggimento d'Usseri della Prima Repubblica Cisalpina (dal 10.6.1798 al 27.4.1799).png|Flag of the Second Regiment of the Usseri, [[Cisalpine Republic]], 1798
||Allegory of Liberty wearing a Phrygian cap on a coin from Argentina, 1883
|File:Alegoría de la Primera República Española, por Tomás Padró.jpg|Allegory of the Spanish Republic wearing the Phrygian cap, 1873
|File:Iowa-StateSeal.svg|The [[Seal of Iowa]] showing a red liberty cap at the top of the soldier's flagstaff. The 1847 written description did not specify that the soldier has to wear the cap; thus he is commonly depicted with a [[American Civil War|Civil War]]-era cavalry hat.
|File:Seal of the State of Hawaii.svg|The [[Seal of Hawaii]] showing goddess Liberty wears a red liberty cap.
|File:Young America 1.jpg|[[Columbia (name)|Columbia]] holding up a Phrygian cap on an advertisement for the [[clipper]] ship ''[[Young America (clipper)|Young America]]''
|File:1868 dollar obv.jpg|[[Seated Liberty dollar]], with Phrygian cap on a pole (1868)
|File:PRT008.JPG|Allegory of the Portuguese Republic on a coin, wearing the Phrygian cap
|File:61 Cabeza de Camille Claudel con gorro frigio.jpg|''[[Head of Camille Claudel]]'', 1884, by [[Auguste Rodin]], portrays sculptor [[Camille Claudel]] wearing a Phrygian cap.
|File:Robert Emmet flag.svg|Flag raised by [[Robert Emmet]] during the [[Irish rebellion of 1803]]
|File:Flag of the Argentine Confederation.svg|Old flag of the [[Argentine Confederation]], that used four Phrygian caps: one in each corner.
|File:Coat of arms of Paraguay (reverse).svg|Reverse side of [[Coat of arms of Paraguay]]
|File:Coat of arms of Cuba.svg|[[Coat of arms of Cuba]].
|File:Coat of arms of Argentina.svg|[[Coat of arms of Argentina]]
|File:Coat of arms of El Salvador.svg|[[Coat of arms of El Salvador]]
|File:Coat of arms of Nicaragua.svg|[[Coat of arms of Nicaragua]]
|File:Brasão de Santa Catarina.svg|Coat of arms of [[Santa Catarina (state)|Santa Catarina State]], Brazil
|File:Brasão da cidade do Rio de Janeiro.svg|Coat of arms of [[Rio de Janeiro]], with the Phrygian cap attached to an [[armillary sphere]]
|File:Brasão do Acre.svg|Coat of arms of [[Acre (state)|Acre State]], Brazil
|File:Brasão de Maceió.svg|Coat of arms of [[Maceió]], Brazil
||Coat of arms of [[Azuay Province]], Ecuador
|Coat of arms of Nueva Esparta State.svg|Coat of arms of [[Nueva Esparta]], Venezuela
|Escudo de Guárico.svg|Coat of arms of [[Guárico]], Venezuela
|Logo of the Swiss Party of Labour.svg|Logo of the [[Swiss Party of Labour]], a Phrygian cap with a [[Swiss cross]] on it.
}}

== In popular culture ==
In the Belgian comic franchise [[The Smurfs]], the eponymous Smurfs are typically depicted wearing Phrygian-like caps.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Tzvetkova |first=Juliana |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Zk83DwAAQBAJ |title=Pop Culture in Europe |date=2017-10-12 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=978-1-4408-4466-9 |pages=65 |language=en}}</ref>

Announced in November 2022, the official mascots of Paris 2024 [[2024 Summer Olympics|Olympic]] and [[2024 Summer Paralympics|Paralympic Games]], named ''[[The Phryges]]'', were based on the cap.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://olympics.com/en/news/new-paris-2024-olympic-paralympic-mascots-revealed|title=Meet Olympic Phryge and Paralympic Phryge: The story of the Paris 2024 mascots|publisher=|date=14 November 2022|access-date=14 November 2022}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[List of hat styles]]
* [[List of headgear]]
* [[Bashlyk]]
* [[Kolah namadi]]
* [[Pointed_hat#Iron_Age|Pointed hat of Iron Age Eurasia]]
* [[Balaclava (clothing)]]
* [[Barretina]]
* [[Beret]]
* [[Bonnet (headgear)]]
* [[Cap]]
* [[Caubeen]]
* [[Chullo]]
* [[Pileus (hat)]]
* [[Liberty pole]]
* [[Monmouth cap]]
*[[Psilocybe semilanceata|Liberty cap]] – a species of fungus in the family Hymenogastraceae, native to Europe the cap of which bears a close resemblance to the Phrygian cap and from which it takes its name.

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== Bibliography ==
=== Russian sources ===
{{refbegin}}
* {{Cite journal|last=Semyonov|first=L. P.|year=1959|url=https://ghalghay.com/2009/11/22/frigia-2/|title=Фригийские мотивы в древней ингушской культуре|trans-title=Phrygian motifs in ancient Ingush culture|journal=Izv. ChINIIIYAL|language=ru|location=[[Grozny]]|publisher=ChI kn. izd-vo|volume=1|pages=197–219}}
{{refend}}

==External links==
{{Wiktionary|Phrygian cap}}
{{Commons category-inline|Phrygian caps}}

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