Editing PhyloCode

{{Short description|Proposed code of nomenclature for clades}}
{{italic title}}
The '''''International Code of Phylogenetic Nomenclature''''', known as the '''''PhyloCode''''' for short, is a formal set of rules governing [[phylogenetic nomenclature]]. Its current version is specifically designed to regulate the naming of [[clade]]s, leaving the governance of [[species]] names up to the rank-based [[nomenclature code]]s (''[[International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants|ICN]]'', ''[[International Code of Nomenclature for Cultivated Plants|ICNCP]]'', ''[[International Code of Nomenclature of Prokaryotes|ICNP]]'', ''[[International Code of Zoological Nomenclature|ICZN]]'', ''[[The International Code of Virus Classification and Nomenclature|ICVCN]]'').

The ''PhyloCode'' is associated with the [[International Society for Phylogenetic Nomenclature]] (ISPN).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://phylonames.org/ |title=International Society for Phylogenetic Nomenclature (website) |publisher=Phylonames.org |access-date=2010-07-07}}</ref> The companion volume, '''''Phylonyms''''', establishes 300 taxon names under ''PhyloCode'', serving as examples for those unfamiliar with the code.<ref name=LB09>{{cite journal | last1 = Laurin | first1 = M. | last2 = Bryant | first2 = H. N. | year = 2009 | title = Third Meeting of the International Society for Phylogenetic Nomenclature: a Report | journal = Zoologica Scripta | volume = 38 | issue = 3 | pages = 333–337 |doi=10.1111/j.1463-6409.2008.00379.x| s2cid = 221171579 }}</ref> '''RegNum''' is an associated online database for registered clade names.<ref>{{cite web |title=RegNum |url=https://www.floridamuseum.ufl.edu/regnum/ |website=Florida Museum |access-date=4 April 2019}}</ref>

The ''PhyloCode'' regulates phylogenetic nomenclature by providing rules for deciding which associations of names and definitions are considered established,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://phylonames.org/code/articles/4 |title=International Code of Phylogenetic Nomenclature, Version 4b - Chapter II. Publication |publisher=Ohiou.edu |access-date=2010-07-07}}</ref> which of those will be considered homonyms<ref>{{cite web|url=http://phylonames.org/code/art13.html |title=International Code of Phylogenetic Nomenclature, Version 4b - Article 13: Homonymy |publisher=ohiou.edu |access-date=2010-07-07}}</ref> or synonyms,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://phylonames.org/code/articles/14 |title=International Code of Phylogenetic Nomenclature Version 4b, Article 14: Synonymy |publisher=Ohiou.edu |access-date=2010-07-07}}</ref> and which one of a set of synonyms or homonyms will be considered accepted (generally the one '''registered''' first; see below). The ''PhyloCode'' only governs the naming of [[clade]]s,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://phylonames.org/code/articles/1 |title=International Code of Phylogenetic Nomenclature, Version 4b - Rule 1.1 |publisher=Ohiou.edu |access-date=2010-07-07}}</ref> not of [[paraphyletic]] or [[polyphyletic]] groups, and only allows the use of [[Biological specimen|specimen]]s, [[species]], and [[apomorphy|apomorphies]] as specifiers (anchors).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://phylonames.org/code/articles/11 |title=International Code of Phylogenetic Nomenclature, Version 4b - Article 11. Specifiers and Qualifying Clauses |publisher=Ohiou.edu |access-date=2010-07-07}}</ref>

==Phylogenetic nomenclature==
{{main|Phylogenetic nomenclature}}

Unlike rank-based [[Nomenclature code|nomenclatural codes]] (''ICN'', ''ICZN'', ''ICNB''), the ''PhyloCode'' does not require the use of [[taxonomic rank|ranks]], although it does optionally allow their use.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://phylonames.org/code/articles/3 |title=International Code of Phylogenetic Nomenclature, Version 4b - Article 3. Hierarchy and Rank |publisher=Ohiou.edu |access-date=2010-07-07}}</ref><ref>Although note that the ''PhyloCode'' does not permit a taxon's name to change when its rank changes, while the rank-based codes require this for at least some names.</ref> The rank-based codes define [[taxon|taxa]] using a rank (such as [[genus]], [[family (biology)|family]], etc.) and, in many cases, a [[Biological type|type specimen or type subtaxon]]. The exact content of a taxon, other than the type, is not specified by the rank-based codes.

In contrast, under phylogenetic nomenclature, the content of taxa are delimited using a definition that is based on [[phylogeny]] (i.e., ancestry and descent) and uses specifiers (e.g., species, specimens, apomorphies) to indicate actual [[organisms]]. The formula of the definition indicates an ancestor. The defined taxon, then, is that ancestor and all of its descendants. Thus, the content of a phylogenetically defined taxon relies on a phylogenetic hypothesis.

The following are examples of types of phylogenetic definition (capital letters indicate specifiers):<ref>{{cite web|url=http://phylonames.org/code/articles/9 |title=International Code of Phylogenetic Nomenclature, Version 4b - Article 9. General Requirements for Establishment of Clade Names |publisher=Ohiou.edu |access-date=2010-07-07}}</ref>
* '''Node-based''': "the clade originating with the [[most recent common ancestor]] of A and B" or "the least inclusive clade containing A and B"
* '''Branch-based''': "the clade consisting of A and all organisms or species that share a more recent common ancestor with A than with Z" or "the most inclusive clade containing A but not Z."  Another term for definitions of this sort is '''stem-based'''.
* '''Apomorphy-based''': "the clade originating with the first organism or species to possess apomorphy M inherited by A".
Other types of definition are possible as well, taking into account not only organisms' phylogenetic relations and apomorphies but also whether or not related organisms are [[Extant taxon|extant]].

The following table gives examples of phylogenetic definitions of clades that also have ranks in traditional nomenclature. When all the specifiers in a node-based definition are extant specimens or species, as in the following definition of Mammalia, a [[crown group]] is defined. (The traditional definition of Mammalia is less restrictive, including some fossil groups outside of the crown group.)<ref>{{cite journal|last=Anderson|first=Jason S.|title=Use of Well-Known Names in Phylogenetic Nomenclature: A Reply to Laurin|journal=Systematic Biology|year=2002|volume=51|issue=5|pages=822–827|doi=10.1080/10635150290102447|pmid=12396594|doi-access=free}}</ref> 
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Name
! Rank
! Type
! Possible phylogenetic definition
|-
| [[Tyrannosauridae]]
| Family
| ''[[Tyrannosaurus]]''<br />Osborn 1905
| Least inclusive clade containing ''[[Tyrannosaurus rex]]'' Osborn 1905, ''[[Gorgosaurus libratus]]'' Lambe 1914, and ''[[Albertosaurus sarcophagus]]'' Osborn 1905
|-
| [[Mammalia]]
| Class
| N/A
| Clade originating with the most recent common ancestor of humans, ''[[Human|Homo sapiens]]'' Linnaeus 1758, and platypuses, ''[[Platypus|Ornithorhynchus anatinus]]'' Shaw 1799
|-
| [[Rodent]]ia
| Order
| N/A
| Most inclusive clade containing the house mouse, ''[[House mouse|Mus musculus]]'' Linnaeus 1758, but not the eastern cottontail, ''[[Eastern cottontail|Sylvilagus floridanus]]'' Allen 1890
|-
| [[Neornithes]]<br>(Modern birds){{check|date=March 2025}}<!-- shouldn't that be Theropoda (if Ornithoscelida is accepted) or Saurischia (if Ornithoscelida is rjected)? -->
| Subclass
| N/A
| Clade originating with the most recent common ancestor of the extant members of the most inclusive clade containing the house sparrow [[house sparrow|''Passer domesticus'']] Linnaeus 1758 but not the dinosaur [[Stegosaurus|''Stegosaurus armatus'']] Marsh 1887
|-
| [[Tetrapoda]]
| Superclass
| N/A
| Clade originating with the earliest ancestor from which ''[[Human|Homo sapiens]]'' Linnaeus 1758 inherited limbs with fingers or toes
|}

==Versions==

''PhyloCode'' has gone through several revisions. {{As of|2023|11}}, the current version is 6, released on the website on June 8, 2020.

==Organization==

As with other nomenclatural codes, the rules of the ''PhyloCode'' are organized as articles, which in turn are organized as chapters. Each article may also contain notes, examples, and recommendations.

===Table of contents===
* [http://phylonames.org/code/preface Preface] (including [http://phylonames.org/code/citations.html Literature Cited])
* [http://phylonames.org/code/preamble Preamble]
* [http://phylonames.org/code/divisions/1 Division I. Principles]
* [http://phylonames.org/code/chapters/1 Division II. Rules]
** [http://phylonames.org/code/articles/1 Chapter I. Taxa] (Arts. 1–3)
** [http://phylonames.org/code/articles/4 Chapter II. Publication] (Arts. 4–5)
** [http://phylonames.org/code/articles/6 Chapter III. Names] (Arts. 6–8)
** [http://phylonames.org/code/articles/9 Chapter IV. Clade Names] (Arts. 9–11)
** [http://phylonames.org/code/articles/12 Chapter V. Selection of Established Names] (Arts. 12–15)
** [http://phylonames.org/code/articles/16 Chapter VI. Provisions for Hybrids] (Art. 16)
** [http://phylonames.org/code/articles/17 Chapter VII. Orthography] (Arts. 17–18)
** [http://phylonames.org/code/articles/19 Chapter VIII. Authorship of Names] (Art. 19)
** [http://phylonames.org/code/articles/20 Chapter IX. Citation of Authors and Registration Numbers] (Art. 20)
** [http://phylonames.org/code/articles/21 Chapter X. Species Names] (Art. 21)
** [http://phylonames.org/code/articles/22 Chapter XI. Governance] (Art. 22)
* [http://phylonames.org/code/glossary Glossary]
* [http://phylonames.org/code/appendices/a Appendices]
** [http://phylonames.org/code/appendices/a Appendix A. Registration Procedures and Data Requirements]
** [http://phylonames.org/code/appendices/b Appendix B. Code of Ethics]

==Registration database==

Once implemented, the ''PhyloCode'' will be associated with a registration [[database]], called [[RegNum]], which will store all clade names and definitions that will be considered acceptable.<ref>{{Cite web | url=http://phylonames.org/code/articles/8 | title=The PhyloCode: Article 8}}</ref> It is hoped that this will provide a publicly usable tool for associating clade names with definitions, which could then be associated with sets of [[taxon|subtaxa]] or specimens through [[phylogeny|phylogenetic]] tree databases (such as [[TreeBASE]]).

As currently planned, however, the most important use of RegNum will be the decision of which one of a number of synonyms or homonyms will be considered accepted: the one with the lowest registration number, except in cases of conservation.

==History==

(Condensed from the ''PhyloCode'''s Preface.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://phylonames.org/code/preface |title=International Code of Phylogenetic Nomenclature, Version 4b - Preface |publisher=Ohiou.edu |access-date=2010-07-07}}</ref>)

The ''PhyloCode'' grew out of a workshop at [[Harvard University]] in August 1998, where decisions were made about its scope and content. Many of the workshop participants, together with several other people who subsequently joined the project, served as an advisory group. In April 2000, a draft was made public on the [[World Wide Web|web]] and comments were solicited from the scientific community.

A second workshop was held at [[Yale University]] in July 2002, at which some modifications were made in the rules and recommendations of the ''PhyloCode''. Other revisions have been made from time to time as well.

The First International Phylogenetic Nomenclature Meeting, which took place from July 6, 2004, to July 9, 2004, in [[Paris]], [[France]], was attended by about 70 [[systematics|systematic]] and [[evolution]]ary [[biologist]]s from 11 nations.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Laurin|first=M.|author2=P. D. Cantino|year=2004|title=First international phylogenetic nomenclature meeting: a report|journal=Zool. Scr.|volume=33|issue=5|pages=475–479|doi=10.1111/j.0300-3256.2004.00176.x|s2cid=86552807 }}</ref> This was the first open, multi-day conference that focused entirely on [[phylogeny|phylogenetic]] nomenclature, and it provided the venue for the inauguration of a new association, the [[International Society for Phylogenetic Nomenclature]] (ISPN). The ISPN membership elects the [[Committee on Phylogenetic Nomenclature]] (CPN), which has taken over the role of the advisory group that oversaw the earlier stages of development of the PhyloCode.

The Second International Phylogenetic Nomenclature Meeting took place from June 28, 2006, to July 2, 2006, at [[Yale University]] ([[New Haven]], [[Connecticut]], U.S.).<ref>{{cite journal|last=Laurin|first=M.|author2=P. D. Cantino|year=2007|title=Second meeting of the International Society for Phylogenetic Nomenclature: a report|journal=Zool. Scr.|volume=36|pages=109–117|doi=10.1111/j.1463-6409.2006.00268.x|s2cid=222198538 }}</ref>

The Third International Phylogenetic Nomenclature Meeting took place from July 21, 2008, to July 22, 2008, at [[Dalhousie University]] ([[Halifax Regional Municipality|Halifax]], [[Nova Scotia]], Canada).<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Laurin |first1=M. |last2=Bryant |first2=H.N. |title=Third meeting of the International Society for Phylogenetic Nomenclature: a report |journal=Zoologica Scripta |date=May 2009 |volume=38 |issue=3 |pages=333–337 |doi=10.1111/j.1463-6409.2008.00379.x |s2cid=221171579 }}</ref>

The PhyloCode went into effect with the publication of the companion volume, ''Phylonyms'', in 2020.<ref>de Queiroz. K., Cantino. P. D., Gauthier. J. A. eds. (2020). ''Phylonyms: A Companion to the PhyloCode''. CRC Press Boca Raton, FL</ref>

===Influences===

The theoretical foundation of the ''PhyloCode'' was developed in a series of papers by [[Kevin de Queiroz|de Queiroz]] and [[Jacques Gauthier|Gauthier]],<ref>{{cite journal|last=de Queiroz|first=K.|author2=J. Gauthier|year=1990|title=Phylogeny as a central principle in taxonomy: Phylogenetic definitions of taxon names|journal=Syst. Zool.|volume=39|pages=307–322|doi=10.2307/2992353|jstor=2992353|issue=4|publisher=Society of Systematic Biologists}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last=de Queiroz|first=K.|author2=J. Gauthier|year=1992|title=Phylogenetic taxonomy|journal=Annu. Rev. Ecol. Syst.|volume=23|issue=1 |pages=449–480|doi=10.1146/annurev.es.23.110192.002313|bibcode=1992AnRES..23..449D }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last=de Queiroz|first=K.|author2=J. Gauthier|year=1994|title=Toward a phylogenetic system of biological nomenclature|journal=Trends Ecol. Evol.|volume=9|pages=27–31|doi=10.1016/0169-5347(94)90231-3|pmid=21236760|issue=1|bibcode=1994TEcoE...9...27D }}</ref> which was foreshadowed by earlier suggestions that a taxon name could be defined by reference to a part of a [[phylogenetic tree]].<ref>Griffiths, Graham CD. "On the foundations of biological systematics." Acta biotheoretica 23, no. 3-4 (1974): 85-131.</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last=Ghiselin|first=M. T.|year=1984|title="Definition," "character," and other equivocal terms|journal=Syst. Zool.|volume=33|pages=104–110|doi=10.2307/2413135|jstor=2413135|issue=1|publisher=Society of Systematic Biologists}}</ref>

Whenever possible, the writers of the ''PhyloCode'' used the draft ''[[BioCode]]'',<ref>{{cite journal|last=Greuter|first=W.|author2=D. L. Hawksworth |author3=J. McNeill |author4=A. Mayo |author5=A. Minelli |author6=P. H. A. Sneath |author7=B. J. Tindall |author8=P. Trehane |author9=P. Tubbs  |year=1998|title=Draft BioCode (1997): the prospective international rules for the scientific names of organisms|journal=Taxon|volume=47|pages=127–150|doi=10.2307/1224030|jstor=1224030|issue=1|publisher=International Association for Plant Taxonomy (IAPT)|bibcode=1998Taxon..47..127. }}</ref> which attempted to unify the rank-based approach into a single code, as a model. Thus, the organization of the ''PhyloCode'', some of its terminology, and the wording of certain rules are derived from the ''BioCode''. Other rules are derived from one or more of the rank-based codes, particularly the botanical<ref>{{cite book|last=Greuter|first=W. |author2=F. R. Barrie |author3=H. M. Burdet |author4=W. G. Chaloner |author5=V. Demoulin |author6=D. L. Hawksworth |author7=P. M. Jørgensen |author8=J. McNeill |author9=D. H. Nicolson |author10=P. C. Silva |author11=P. Trehane|year=1994|title=International Code of Botanical Nomenclature (Tokyo Code)|publisher=Koeltz Scientific Books, Königstein, Germany|isbn=1-878762-66-4}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Greuter|first=W. |author2=F. R. Barrie |author3=H. M. Burdet |author4=V. Demoulin |author5=T. S. Filgueiras |author6=D. L. Hawksworth |author7=J. McNeill |author8=D. H. Nicolson |author9=P. C. Silva |author10=J. E. Skog |author11=P. Trehane |author12=N. J. Turland |year=2000|title=International Code of Botanical Nomenclature (Saint Louis Code)|publisher=Koeltz Scientific Books, Königstein, Germany}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=McNeill|first=J. |author2=F. R. Barrie |author3=H. M. Burdet |author4=V. Demoulin |author5=D. L. Hawksworth |author6=K. Marhold |author7=D. H. Nicolson |author8=J. Prado |author9=P. C. Silva |author10=J. E. Skog |author11=J. H. Wiersema |author12=N. J. Turland |year=2006|title=International Code of Botanical Nomenclature (Vienna Code)|publisher=Gantner, Ruggell, Liechtenstein|isbn=3-906166-48-1}}</ref> and zoological<ref>{{cite book|last=International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature|year=1985|title=International Code of Zoological Nomenclature|url=https://archive.org/details/internationalcod1999inte|edition=3rd|publisher=International Trust for Zoological Nomenclature|isbn=0-85301-006-4}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature|year=1999|title=International Code of Zoological Nomenclature|url=https://archive.org/details/internationalcod1999inte|edition=4th|publisher=International Trust for Zoological Nomenclature|isbn=0-85301-006-4}}</ref> codes. However, many rules in the ''PhyloCode'' have no counterpart in any code based on taxonomic ranks because of fundamental differences in the definitional foundations of the alternative systems.  Note that the PhyloCode does not govern the names of species, whose rules of availability, typification, etc., remain regulated by the requisite traditional Code of Nomenclature.

==Future==
<!-- Update this section as developments occur -->
The ''PhyloCode'' is controversial and has inspired considerable criticism from some taxonomists.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Nixon|first1=Kevin C.|last2=Carpenter|first2=James M.|last3=Stevenson|first3=Dennis W.|date=2003|title=The PhyloCode is fatally flawed, and the "Linnaean" System can easily be fixed|url=https://doi.org/10.1663/0006-8101(2003)069[0111:TPIFFA]2.0.CO;2|journal=The Botanical Review|volume=69|issue=1|pages=111–120|doi=10.1663/0006-8101(2003)069[0111:TPIFFA]2.0.CO;2|
access-date=12 February 2024|url-access=subscription}}</ref> While inaugurated decades ago, the number of supporters for widespread adoption of the ''PhyloCode'' is still small, and the publication of PhyloCode literature stagnated in the mid-2010s,<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Brower|first1=Andrew V. Z.|date=2020|title=Dead on arrival: a postmortem assessment of "phylogenetic nomenclature", 20+ years on|journal=Cladistics|volume=36|issue=6|pages=627–637|doi=10.1111/cla.12432|s2cid=224927279 |doi-access=free}}</ref> before accelerating after publication of Phylonyms in 2020 and of the launch of the [https://www.mapress.com/bpn Bulletin of Phylogenetic Nomenclature], which is a journal dedicated to the publication of nomenclatural acts (especially definition of taxon names) valid under the ''PhyloCode''.<ref>{{cite book |title=Phylonyms : a companion to the PhyloCode |isbn=9781138332935 |url=https://www.routledge.com/Phylonyms-A-Companion-to-the-PhyloCode/Queiroz-Cantino-Gauthier/p/book/9781138332935|last1=Queiroz |first1=Kevin De |last2=Cantino |first2=Philip D. |last3=Gauthier |first3=Jacques A. |date=27 May 2020 |publisher=CRC Press }}</ref><ref name="L23CRC">{{cite book |last1=Laurin |first1=Michel |title=The Advent of PhyloCode: The Continuing Evolution of Biological Nomenclature |date=3 August 2023 |publisher=CRC Press |doi=10.1201/9781003092827 |isbn=978-1-003-09282-7 |url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/mono/10.1201/9781003092827/advent-phylocode-michel-laurin}}</ref> To be valid under the PhyloCode, taxon names and associated definitions should be registered in the [https://app.phyloregnum.org/ RegNum] database.

A list of published critiques of the ''PhyloCode'' can be found on the [http://phylonames.org/literature/#critiques ISPN's website], as can a list of rebuttals.

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

==Literature==
* {{cite journal|last=Anderson|first=J. S.|year=2002|title=Use of well-known names in phylogenetic nomenclature: a reply to Laurin|journal=Syst. Biol.|volume=51|issue=5|pages=822–827|doi=10.1080/10635150290102447|pmid=12396594|doi-access=free}}
* {{cite journal|last=Baum|first=D. A.|author2=W. S. Alverson |author3=R. Nyffeler |year=1998|title=A durian by any other name: taxonomy and nomenclature of the core Malvales|journal=Harvard Papers in Botany|issn=1043-4534|volume=3|pages=315–330}}
* {{cite journal|last=Benton|first=M. J.|year=2000|title=Stems, nodes, crown clades, and rank-free lists: is Linnaeus dead?|url=http://palaeo.gly.bris.ac.uk/Essays/phylocode/biolrev.html|journal=Biological Reviews|issn=0006-3231|volume=75|issue=4|pages=633–648|doi=10.1111/j.1469-185X.2000.tb00055.x|pmid=11117201|s2cid=17851383|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110605090428/http://palaeo.gly.bris.ac.uk/Essays/phylocode/biolrev.html|archive-date=2011-06-05}}
* {{cite journal|last=Cantino|first=Philip D.|year=2000|title=Phylogenetic nomenclature: addressing some concerns|jstor=1223935|journal=Taxon|volume=49|issue=1|pages=85–93|doi=10.2307/1223935|publisher=International Association for Plant Taxonomy (IAPT)|bibcode=2000Taxon..49...85C }}
* {{cite journal|last=Cantino|first=Philip D.|year=2004|title=Classifying species versus naming clades|jstor=4135453|journal=Taxon|volume=53|issue=3|pages=795–798|doi=10.2307/4135453|publisher=International Association for Plant Taxonomy (IAPT)|doi-access=free|bibcode=2004Taxon..53..795C }}
* {{cite journal|last=Carpenter|first=J. M.|year=2003|title=Critique of pure folly|journal=The Botanical Review|volume=69|issue=1|pages=79–92|doi=10.1663/0006-8101(2003)069[0079:COPF]2.0.CO;2|s2cid=40505806 |issn=0006-8101}}
* {{cite journal|last=de Queiroz|first=K.|year=1992|title=Phylogenetic definitions and taxonomic philosophy|journal=Biol. Philos.|volume=7|issue=3|pages=295–313|doi=10.1007/BF00129972|s2cid=36728162}}
* {{cite journal|last=de Queiroz|first=K.|year=2006|title=The PhyloCode and the distinction between taxonomy and nomenclature|journal=Syst. Biol.|volume=55|issue=1|pages=160–162|doi=10.1080/10635150500431221|pmid=16507533|doi-access=free}}
* {{cite journal|last=de Queiroz|first=K.|author2=P. D. Cantino|year=2001|title=Phylogenetic nomenclature and the PhyloCode|journal=Bull. Zool. Nomencl.|issn=0007-5167|volume=58|pages=254–271}}
* {{cite journal|last=de Queiroz|first=K.|author2=J. Gauthier|year=1990|title=Phylogeny as a central principle in taxonomy: Phylogenetic definitions of taxon names|jstor=2992353|journal=Syst. Zool.|volume=39|issue=4|pages=307–322|doi=10.2307/2992353|publisher=Society of Systematic Biologists}}
* {{cite journal|last=de Queiroz|first=K.|author2=J. Gauthier.|year=1992|title=Phylogenetic taxonomy|journal=Annu. Rev. Ecol. Syst.|issn=0066-4162|volume=23|pages=449–480|doi=10.1146/annurev.es.23.110192.002313|bibcode=1992AnRES..23..449D }}
* {{cite journal|last=de Queiroz|first=K.|author2=J. Gauthier|year=1994|title=Toward a phylogenetic system of biological nomenclature|journal=Trends Ecol. Evol.|volume=9|issue=1|pages=27–31|doi=10.1016/0169-5347(94)90231-3|pmid=21236760|bibcode=1994TEcoE...9...27D }}
* {{cite journal|last=Dominguez|first=E.|author2=Q. D. Wheeler|year=1997|title=Taxonomic stability is ignorance|journal=Cladistics|issn=	0748-3007|volume=13|issue=4|pages=367–372|doi=10.1006/clad.1997.0050 |doi-broken-date=12 April 2025 }}
* {{cite journal|last=Donoghue|first=M. J.|author2=J. A. Gauthier|year=2004|title=Implementing the PhyloCode|journal=Trends Ecol. Evol.|volume=19|issue=6|pages=281–282|doi=10.1016/j.tree.2004.04.004|pmid=16701272|bibcode=2004TEcoE..19..281D }}
* {{cite book|last=Gauthier|first=J.|author2=K. de Queiroz|year=2001|chapter=Feathered dinosaurs, flying dinosaurs, crown dinosaurs, and the name "''Aves''" |editor=J. A. Gauthier |editor2=L. F. Gall|title=New perspectives on the origin and early evolution of birds: proceedings of the International Symposium in Honor of John H. Ostrom|publisher=Peabody Museum of Natural History, Yale University|location=New Haven, Connecticut, U.S.A.|pages=7–41 pp}}
* {{cite journal|last=Laurin|first=M.|year=2005|title=Dites oui au PhyloCode!|url=http://sfs.snv.jussieu.fr/pdf/bulletin/bulletin_34.pdf|format=PDF fulltext|journal=Bull. Soc. Fr. Syst.|issn=1240-3253|volume=34|pages=25–31|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070808045610/http://sfs.snv.jussieu.fr/pdf/bulletin/bulletin_34.pdf|archive-date=2007-08-08}}
* {{cite journal|last=Laurin|first=M.|author2=Philip D. Cantino|year=2004|title=First International Phylogenetic Nomenclature Meeting: a report|journal=Zool. Scr.|volume=33|issue=5|pages=475–479|doi=10.1111/j.0300-3256.2004.00176.x|s2cid=86552807 }}
* {{cite journal|last=Laurin|first=M.|author2=K. de Queiroz |author3=Philip D. Cantino |year=2006|title=Sense and stability of taxon names|journal=Zool. Scr.|volume=35|issue=1|pages=113–114|doi=10.1111/j.1463-6409.2006.00219.x|s2cid=86040732 }}
* {{cite journal|last=Nordal|first=I.|author2=B. Stedje|year=2005|title=Letters to the Editor: Paraphyletic taxa should be accepted|url=http://anbg.gov.au/asbs/newsletter/newsletter-pdf/04-sept-120.pdf|format=PDF fulltext|journal=Taxon|issn=0040-0262|volume=54|issue=1|pages=5–6|doi=10.2307/25065296|jstor=25065296|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060228095440/http://www.anbg.gov.au/asbs/newsletter/newsletter-pdf/04-sept-120.pdf|archive-date=2006-02-28}} including proposal, but without the 150 supporting signatories
* {{cite journal|last=Rieppel|first=O.|year=2006|title=The PhyloCode: a critical discussion of its theoretical foundation|journal=Cladistics|volume=22|issue=2|pages=186–197|doi=10.1111/j.1096-0031.2006.00097.x|pmid=34892874 |s2cid=59463810|doi-access=free}}
* {{cite journal|last=Sereno|first=P. C.|author-link=Paul Sereno|year=1999|title=Definitions in phylogenetic taxonomy: critique and rationale|journal=Syst. Biol.|volume=48|issue=2|pages=329–351|doi=10.1080/106351599260328|pmid=12066711|doi-access=free}}
* {{cite journal|last=Sereno|first=P. C.|author-link=Paul Sereno|year=2005|title=The logical basis of phylogenetic taxonomy|journal=Syst. Biol.|volume=54|issue=4|pages=595–619|doi=10.1080/106351591007453|pmid=16109704|citeseerx=10.1.1.541.7233|s2cid=15050748 }}

==External links==
* [http://phylonames.org/code The PhyloCode (current draft)]
* [http://phylonames.org/ International Society for Phylogenetic Nomenclature]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20060828050640/http://www.phylonames.org/forum/ International Society for Phylogenetic Nomenclature Discussion Forum]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110727174513/http://phylonames.org/literature.php Literature on Phylogenetic Nomenclature]
*[https://app.phyloregnum.org/? RegNum], the official repository of phylogenetic clade names generated according to the rules of the PhyloCode
* Christine Soares, [http://www.sciam.com/article.cfm?articleID=000D7477-4199-1179-819983414B7FFE9F What's in a Name?], ''Scientific American'', (November 2004).
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20180625214511/http://www.systass.org/archive/events-archive/2001/phylocode-debate.shtml PhyloCode debate]
*[http://discovermagazine.com/2005/apr/pushing-phylocode What if we decide to rename every living thing on Earth?], ''Discovery Magazine'', (04.28.2005)

{{Phylogenetics}}

[[Category:Nomenclature codes]]