Editing Pilgerodendron

{{Short description|Species of plant}}
{{Speciesbox
| image            = Pilgerodendron uviferum.jpg
| status           = VU
| status_system    = IUCN3.1
| status_ref       = <ref name="iucn status 13 November 2021">{{cite iucn |author=Souto, C. |author2=Premoli, A. |author3=Gardner, M. |date=2013 |title=''Pilgerodendron uviferum'' |volume=2013 |page=e.T32052A2809552 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2013-1.RLTS.T32052A2809552.en |access-date=13 November 2021}}</ref>
| status2 = CITES_A1 
| status2_system = CITES 
| status2_ref = <ref name="CITES">{{Cite web|title=Appendices {{!}} CITES|url=https://cites.org/eng/app/appendices.php|access-date=2022-01-14|website=cites.org}}</ref>
| display_parents  = 2
| genus            = Pilgerodendron
| parent_authority = [[Carl Rudolf Florin|Florin]]
| species          = uviferum
| authority        = ([[David Don|D.Don]]) Florin
| synonyms_ref     = <ref name=p/>
| synonyms         = * ''Juniperus uvifera'' <small>D.Don</small> 
*''Libocedrus uvifera'' <small>(D.Don) Pilg.</small> 
*''Thuja tetragona'' <small>Hook.</small>
*''Libocedrus tetragona'' <small>(Hook.) Endl.</small>
}}

'''''Pilgerodendron''''' is a [[genus]] of [[Pinophyta|conifer]] belonging to the cypress family [[Cupressaceae]].<ref name=p>{{WCSP|378333|Pilgerodendron}}</ref> It has only one [[species]], '''''Pilgerodendron uviferum''''', which is [[endemic (ecology)|endemic]] to the [[Valdivian temperate rain forests]] and [[Magellanic subpolar forests]] of southern [[Chile]] and southwestern [[Argentina]]. It grows from 40 to 54°20' S in [[Tierra del Fuego]], where it is the southernmost conifer in the world.<ref name=norte>{{Cite journal |title=Precarious conservation status of Pilgerodendron uviferum forests in their northern distribution in the Chilean Coastal Range |journal=[[Bosque (journal)|Bosque]] |url=https://www.redalyc.org/pdf/1731/173113292012.pdf |last1=Soto |first1=Daniel P. |issue=3 |volume=28 |pages=263–270 |last2=Le Quesne |first2=Carlos |year=2007 |last3=Lara |first3=Antonio |last4=Gardner |first4=Martin F.|doi=10.4067/S0717-92002007000300012 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |title=Genetic variation in the threatened South American conifer Pilgerodendron uviferum (Cupressaceae), detected using RAPD markers |journal=[[Biological Conservation (journal)|Biological Conservation]] |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0006320703000442 |last1=Allnutt |first1=T.R. |issue=2 |volume=114 |pages=245–253 |last2=Newton |first2=A.C. |year=2003 |last3=Premoli |first3=A. |last4=Lara |first4=A.|doi=10.1016/S0006-3207(03)00044-2 |bibcode=2003BCons.114..245A |url-access=subscription }}</ref> It is a member of subfamily [[Callitroideae]], a group of distinct [[Southern Hemisphere]] genera associated with the [[Antarctic flora]].<ref name=farjon>Farjon, A. (2005). ''Monograph of Cupressaceae and Sciadopitys''. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. {{ISBN|1-84246-068-4}}</ref><ref name=florachilena>Flora Chilena: [http://www.florachilena.cl/Niv_tax/Gimnospermas/Cupressaceae/Pilgerodendron/Pilgerodendron.htm ''Pilgerodendron uviferum'']</ref>

''Pilgerodendron'' is very closely related to the [[New Zealand]] and [[New Caledonia]]n genus ''[[Libocedrus]]'', and many botanists treat ''P. uviferum'' within this genus, as ''Libocedrus uvifera'' (D.Don) Pilg.<ref name=eckenwalder>Eckenwalder, J. E. (1976). Re-evaluation of Cupressaceae and Taxodiaceae: a proposed merger. ''Madroño'' 23 (5): 237-256.</ref> It is also a [[taxonomical]] synonym for ''Libocedrus tetragona'' (Hooker).<ref>[http://www.biologie.uni-hamburg.de/b-online/earle/cu/pi/index.htm Pilgerodendron uviferum]</ref> The species is known locally as '''ciprés de las Guaitecas'''<ref name=chilebosque>Chilebosque: [http://www.chilebosque.cl/tree/puvif.html ''Pilgerodendron uviferum'']</ref> (after the [[Guaitecas Archipelago]]), and elsewhere by its scientific name, as '''pilgerodendron'''. The genus is named after [[Robert Knud Friedrich Pilger]].<ref name=farjon/>

''P. uviferum'' is a [[dioecious]], slow-growing, narrowly conical [[evergreen]] [[tree]] that grows from 2–20 m in height, with a trunk up to 1.5 m in diameter. Taller specimens and wider trunks (reportedly up to 3 m in diameter) are known to have existed before it was overexploited. The [[leaf|leaves]] are scale-like and arranged in [[decussate]] pairs, with each leaf equal in size, giving the [[Shoot (botany)|shoot]]s a square cross-section (unlike the ''Libocedrus'' species, where pairs of larger leaves alternate with pairs of smaller leaves, giving a somewhat flattened shoot). The [[conifer cone|seed cones]] are 5–12&nbsp;mm long and 4–6&nbsp;mm broad, with four scales, two sterile basal scales and two fertile scales; each scale has a slender spine-like [[bract]], and each fertile scale has two winged [[seed]]s 3–4&nbsp;mm long. The pollen cones are 5–10&nbsp;mm long and 2&nbsp;mm broad, with 12–20 scales.<ref name=farjon/><ref name=florachilena/>

It is found in the evergreen coastal lowland forests along the [[Pacific Ocean|Pacific]] coast of southern [[Patagonia]], in association with the broadleaf evergreens ''[[Nothofagus betuloides]]'' and ''[[Drimys winteri]]''. It is also found in open stands in sheltered [[bog]]s farther inland, where it is often locally dominant, and ranges as far as the eastern slopes of the [[Andes]] in southwestern Argentina.<ref name=farjon/>{{verify source|date=March 2023}} Forest dominated by ''Pilgerodendron'' are known as '''cipresales'''.<ref name=Grenier>{{Cite book |title=Chiloé et les Chilotes: Marginalité et Dépendance en Patagonie chilienne |last=Grenier |first=Philippe |publisher=Édisud |year=1984 |isbn=9782857441779 |location=Aix-en-Provence |pages=254–256|chapter=La forêt |language=French}}</ref> The forests are common in the southern half of [[Chiloé Island]] where occupy many of flattish areas.<ref name=Grenier/> At the northern end of its range it is found in association with ''[[Fitzroya|Fitzroya cupressoides]]''.<ref name=farjon/> The northernmost natural stands are found in 39°50' in the vicinity of the city of [[Valdivia]].<ref name=norte/> The conservation status of ''P. uviferu,'' in the far north of its natural  distribution is poor, being fragmented by [[forestry in Chile|exotic plantations]], threatened by livestock and having been decimated by lumberjacks and wildfires in the past.<ref name=norte/> It has also been planted along the northern part of the Pacific Coast of the [[United States]].<ref name=Flora >{{cite web|url=http://www.seattle.gov/parks/proparks/projects/ArboretumReport.pdf |title=''Nothofagus antarctica'' in Washington Park Arboretum|publisher=Seattle Government|access-date=2009-06-27}}</ref>

At present much ''Pilgerodendron uviferum'' grow in the Andes and in the [[Chilean Coast Range]]. However, during the [[interstadial]]s of the region's [[Llanquihue glaciation|last glacial period]], ''P. uviferum'' grew in lowland areas such as the [[Chilean Central Valley|Central Valley]], where it is now absent.<ref name=villagran>{{cite journal |last1=Villagrán |first1=Carolina |last2=Leon |first2=Ana |last3=Roig |first3=Fidel A.|author-link1=Carolina Villagrán|date=2004 |title=Paleodistribution of the alerce and cypres of the Guaitecas during the interstadial stages of the Llanquihue Glaciation: Llanquihue and Chiloé provinces, Los Lagos Region, Chile |url=http://www.scielo.cl/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0716-02082004000100008 |journal=[[Andean Geology|Revista Geológica de Chile]] |volume=31 |issue=1 |pages=133–151 |doi= 10.4067/S0716-02082004000100008|access-date=13 November 2015|doi-access=free }}</ref> Remaining lowland populations are thought to be [[relict (biology)|relicts]] that have survived the warmer climate of the [[Holocene]].<ref name=villagran/>

The [[wood]] of ''P. uviferum'' is yellow-reddish and has a distinct spicy-resinous smell, and is highly resistant to decay, which has made it very valuable as a source of [[timber]] for building construction in its native range. Much of its original lowland habitat has been cleared for this and other reasons.<ref name=farjon/><ref name=iucn>{{cite iucn |author=Souto, C. |author2=Premoli, A. |author3=Gardner, M. |date=2013 |title=''Pilgerodendron uviferum'' |volume=2013 |page=e.T32052A2809552 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2013-1.RLTS.T32052A2809552.en |access-date=13 November 2021}} Listed as Vulnerable (VU A2cd v2.3)</ref> Due to [[over-exploitation]], the species is now much scarcer than formerly, and is accordingly listed under [[CITES]] Appendix I, meaning commercial international trade is prohibited.<ref name="CITES"/> ''P. uviferum'' is considered threatened by the [[World Conservation Monitoring Centre]] and [[vulnerable species|vulnerable]] by the [[International Union for Conservation of Nature]].
 
==History==
Indigenous sea-faring nomads of the [[Chono people|Chono]] and [[Kawésqar]]s groups used ''Pilgerodendron uviferum'' as firewood as well as wood for oars, boats and houses.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Fragmentos de la historia ambiental del sistema de fiordos y canales nor-patagónicos, Sur de Chile: Dos siglos de explotación|journal=[[Magallania]]|last1=Molinet|first1=Carlos|volume=46|pages=107–128|last2=Solari|first2=María Eugenia|issue=2|year=2018|language=es|last3=Díaz|first3=Manuel|last4=Marticorena|first4=Francisca|last5=Díaz|first5=Patricio A.|last6=Navarro|first6=Magdalena|last7=Niklitschek|first7=Edwin|doi=10.4067/s0718-22442018000200107|doi-access=free}}</ref> During the [[Antonio de Vea expedition]] (1675–1676) Spanish explorers visited the [[Guaitecas Archipelago|Guaitecas]] and [[Chonos Archipelago|Chonos]] archipelagoes where the tree grew noticing the similarity to the "cypresses of Spain".<ref>{{Cite book|title=[[Anuario Hidrográfico de la Marina de Chile]]|year=1886|location=Valparaíso|chapter=Expedición de Antonio de Vea|author-last=de Vea|author-first=Antonio|chapter-url=http://www.bibliotecanacionaldigital.gob.cl/visor/BND:74532|language=es|page=564}}</ref>

Historically the wood was used to make [[Railroad tie|railway sleepers]], but eventually became popular for use as timber in all types of construction. In the 1860s, [[Felipe Westhoff]] was one of various businessmen who exported ''Pilgerodendron uviferum'' north to Chilean and Peruvian ports.<ref name=divisadero>{{cite web |url=http://www.eldivisadero.cl/noticia-7782 |title=¿Quién era Felipe Westhoff Rodhius? |author=<!--Not stated--> |date=July 28, 2012 |website=eldivisadero.cl |publisher=Diario El Divisadero |access-date=January 10, 2019|language=es }}</ref> Westhoff, who was based in [[Ancud]], came initially as an agent of [[Ferrocarril Central Andino]] in Peru to purchase sleepers but soon became an independent businessman.<ref name=divisadero/><ref name=Morales2014>{{cite journal |last1=Morales B. |first1=Diego |date=2014 |title=El negocio de la madera: comerciantes y "hacheros" de Chiloé, 1850-1875|trans-title=Timber business: woodcutters and merchants of Chiloé, 1850-1875|language=es |url=https://scielo.conicyt.cl/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0718-22442014000200003 |journal=[[Magallania]] |volume=42 |issue=2 |pages= 41–60|doi=10.4067/S0718-22442014000200003 |access-date=January 10, 2019|doi-access=free }}</ref>

The town of [[Melinka]] was established in 1860 during the ''Pilgerodendron'' boom. This was the first permanent settlement in the Guaitecas Archipelago.<ref name=divisadero/> After Westhoff's retirement in the 1870s, [[Ciriaco Álvarez]], a native of [[Chonchi]], rose as the most prominent ''P. uviferum'' businessman in the area, and was dubbed "The King of Pilgerodendron" ({{langx|es|El Rey del Ciprés}}).<ref name=divisadero/> Many of the wooden structures in settlements of the southern Chilean archipelagos are built largely from ''P. uviferum'' wood.

Foraging by [[southern pudu]] is thought to be detrimental for the regeneration of burned forests of ''Pilgerodendron uviferum''.<ref name=gay19>{{Cite journal |title=Browsing evidence of the native and near-threatened Pudu puda deer in restoration plantings on Chiloé Island, Chile |journal=[[Gayana. Botánica]] |url=https://www.scielo.cl/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0717-66432019000100024&lng=es&nrm=iso&tlng=en |last1=Burger|first1=Andreas|issue=1 |volume=76 |last2=Bannister |first2=Jan R. |year=2019 |last3=Galindo |first3=Nicole |last4=Vargas-Gaete |first4=Rodrigo |last5=Vidal |first5=Osvaldo J.|last6=Schlegel |first6=Bastienne|pages=24–33 |doi=10.4067/S0717-66432019000100024  |s2cid=202853005 |doi-access=free }}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

{{Cupressaceae}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q133103}}

[[Category:Cupressaceae]]
[[Category:Flora of the Valdivian temperate forests]]
[[Category:Trees of mild maritime climate]]
[[Category:Trees of subpolar oceanic climate]]
[[Category:Monotypic conifer genera]]
[[Category:Garden plants of South America]]
[[Category:Ornamental trees]]
[[Category:Dioecious plants]]