Editing Pindus

{{short description|Mountain range in Greece and Albania}}
{{about|the mountain range called Pindus|other uses of these names|Pindus (disambiguation)}}
{{redirect|Pindos}}
{{more citations needed|date=March 2008}}
{{Infobox mountain
 | name              = Pindus
 | other_name        = Pindos, Pindhos
 | native_name       = {{native name list |tag1=el|name1=Πίνδος |tag2=sq|name2=Pindet |tag3=rup|name3=Pindu}}
 | photo             = File:Pindus Mountains 02 bgiu.jpg
 | photo_size        = 280
 | photo_caption     = Pindus in [[Epirus]] – The village of Anthochori resting beneath the east face of Kalogiros peak, [[Lakmos|Lakmos Mountain]].
 | country           = {{hlist|[[Greece]]|[[Albania]]}}
 | subdivision1      = {{hlist|[[Western Macedonia]]|[[Epirus (region)|Epirus]]|[[Thessaly]], [[Central Greece (geographic region)|Central Greece]], [[Korçë County]]|[[Gjirokastër County]]}}
 | subdivision1_type = Provinces/Counties
 | range_coordinates = 
 | length_mi         = 112
 | width_mi          = 35
 | length_orientation  = north-south
 | highest           = [[Smolikas]]
 | elevation_m       = 2637
 | coordinates       = {{coord|40|05|20|N|20|55|31|E|type:mountain|format=dms|display=inline,title}}
 | geology           = 
 | map               = Albania#Greece
 | map_size          = 
 | map_caption       = 
}}

The '''Pindus''' (also '''Pindos''' or '''Pindhos''';<ref>Latin form Pindus is used by  [http://encarta.msn.com/pindus_mountains.html Encarta] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090820171418/http://encarta.msn.com/pindus_mountains.html |date=2009-08-20 }}. Both Pindus and Pindos are used by the Encyclopædia Britannica ([http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/460898/Pindus-Mountains here] and [http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/244154/Greece/26442/Central-Greece-the-Pindos-Mountains here]). It is the largest mountain range in Greece. Modern guidebooks tend to use Pindos (Baedeker's Greece, DK Eyewitness Travel Guide, Cicerone Mountain Walking) or Pindhos (Lonely Planet, Rough Guide).</ref> {{langx|el|Πίνδος|Píndos}}; {{langx|sq|Pindet}}; {{langx|rup|Pindu}}) is a mountain range located in [[Northern Greece]] and [[Southern Albania]]. It is roughly {{convert|160|km|mi|abbr=on}} long, with a maximum elevation of {{convert|2,637|m|ft}} ([[Smolikas|Mount Smolikas]]). Because it runs along the border of [[Thessaly]] and [[Epirus]], the Pindus range is known colloquially as the ''spine of Greece''. The mountain range stretches from near the Greek-Albanian border in southern Albania, entering the [[Epirus (region)|Epirus]] and [[Macedonia (Greece)|Macedonia]] regions in northern Greece down to the north of the [[Peloponnese]]. [[Geologically]], it is an extension of the [[Dinaric Alps]], which dominate the western region of the [[Balkans|Balkan Peninsula]].

== History of the name ==
Historically, the name Pindos refers to the mountainous territory that separates the greater Epirus region from the regions of Macedonia and Thessaly.{{Citation needed|date=May 2018}}

According to [[John Tzetzes]] (a 12th-century Byzantine writer), the Pindos range was then called Metzovon.

When {{Interlanguage link|Anastasios Gordios|el|3=Αναστάσιος Γόρδιος}} translated (between 1682/83 and 1689) to a more conversational (colloquial) language the initial praise to St. Vissarion, which was drafted in 1552 by {{Interlanguage link|Pahomios Rousanos|el|3=Παχώμιος Ρουσάνος}}, he wrote: “A mountain called by the Greeks Pindos is the same mountain which is called Metzovon in Barbarian” and further down the same text he adds “this mountain, Metzovon, separates the [[Ioannina]] region from the [[Thessaloniki]] region.”{{Citation needed|date=May 2018}}

By the eighteenth century, there had been identification of the name Metsovo with the Pindos mountain range (in a French encyclopedia of 1756).<ref>{{cite book |last=Moreri |first=Louis |author-link=Louis Moreri |title=Le grand dictionnaire historique, ou Le mélange curieux de l'histoire sacrée et profane |editor=Pierre-Augustin Le Mercier  |volume=4 |page=1060 |year=1732 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=z3cnrqTjdcIC&pg=PA1060}}</ref> BY 1825, the traveller [[John Cam Hobhouse]] was writing that "…the latter mountains, now known by the name of Metzovo, can be no other than Pindus itself…"<ref>{{cite book |last=Hobhouse| first=John Cam |title=A journey through Albania and other provinces of Turkey in Europe and Asia to Constantinople during the years 1809 and 1810, Volume 1 |date=1825 |publisher=James Cawthorn |page=61 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FBfelxz-BpcC&pg=PA61}}</ref> while a patriarchal document of 1818 states: "Because the high mountain of Pindos in Epirus, that is commonly called Messovon...".{{Citation needed|date=April 2018}} The word Pindos was used more in literary sources, while the folk name for the mountain range from the Middle Ages up to the 19th century was either "Metsovo" or "the mountains of Metsovo". Most probably this name was not meant to indicate the whole range as it is meant today, but only its central part between the area of [[Aspropotamos, Trikala|Aspropotamos]] and the springs of the [[Aoös]] River.{{Citation needed|date=May 2018}}  This part coincides with the mountainous region which the ancient Greeks used to call Pindos.{{Citation needed|date=May 2018}}

== Major mountains ==
The most notable mountains in the range are [[Mount Grammos]], [[Mount Smolikas]], [[Mount Vasilitsa]], [[Tymfi|Tymfi or Gamila]], [[Lakmos|Lakmos or Peristeri]], the [[Athamanika|Athamanika or Tzoumerka mountains]], [[Vardousia]], and the [[Agrafa]] mountains. Some mountains in Southern Greece are also considered part of the extended Pindus range. Its highest peak is on Mount Smolikas at an altitude of 2,637 meters.

== Population ==
The main groups of Pindus are [[Epirotes]], [[Roumeliotes]], and [[Vlachs]]. There are many villages in the Pindus, one of them being [[Samarina]], which boasts one of the highest elevations in Greece. The area had a traditional pastoral economy in which sheep were raised by shepherds who were ethnically [[Sarakatsani]] and [[Aromanians|Aromanian]]. Many of the villages such as [[Perivoli, Grevena|Perivoli]] and [[Smixi]] include communities of Aromanians ([[Vlachs]]), originally shepherds and farmers. In recent decades, a number of villages, such as [[Metsovo]], have developed into tourist resorts with ski facilities.

== Transportation ==
The [[A2 motorway (Greece)|A2 motorway]] (Egnatia Odos) serves the region and connects it with the rest of Greece.

== Sightseeing ==
Besides the imposing mountainous terrain of the range, two significant gorges in Europe are located in the area: the [[Vikos Gorge]] and the [[Aoos Gorge]]. Together with the mountain valley of Valia Kalda they have been declared protected regions and constitute the National Park of Northern Pindos.{{Citation needed|date=May 2018}} Furthermore, many mountain settlements with long history and unique architecture are located throughout the range.

== Nature and wildlife ==
[[File:Aspropotamos.jpg|thumb|250px|Aspropotamos valley and Milia village in Trikala regional unit]]

The Pindus region covers a wide range of elevations and habitats, from deep [[canyon]]s to steep mountains. The wide range in altitude results in two major forest zones:
* A [[conifer]] zone, where trees such as a subspecies of [[Austrian Pine]] and the endemic [[Greek fir]], characterise the highest elevations, with [[juniper]] woodlands dominating near the timberline.
* A mixed [[broadleaf forest]] zone dominates the [[valley]]s and [[canyon]]s of the middle and lower elevations.

Large breeding colonies of [[heron]]s, [[spoonbill]]s, [[egret]]s, and [[pelican]]s fish the waters of the mountain lakes of the Pindus. This is one of the few areas in Europe where the rare [[Dalmatian pelican]] can be found.{{Citation needed|date=May 2018}} [[wolf|Wolves]], [[jackal]]s, and [[bear]]s are found in the forests.

=== Ecology ===
[[File:Southern Pindus IMG 3592.jpg|thumb|250px|Parts of Southern Pindus]]
The forests of this region have faced many threats over the course of human history, including [[overgrazing]], agriculture, and [[deforestation]]. The greatest threats now come from the development of mountain tourism and [[ski resort]]s. Because of the instability of the soil on steep mountains, road-building and clear-cutting operations have led to dangerous landslides and the collapse of mountain slopes. Mining for [[bauxite]], overgrazing, and over-collection of plants are also threatening the great biodiversity of this ecoregion.

== National Parks ==
In the Albanian section of the Pindus mountains is Albania's newest national park.

=== Vjosa Wild River National Park===
{{main|Vjosa Wild River National Park}}
The Vjosa River is Europe's first Wild River National Park that was designated on 15 March 2023. The river valley is considered Albania's biodiversity hotspot, offering ideal aquatic habitats for over 1,100 species of wildlife, including otters, the endangered Egyptian vulture and the critically endangered Balkan lynx, of which only 15 are estimated to remain.

In the Greek section of the Pindus mountains there are two national parks.

=== Vikos-Aoos National Park===
{{main|Vikos–Aoös National Park}}
The Vikos-Aoos National Park is south of the town of [[Konitsa]], in the west part of [[Zagori]] region. It includes Mount [[Tymfi]], the [[Vikos Gorge]] and the [[Aoos]] Gorge. It was created in 1973.

===Pindus National Park===
{{Main|Pindus National Park}}
The Pindus National Park (also known as Valia Kalda) is in a remote area in the northeast of the Pindus mountains, north of the town of [[Metsovo]] and south of [[Perivoli (Grevena), Greece|Perivoli]]. The park of some 7,000 hectares was established in 1966. There are forests of [[European Black Pine|black pine]] and [[beech]], and in the higher parts, [[Bosnian Pine]] (''Pinus leucodermis''). The park is a refuge for [[bear]]s, [[wild cat]]s, and [[lynx]]es.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.katafigiovaliacalda.com/enpage3.html |title=Valia Kalda Refuge website |access-date=2009-07-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080905124605/http://www.katafigiovaliacalda.com/enpage3.html |archive-date=2008-09-05 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

[[File:2007 Greece 10 Euro Valia Kalda (Pine trees) front.jpg|thumb|160px|[[Euro gold and silver commemorative coins (Greece)#2007 coinage|Black Pine Trees commemorative coin]]]]
The National Park was selected as main motif for two high value euro collectors' coins: the €10 Greek [[Euro gold and silver commemorative coins (Greece)#2007 coinage|Birds and Flowers]] and [[Euro gold and silver commemorative coins (Greece)#2007 coinage|Black Pine Trees]] commemorative coins, minted in 2007. On the obverse of the latter there is a panoramic view of the common black pine trees that are prevalent in the park.

== See also ==
* [[Agrafa]]
* [[Battle of Pindus]]
* [[Smolikas|Mount Smolikas]] 
* [[Vardousia]] 
* [[Athanasios Diakos, Greece]]
* [[Metsovo]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

== Sources ==
* N. Hammond, Epirus, vol. A΄, transl. Athanasiou Giagka, publ. Epirotiki Vivliothiki, Athens 1971, pp.&nbsp;12–13.
* F. Dasoulas, “Pindos, oi geografikes kai istorikes diastaseis enos onomatos” [Pindos, the geographical and historic dimensions of a name], Epirotiko Imerologio 31 (2012), pp.&nbsp;189–254
* K. Tsipiras, Oreini Ellada [Mountainous Greece], publ. Kedros S.A., 2003, pp.&nbsp;14–61 
* N. Kosmas, “Oi diodoi tis Pindou” [The passages of Pindos], Epirotiki Estia 4 (1955), pp.&nbsp;14–20. 
* N. Pihtos, H aisthitiki tis Pindou [The aesthetics of Pindos], publ. City of Metsovo, Ioannina 1988.
* B. Nitsiakos, Oi oreines koinotites tis voreias Pindou. Ston apoiho tis makras diarkeias [The mountainous settlements of Northern Pindos. Long term echoes], publ. Plethron, Athens 1995.

== Further reading ==
*Salmon, T. (2006), ''The Mountains of Greece: The Pindos Mountains'', Cicerone Press, {{ISBN|978-1-85284-440-0}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category|Pindus}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20091023053448/http://www.greekmountainflora.info/Pages/Northern%20Greece.htm Greek Mountain Flora]
* [https://www.avenzamaps.com/maps/1249489 Pindus Mountains terrain map] by Geopsis (includes [[Tzoumerka]], Peristeri, [[Aspropotamos, Trikala|Aspropotamos]], Triggia, [[Koziakas]])

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[[Category:Pindus| ]]
[[Category:Mountain ranges of Albania]]
[[Category:Mountain ranges of Greece]]
[[Category:Physiographic sections]]
[[Category:Landforms of Epirus (region)]]
[[Category:Landforms of Central Greece]]
[[Category:Landforms of Thessaly]]
[[Category:Landforms of Western Macedonia]]