Editing Pisco

{{short description|Grape spirit made in Peru and Chile}}
{{other uses}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2023}}
{{pp-pc1}}
{{Infobox beverage
| name             = Pisco
| image            = Pisco-bottles-Chile.jpg
| image_size       = 200px
| caption          = A selection of popular Chilean piscos
| origin          = [[Chile]], [[Peru]]
| region           =
| type             = [[distilled alcoholic beverage]]
| abv          = 33–50%
| color           = clear or yellow
| ingredients  = [[Water]], [[grape]]s
| related       = [[Singani]]
}}
'''Pisco''' is a colorless or yellowish-to-amber-colored [[Fruit spirit|spirit]]<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Mitchell |first1=Jerry T. |last2=Terry |first2=William C. |title=Contesting Pisco: Chile, Peru, and the Politics of Trade |date=2011 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/23208637 |journal=Geographical Review |volume=101 |issue=4 |pages=518–535 |doi=10.1111/j.1931-0846.2011.00115.x |jstor=23208637 |bibcode=2011GeoRv.101..518M |s2cid=154310295 |issn=0016-7428|url-access=subscription }}</ref> produced in [[winemaking]] regions of [[Peru]]<ref name="elcomercio.pe">{{cite news |title=Producción de pisco marcó récord histórico en 2015 |trans-title=Pisco production set a historical record in 2015 |url=https://elcomercio.pe/economia/peru/produce-produccion-pisco-marco-record-historico-2015-noticia-1876498/ |work=El Comercio Perú |date=5 February 2016 |language=es}}</ref> and [[Chile]].<ref name=SICE/> Made by [[distilling]] fermented [[grape juice]] into a high-proof [[Distilled beverage|spirit]], it was developed by 16th-century [[Spanish colonization of the Americas|Spanish settlers]] as an alternative to [[orujo]], a [[pomace]] brandy that was being imported from Spain.<ref name="pisco.co.uk">{{cite web|url=http://www.pisco.co.uk/Welcome.html|title=Pisco.co.uk|website=www.pisco.co.uk|access-date=2011-03-13|archive-date=2016-03-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305104115/http://pisco.co.uk/welcome.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>  It had the advantages of being produced from abundant domestically grown fruit and reducing the volume of alcoholic beverages transported to remote locations.<ref>Nuñez, Daisuke. [http://es.scribd.com/doc/137201126/Diferencias-Entre-La-Grapa-Italiana-Aguardiente-Chileno-y-Pisco "Diferencias entre la Grapa Italiana, el Pisco peruano y el Aguardiente Chileno"]. Retrieved on September 23, 2014.</ref>

==Etymology==
[[File:Piscos.JPG|thumb|right|Colonial era [[amphora]]e called ''pisko'' in Cañete Valley, Peru]]
The oldest use of the word ''pisco'' to denote Peruvian [[aguardiente]] dates from 1764.<ref name=Lacoste/> The beverage may have acquired its [[Quechua languages|Quechua]] name from the Peruvian town of [[Pisco, Peru|Pisco]], once an important colonial port for the exportation of viticultural products,<ref name=ConciseOxfordDictionary>''[[Concise Oxford Dictionary]]'', 12th edition, 2012.</ref> which is located on the coast of Peru in the valley of Pisco, by the [[:es:Río Pisco|river]] with the same name.<ref name="OED">"Pisco", ''Oxford English Dictionary''. second ed. 1989.</ref> From there, "Aguardiente de Pisco" was exported to Europe, especially Spain, where the beverage's name was abbreviated to "Pisco".<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Gade |first1=Daniel W. |title=Vitivinicultura andina: difusión, medio ambiente y adaptación cultural |trans-title=Andean viticulture: dissemination, environment and cultural adaptation |language=ca |journal=Treballs de la Societat Catalana de Geografia |date=2 December 2005 |issue=58 |pages=69–87 |url=https://publicacions.iec.cat/repository/pdf/00000019/00000030.pdf}}</ref>

The [[Vienna|Viennese]] newspaper ''[[Wiener Zeitung]]'' in 1835 reported on the Peruvian spirit made from [[Italia (grape)|Italia grapes]]:

{{blockquote|A large quantity of a spirit known as Pisco de Italia, imported from Peru, was consumed in Chile. But since the import duties are so high, a similar grape with large oval berries has been used to produce a similar drink, which has almost completely displaced the Peruvian. [''Ehemals wurde in Chile eine große Menge des unter dem Nahmen ''Pisco de Italia'' im Lande bekannten Branntweins verbraucht, der aus Peru kam; aber seitdem die Einfuhrzölle so hoch sind, hat man aus einer Art Traube mit großen ovalen Beeren ein ähnliches Getränk bereitet, welches das peruanische fast gänzlich verdrängt hat.'']|''Wiener Zeitung''|Saturday, 1 August 1835, page 1}}

In the ''Medical Lexikon'' of Robley Dunglison (1858) it is stated that, following observations of Swiss [[Johann Jakob von Tschudi]]:
{{Blockquote|In Peru, the common brandy obtained from grapes is the Aguardiente de Pisco, so called because shipped at the port of Pisco. |''Medical Lexicon: A Dictionary of Medical Science''|1858, page 859}}

Chilean linguist Rodolfo Lenz said that the word ''pisco'' was used all along the Pacific coast of [[the Americas]] from [[Arauco Province|Arauco]] to Guatemala, and that the word would be of Quechua origin meaning "bird".<ref name=Orich/>

This claim is disputed by Chilean linguist Mario Ferreccio Podesta, who supports the former [[Real Academia Española]] etymology according to which ''pisco'' was originally a word for a mud container.<ref name=Orich/> However, the Real Academia Española later supported Lenz's theory, and underlines the Quechua origin.<ref name=Orich>{{cite web|url=http://buscon.rae.es/drae/srv/search?id=IpQXu2hteDXX2qyLgSw2%7cxPapIiZuUDXX2No6Ryra |title=Real Academia Española, Diccionario usual. |publisher=RAE.es |access-date=2013-08-03}}</ref>

Other origins for the word ''pisco'' have been explored, including a [[Mapudungun]] etymology where "pishku" has been interpreted as "something boiled in a pot", which would relate to the concept of burned wine (Spanish: ''vino quemado'').<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Cortés Olivares |first1=Hernán F |title=El origen, producción y comercio del pisco chileno, 1546–1931 |trans-title=The origin, production and trade of Chilean pisco, 1546–1931 |language=es |journal=Universum |date=2005 |volume=20 |issue=2 |doi=10.4067/S0718-23762005000200005 |doi-access=free}}</ref>

==History==
===Early Aguardientes===
[[File:Piscosingani.jpg|thumb|Zones of pisco production as established by Peruvian and Chilean law in red; the Department of Tarija, [[Bolivia]], where most [[singani]] is produced in green]]
Unlike the land in most of the [[Viceroyalty of New Spain]], where only very few vineyards were established (mostly for the production of [[sacramental wine]]), some locations in the [[Viceroyalty of Peru]] were quite suitable for growing grape vines. By 1560, Peru was already producing wine for commerce; over time, a significant wine industry arose in the region.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Rice |first=Prudence M. |title=The Archaeology of Wine: The Wine and Brandy Haciendas of Moquegua, Peru |journal=Journal of Field Archaeology |date=January 1996 |volume=23 |issue=2 |pages=187–204 |doi=10.1179/009346996791973936}}</ref><ref name=Huertas>{{cite journal |last=Huertas Vallejos |first=Lorenzo |title=Historia de la producción de vinos y piscos en el Perú |trans-title=History of the production of wines and piscos in Peru |language=es |journal=Universum |date=2004 |volume=19 |issue=2 |doi=10.4067/S0718-23762004000200004 |doi-access=free}}</ref> It grew sufficiently strong and threatening to the Spanish [[mercantilist]] policies that in 1595 the [[Spanish Crown]] banned the establishment of new vineyards in the Americas to protect the exports of its native wine industry; however, this order was largely ignored.<ref name=Huertas/> As further protectionist measures, the Crown forbade exportation of Peruvian wine to Panama in 1614 and Guatemala in 1615.<ref name=Huertas/>

In 1572, Santa Maria Magdalena, a town in Peru, had a port by the name ''Pisco''. Pisco became a crucial route for distribution of an alcoholic beverage&nbsp;– aguardiente. Port of Pisco shortened the name to just Pisco, which was the name of the grape liqueur that was originated in the area.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://thepiscopeople.com.au/history-of-pisco/|title=History of Pisco|website=The Pisco People|language=en-US|access-date=2019-05-03}}</ref>

Distillation of the wine into pisco began in earnest around the turn of the 17th century, perhaps in response to these pressures.<ref name=Huertas/> Until the early 18th century, however, most aguardiente was still primarily used to fortify wine, in order to prevent its oxidation, rather than drunk on its own. This method of conservation corresponds with fortified wines that were shipped to Italy and Spain from other parts of the world ''e.g.'', wines from [[Madeira wine|Madeira]] and [[Marsala wine|Marsala]].

In the 17th century, production and consumption of wine and pisco were stimulated by the mining activities in [[Potosí]], by then the largest city in the New World.<ref name=Huertas/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/472778/Potosi|title=Potosi – Bolivia}}</ref>

===Recession of Peruvian pisco===
[[File:Ica in 1615 by Guamán Poma.jpg|thumb|upright|"''The town of [[Ica, Peru|Ica]], land of much wine, the best of the kingdom''", painting of 1615 by the [[Inca]] painter [[Felipe Guaman Poma de Ayala|Guamán Poma]] in his work "Nueva corónica y buen gobierno". [[Royal Library, Denmark]].<ref>{{cite book|url=https://poma.kb.dk/permalink/2006/poma/1049/en/text/?open=idm656|page=1049|year=1615|author-link=Felipe Guaman Poma de Ayala|author=Guamán Poma|title=Guaman Poma, Nueva corónica y buen gobierno (1615)}}</ref>]]
Historians state that the first grapes ever imported arrived in 1553. The production of pisco started at the end of the 16th century. After the process of fermentation and distillation the juice from the grapes was then made in to liquor. This juice was then stored in clay jars called piscos.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://museodelpisco.org/all-about-pisco/|title=All About Pisco – Museo Del Pisco|language=en-US|access-date=2019-05-13|archive-date=2020-10-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201001213336/https://www.museodelpisco.org/all-about-pisco/|url-status=dead}}</ref>

The entire southern coast of Peru was struck by the [[1687 Peru earthquake]], which destroyed the cities of [[Pisco, Peru|Villa de Pisco]] and [[Ica, Peru|Ica]]. [[Wine cellar]]s in the affected area collapsed and mud containers broke, causing the nation's wine-growing industry to collapse.<ref name="Lacoste" /><ref name="Orich" />

In the early 18th century, wine production in Peru exceeded that of pisco. By 1764, pisco production dwarfed that of wine, representing 90% of the grape beverages prepared.<ref name=Lacoste>{{cite journal |last=Lacoste |first=Pablo |title=La vid y el vino en América del Sur: el desplazamiento de los polos vitivinícolas (siglos XVI al XX) |trans-title=The vine and wine in South America: the displacement of the wine-growing poles (16th to 20th centuries) |language=es |journal=Universum |date=2004 |volume=19 |issue=2 |doi=10.4067/S0718-23762004000200005 |doi-access=free}}</ref> With the [[suppression of the Society of Jesus]] in Spanish America, [[Jesuit]] vineyards were auctioned off, and new owners typically did not have the same expertise as the Jesuits – leading to a production decline.<ref name=Lacoste/>

In the late 18th century the Spanish Crown allowed the production of [[rum]] in Peru, which was cheaper and of lower quality than pisco.<ref name=Lacoste/> In the 19th century demand for cotton in industrialized Europe caused many Peruvian winegrowers to shift away from vineyards to more lucrative cotton planting, contributing further to the decline of wine production and the pisco industry which depended on it.<ref name=Orich/> This was particularly true during the time of the [[American Civil War]] (1861–1865) when cotton prices skyrocketed due to the [[Union blockade|Blockade of the South]] and its cotton fields.<ref name=Lacoste/>

Pisco was also popular in the US, in [[San Francisco]] and nearby areas of [[California]] since the 1830s, during the [[California Gold Rush|Gold Rush]], in the 1860s, and early to mid 1900s.<ref>Toro-Lira, G., [https://www.amazon.com/dp/1452873011 ''History of Pisco in San Francisco: A scrapbook of first-hand accounts''], CreateSpace, Sep. 29, 2010.</ref><ref>Toro-Lira, G. & Zapata, S., [https://wingsofcherubs.com/the-u-s-vs-200-jars-of-pisco-peruvian-exporting-tradition-of-pisco/1 ''The U.S. vs. 200 jars of Pisco: Peruvian Exporting Tradition of Pisco''], Originally published in Spanish as: “Tradición Exportadora Peruana del Pisco: Los Estados Unidos vs. Doscientas Botijas de Pisco”. Boletín de Lima, N° 152, 2008. pp. 51-62. Lima, Peru.</ref>

== Origin dispute ==
There has been some controversy over whether Pisco originated in Chile or Peru. Both countries say that pisco is their national drink. Peru and Chile both rely on agricultural development for exportation. However, culture and history is what drives this dispute. Both countries want to show national spirit and have the right to call the centuries-old pisco their own.<ref name="Terry 518–535">{{cite journal |last1=Mitchell |first1=Jerry T. |last2=Terry |first2=William C. |title=Contesting Pisco: Chile, Peru, And The Politics Of Trade |journal=Geographical Review |date=1 October 2011 |volume=101 |issue=4 |pages=518–535 |doi=10.1111/j.1931-0846.2011.00115.x |bibcode=2011GeoRv.101..518M |s2cid=154310295}}</ref> There may never be a specific geographical designation when it comes to the branding of pisco. There will almost never be a label that says "Peruvian pisco" or "Chilean pisco" as there is a special agreement for protection of the beverage. This agreement prohibits many kinds of branding that suggest country names.<ref name="Terry 518–535"/>

==Variants==
===Peruvian pisco===
{{Main|Peruvian Pisco}}
[[File:Pisco.JPG|right|thumb|Bottles of Peruvian pisco]]
[[File:Pisco peru.jpg|upright|thumb|[[Composition (visual arts)|Compositioned]] picture of two bottles of Pisco produced in Peru]]

Peruvian pisco must be made in the country's five official D.O. (Denomination of Origin) departments—Lima, Ica, Arequipa, Moquegua and Tacna (only in the valleys of Locumba Locumba, Sama and Caplina)— established in 1991 by the government.

In Peru, pisco is produced only using copper [[pot still]]s, like [[Single malt Scotch|single malt]] [[Scotch whisky|Scotch whiskies]], rather than [[continuous still]]s like most [[vodka]]s. Unlike the Chilean variety, Peruvian pisco is never diluted after it is distilled and enters the bottle directly at its distillation strength.<ref name=":0">{{cite web |url=http://southamericanfood.about.com/od/drinks/a/pisco.htm |title=Pisco, Famous Liqueur from Peru and Chile |access-date=September 23, 2014 |website=About Food |publisher=About.com |last=Blazes |first=Marian |archive-date=September 15, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140915062329/http://southamericanfood.about.com/od/drinks/a/pisco.htm |url-status=dead}}</ref> The production of a regular Peruvian Pisco bottle requires 8 kilograms of grapes, and a Mosto Verde variety needs 12&nbsp;kg.<ref>[http://larepublica.pe/08-12-2005/la-contra-efrain-wong-un-pisco-con-estirpe-peruana  A la contra. Efraín Wong, un pisco con estirpe peruana] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160604041906/http://larepublica.pe/08-12-2005/la-contra-efrain-wong-un-pisco-con-estirpe-peruana |date=2016-06-04}} (in Spanish)</ref>

Many types of grapes were used to produce pisco, leading to a wide variation in flavor, aroma, [[viscosity]] and appearance of the liquor. This harmed attempts to export the product under a single denomination, resulting in numerous regulations setting a baseline for a product to carry the name. Four distinct types of pisco were thus designated:<ref>[http://www.conapisco.org.pe/pdfs/norma2006.pdf Norma Téchnica Peruana NTP 211.006] (in Spanish), Comisión de Reglamentos Técnicos y Comerciales - [[INDECOPI]], 7th edition, Nov. 2, 2006.</ref>

:*'''Puro (''Pure'')''', made from a single variety of grape, mostly Quebranta, although Mollar or Common Black can be used; however, no blending between varieties is accepted ("pure" pisco should contain only one variety of grape).
:*'''Aromáticas (''Aromatic'')''', made from [[Muscat Grape|Muscat]] or Muscat-derived grape varieties, and also from Albilla, Italia and Torontel grape varieties; once again, the pisco should only contain one variety of grape in any production lot.
:*'''Mosto Verde (''Green Must'')''', distilled from partially [[fermentation (food)|fermented]] [[must]], this must be distilled ''before'' the fermentation process has completely transformed sugars into alcohol.
:*'''Acholado (''Multivarietal'')''', blended from the must of several varieties of grape.

Some other specific restrictions of note are:{{citation needed|date=October 2011}}
:*'''Aging:''' Pisco must be aged for a minimum of three months in vessels of "glass, stainless steel or any other material which does not alter its physical, chemical or organic properties".
:*'''Additives:''' No additives of any kind may be added to the pisco that could alter its flavor, odor, appearance or [[alcoholic proof]].

Peru currently{{When|date=June 2017}} exports three times more pisco than Chile.<ref name="Kulp">{{Cite news|url=https://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2015/10/18/peru-vs-chile-south-america-s-great-pisco-war|title=Peru vs. Chile: South America's Great Pisco War|last=Kulp|first=Kayleigh|date=2015-10-18|access-date=2019-05-03|language=en}}</ref> In 2008, Peruvian pisco exports 48 percent more than Chile compared to the year before that, exceeding 1 million dollars,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.peruviantimes.com/05/peruvian-pisco-exports-up-48-percent-since-last-year-surpassing-chile/903/|title=Peruvian pisco exports up 48 percent since last year, surpassing Chile|website=www.peruviantimes.com|date=5 December 2008|language=en-US|access-date=2019-05-03}}</ref> although Chile produces about three times as much pisco as Peru.<ref name="www.odepa.gob.cl">http://www.odepa.gob.cl/odepaweb/publicaciones/doc/2439.pdf {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180219005217/http://www.odepa.gob.cl/odepaweb/publicaciones/doc/2439.pdf |date=2018-02-19}} Pisco: Producción y mercado</ref><ref name="elcomercio.pe"/> Chile is also the top importer of pisco from Peru: 34% of the pisco produced in Peru is exported to Chile.<ref name="Gestion">{{Cite news|url=http://gestion.pe/economia/chile-mayor-comprador-pisco-peruano-2170371|title=Chile es el mayor comprador de pisco peruano|last=gestion.pe|date=2016-09-17|work=Gestion|access-date=2017-05-28|language=es|archive-date=2017-09-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170911223125/http://gestion.pe/economia/chile-mayor-comprador-pisco-peruano-2170371|url-status=dead}}</ref> Annually, the pisco production in 2013 reached 30 million litres in Chile and 9.5 million litres in Peru.<ref name="www.odepa.gob.cl" />{{dead link|date=April 2019}}<ref name="elcomercio.pe" />

Peruvian pisco won over 20 gold medals and was named the best liquor of the world in the Concours Mondial de Bruxelles 2011.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.peruthisweek.com/food-pisco-named-best-liquor-in-the-world-20181/|title=Pisco named best liquor in the world|publisher=El Comercio|date=18 May 2012|access-date=30 January 2015|archive-date=30 June 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170630155624/http://www.peruthisweek.com/food-pisco-named-best-liquor-in-the-world-20181/|url-status=dead}}</ref>

===Chilean pisco===
[[File:Pisco El Aviador (1915).jpg|thumb|right|Chilean "Pisco Aviador" label from 1915]]
Chilean pisco must be made in the country's two official D.O. (Denomination of Origin) regions—Atacama and Coquimbo—established in 1931 by the government.
Most of it is produced with a "boutique" type of distillate. Other types are produced with double distillation in copper and other materials.

During the adaptation of many vineyards to pisco production, the most widespread grape was used as raw material, the [[Muscat grape|Muscat]], with some vineyards preferring the [[Torontel]] and [[Pedro Jiménez]] varieties. As is the case with Peru, regulations for pisco designations have been enacted in Chile, including the following classifications:{{citation needed|date=October 2011}}
:*'''Pisco Corriente o Tradicional''', 30% to 35% (60 to 70 proof)
:*'''Pisco Especial''', 35% to 40% (70 to 80 proof)
:*'''Pisco Reservado''', 40% (80 proof)
:*'''Gran Pisco''', 43% or more (86 or more proof)

Regulation for pisco production in Chile is quite high. Chilean distilleries are required to grow their own grapes and are grouped into two categories based in aromatic expressiveness: Muscat types (Pink Muscat, Muscat of Alexandria) are very fragrant, while Pedro Jiménez, Moscatel de Asturia and Torontel are more subtle.<ref name="Sag.cl">{{cite web|url=http://www.sag.gob.cl|title=SAG - Servicio Agrícola y Ganadero|website=www.sag.gob.cl}}</ref>

The ''Special'' and ''Reserve'' variations are very similar in flavor and color, both being subtly sweet and of a clear birch to transparent color. The flavor is much stronger than regular pisco with aromatic refreshing tones.

== Manufacturing process ==
The processes of making pisco all come from the fermentation of specific grapes called [[Muscat (grape)|Muscat]] or [[Italia (grape)|Italia]] grapes. The grapes are then distilled in copper basins. However, before this, the grapes have to go through a process called grape-stomping. Grapes stomping usually occurs in the afternoon to avoid the dry heat on the coast of Peru. A group of men spread around the winepress and stomp on the grapes for about 6 intervals. During this process the men will enjoy their time as they sing, joke around, and have pisco punch. The grape juice then falls into a saturation basin called puntaya. Here the juice will sit for 24 hours. Later, the juices are restored in fermentation tubs. The fermentation process usually lasts 7 days. This is so the natural yeasts in the grape skin take in sugars and process it into alcohol. Usually, the pisco producers will control the temperature of the fermentation so the heat does not increase. Otherwise, the natural aroma of the grapes will evaporate and not give the pisco a certain characteristic that is crucial in high quality pisco. When the fermentation process is over, the pisco is distilled in large copper basins.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://museodelpisco.org/all-about-pisco/|title=All About Pisco – Museo Del Pisco|language=en-US|access-date=2019-05-03|archive-date=2020-10-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201001213336/https://www.museodelpisco.org/all-about-pisco/|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Ecological concerns==
Chile has taken steps to have a clean and [[environmentally friendly]] production of pisco. In order to crack down on [[pollution]], and to increase competitiveness, the National Council for Clean Production agreed with the pisco producers and pisco grape agronomists to collaborate, signing an Agreement of Clean Production (APL). [[Cooperativa Agrícola Pisquera Elqui Limitada|Capel]], by itself invested more than [[Chilean peso|CL$]] 800 million.<ref>[http://www.economiaynegocios.cl/noticias/noticias.asp?id=50614 Economía y Negocios Online<!-- Bot generated title -->] (in Spanish).</ref>

Peru's production of pisco remains artisanal and does not alter the physical, chemical or organic properties before bottling. The pisco must be bottled directly after aging, without alteration or adding any product which could alter the odor, flavor or appearance.{{Citation needed|date=February 2021}}

==Appellation of origin==
The right to use an [[appellation of origin]] for pisco is hotly contested between Peru and Chile, though historians generally believe that pisco originated from Peru.<ref name=":1">{{cite news |title=Tale of a 'tail: The pisco sour |url=https://www.cnn.com/travel/article/pisco-sour-chile-peru/index.html |publisher=[[CNN]] |date=2018-10-02 |access-date=2018-10-04}}</ref>

Peru claims the exclusive right to use the term "pisco" only for products from Peru,{{Citation needed|date=June 2017}}  but they have not generally been able to persuade other countries to adopt that interpretation. Chile, in contrast, regards the term "pisco" as generic, and it argues the spirit is simply a ''type'' of alcoholic beverage made from grapes (as in the case of whisky and vodka). It cites the name being used to designate a similar grape brandy produced in both countries and maintains two [[Chile#Administrative divisions|regions]] of Chile, [[Atacama Region|Atacama]] and [[Coquimbo Region|Coquimbo]], that it authorizes to use the term.<ref name="dfl181">{{Cite web|url=http://www.feriadoschilenos.cl/normas.html#DFL_181_1931_MINAGR|title=Días feriados en Chile: Anexos - Listado de leyes y otras normas relevantes|access-date=20 December 2012|author=Farah, Miguel|date=19 October 2008|publisher=www.feriadoschilenos.cl}}</ref>

Large-market countries (e.g., the European Union,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:L:2013:289:0048:0048:EN:PDF|title=Commission Regulation No 1065/2013, European Commission, 30 October 2013}}</ref><ref name="EUMainSpecs">[http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:C:2011:141:0016:0018:EN:PDF Main Specifications of the Technical File for 'Pisco'], European Commission document 2011/C 141/16, 12 May 2011.</ref> the United States,<ref name="SICE">{{cite web|url=http://www.sice.oas.org/Trade/chiusa_e/Text_e.asp |title=SICE – Free Trade Agreement between the Government of the United States of America and the Government of the Republic of Chile |publisher=SICE |access-date=2012-03-26}}</ref> France,<ref name="WIPO865">{{cite web|url=http://www.wipo.int/cgi-lis/guest/ifetch5?ENG+LISBON+17-00+41336012-KEY+256+0+865+F-ENG+1+2+1+25+SEP-0/HITNUM,NO,APP-ENG+Pisco+|title=Appelation 865: Pisco, WIPO}}</ref><ref name="France">[http://www.wipo.int/ipdl/IPDL-IMAGES/LISBON-IMAGES/0865_fr.pdf France refusal of protection of Pisco appellation (appellation registration no. 865)] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304051216/http://www.wipo.int/ipdl/IPDL-IMAGES/LISBON-IMAGES/0865_fr.pdf |date=2016-03-04}}, submitted to [[WIPO]] by [[France]], 7 July 2006 (in French)</ref> Italy,<ref name="WIPO865" /><ref name="Italy">[http://www.wipo.int/ipdl/IPDL-IMAGES/LISBON-IMAGES/0865_it.pdf Italy refusal of protection of Pisco appellation (appellation registration no. 865)] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160509092208/http://www.wipo.int/ipdl/IPDL-IMAGES/LISBON-IMAGES/0865_it.pdf |date=2016-05-09}}, submitted to [[WIPO]] by [[Italy]], 7 July 2006 (in French)</ref> Mexico,<ref name="WIPO865" /><ref>[http://www.wipo.int/ipdl/IPDL-IMAGES/LISBON-IMAGES/0865_mx.pdf Mexico negation of protection of Pisco appellation (appellation registration no. 865)] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304052924/http://www.wipo.int/ipdl/IPDL-IMAGES/LISBON-IMAGES/0865_mx.pdf |date=2016-03-04}}, submitted to [[WIPO]] by [[Mexico]] 19 June and 24 October 2006 (in Spanish and French)</ref> Canada,<ref name="Canada1">Roffe, P., [http://www.qiap.ca/pages/documents/Chile_US_final.pdf Bilateral Agreements and a TRIPS-plus World: The Chile–USA Free Trade Agreement], Quaker International Affaires Programme, Ottawa.</ref><ref name="Canada2">[http://www.gazette.gc.ca/archives/p1/2002/2002-08-10/pdf/g1-13632.pdf Canada Gazette Part I, Vol. 136, No. 32] (pages 2422 and 2423), August 10, 2002.</ref> Australia,<ref name="Australia">{{cite web |url=http://www.dfat.gov.au/fta/aclfta/Australia-Chile-FTA-01.html |title=Australia-Chile Free Trade Agreement, Article 3.12: Treatment of Certain Spirits |publisher=Dfat.gov.au |date=2011-01-13 |access-date=2012-03-26 |archive-date=2012-03-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120324081326/http://dfat.gov.au/fta/aclfta/Australia-Chile-FTA-01.html |url-status=dead}}</ref> etc.) generally allow products of both Peru and Chile to be identified as "pisco". The [[European Commission]] considers that pisco originates from Peru, but also allows the term to be used for products from Chile.<ref name="EC110/2008"> Annex III of [https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:02008R0110-20180823 EC Regulation 110/2008, amended]. Retrieved 2019-03-24</ref>

==Cocktails==
[[File:Piscos chilenos.jpg|right|thumb|Pisco produced in Chile]]
Some of the most popular cocktails with pisco include:

* [[Pisco sour]] is made with pisco, [[egg white]]s and dash of [[bitters]].<ref>Garbee, J., [http://www.latimes.com/features/food/la-fo-cocktail21-2008may21,0,4918724.story A summer twist on pisco sour, caipirinha cocktails], ''Los Angeles Times'', May 21, 2008.</ref>
* Chilcano (Pisco, Ginger Ale, Lime wedge, or wheel, for garnish). It has variations with lime, blood orange, grapefruit, and pineapple.
* [[Cola de mono|Monkey Tail]] (Cola de Mono or Colemono), is a traditional Chilean drink served around Christmas time. It contains aguardiente<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.grape-experiences.com/2020/12/holiday-cocktail-tradition-monkey-tail-catan-pisco/ |title=Your Newest Holiday Cocktail Tradition – 'Monkey Tail' (Cola de Mono) with Catan Pisco |access-date=2023-01-05 |website=www.grape-experiences.com}}</ref>
* [[Pisco punch|Pisco Punch]], the first known pisco cocktail, invented in [[San Francisco]], [[California]], in the 19th century. It contains pineapple, [[gum arabic]], and syrup, among other ingredients.<ref>{{cite book|last=Meehan |first=Jim |title=History of Pisco in San Francisco|year=2010 |publisher=CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform|isbn=978-1452873015}}</ref>
* [[Serena libre|Serena Libre]], sweeter than Pisco Sour, made with [[Mountain papaya|Chilean papaya]] juice and sugar.
* Pisquiña, very similar to [[Caipirinha]], it has Pisco, Chilean [[Limón de Pica|Pica lime]] juice, white sugar and ice.
* Mojito de Cuma, a Chilean version of a cocktail similar to [[Mojito]], is made with Pisco, [[Sprite (soft drink)|Sprite]], [[Seven Up]] or a similar soda and [[mint leaves]]. Thanks to those sodas' sweetness, it doesn't require sugar.
* [[Piscola Blanca]], a variation of [[Piscola]] in Chile with clear sodas.
* [[Pisagua (drink)|Pisagua]] Chilean Pisco with carbonated water.
* [[Pischela]], another variation of Chilean [[Piscola]], similar to a British "submarine" it is Pisco with [[beer]], preferably a blonde beer.
* Terremoto, a traditional Chilean cocktail made of [[Pipeño]] strengthened with Pisco, Fernet (optional), pineapple ice cream and [[Grenadine]] syrup.
* [[Piscoffee]], Pisco with iced coffee and ice. Also is a variation of [[Irish coffee]] with pisco instead of whiskey.
* [[Cóctel de Algarrobina]], Peruvian Pisco with [[algarrobina|algarrobina syrup]] (or carob syrup), cinnamon, egg yolk, and cream.
* Pisco Flip, a flip on the traditional Pisco Sour, made with egg yolks instead of whites.<ref>{{cite web|title=Pisco Flip|url=http://www.fontanapisco.com/portfolio/pisco-flip/|publisher=Viviza, LLC|access-date=24 October 2013}}</ref>
* [[Cupid's Cup]], Peruvian pisco, aperol, fresh lemon juice, simple syrup, and egg whites. A thyme sprig is used for decoration.<ref>{{cite web|title=Cupid's Cup|url=http://www.fontanapisco.com/portfolio/cupids-cu/|publisher=Viviza, LLC|access-date=24 October 2013}}</ref>
* Tampisco Bay, a cocktail inspired by [[Tampa Bay]], [[Florida]]. Made using pisco and fresh cucumber juice, agave nectar, jalapeño slices, and red bell pepper slices and served in an ice filled highball glass.<ref>{{cite web|title=Tampisco Bay|url=http://www.fontanapisco.com/portfolio/tampisco-ba/|publisher=Viviza, LLC|access-date=24 October 2013}}</ref>

===Mixed drinks===
Some examples of mixed drinks with pisco include:
* [[Canario (cocktail)|Canario]]
* [[Capitán (cocktail)|Capitán]]
* [[Chilcano de Pisco]], a Peruvian cocktail made with Pisco, lemon juice, ice, bitters, and ginger ale.
* [[Piscola]], also called "national cocktail" in Chile ({{langx|es|Combinado nacional}} or {{lang|es|combinado}}) a cocktail prepared mixing [[Coca-Cola]] and pisco. Other combinations of Pisco and cola include the Perú Libre differentiating the same drink made with different origin piscos.
* [[Pisco Sorpresa]], a cocktail originated in East London, inspired by the Latin American classic. Involves shaking gin, Cointreau, triple sec, Bacardi and pisco, adding raspberry juice, pouring into a cocktail glass and finishing off with a dash of soda, grenadine and a squeeze of lemon.
* [[Piscotheque (cocktail)|Piscotheque]]
* [[Roller Pisco (cocktail)|Roller Pisco]]
* [[Don Alfredo (cocktail)|Don Alfredo]], a Peruvian cocktail made with mosto verde Pisco, [[St-Germain (liqueur)|St Germain]], lime juice, ice and soda water.

==Consumption==
Per capita consumption of pisco in Chile is 3 litres per year; an average of 18% of pisco production by value is ''premium pisco''.<ref>[http://www.latinamerican-markets.com/chile---mercado-de-pisco-0  Chile - Mercado de Pisco] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130413130821/http://www.latinamerican-markets.com/chile---mercado-de-pisco-0 |date=2013-04-13}}, Latin American Markets (in Spanish).</ref> Peruvian annual per capita consumption was reported in 2008 as 0.5 litres and growing (at the expense of [[market share]]s for [[rum]] and [[whisky]], although whisky remains the most popular [[Alcoholic spirit|spirit]] in Peru).<ref>[http://www.andina.com.pe/espanol/Noticia.aspx?id=sCAd9r50oxs= Consumo per cápita de pisco es de 0.5 litros al año, afirma Viña Ocucaje] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120319194817/http://www.andina.com.pe/espanol/Noticia.aspx?id=sCAd9r50oxs= |date=2012-03-19}}, ''Andina'', Feb. 25, 2008 (in Spanish).</ref> 2014 reports mention also an increase of 3.5 million liters per year for the internal market.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://elcomercio.pe/economia/negocios/salud-consumo-interno-pisco-crece-15-cada-ano-noticia-1683453|title=¡Salud! El consumo interno de pisco crece 15% cada año|first=Redacción|last=EC|newspaper=El Comercio |date=7 January 2014}}</ref>

The top importer of Peruvian pisco is Chile, with an estimated import value of US$1.6 million in 2016. The United States is the second highest importer, with an estimated import value of US$1.4 million.<ref name=Gestion/>

==See also==
{{portal|Liquor|Drink}}
* [[List of piscos]]
* [[Singani]]
* [[Cocoroco]]

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Pisco|lcfirst=yes}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070928003740/http://www.peru.info/e_ftoculturaeng.asp?pdr=1101&jrq=5.5.3.1&ic=2&ids=2191 Pisco information, Peru]
* [http://pbav.homestead.com/files/pisco.html Pisco: A Peruvian Tradition of Excellence], Peruvian Business Association of Vancouver
* [http://www.rtumi.se Pisco Sour]: Served in the traditional way
* [http://www.piscochile.com Pisco Chile]

{{Alcoholic beverages}}

[[Category:Pisco| ]]