Editing Pitjantjatjara

{{Short description|Aboriginal people of Central Australia}}
{{about|the Australian Indigenous group|their language|Pitjantjatjara dialect|the lands act concerning them|Anangu Pitjantjatjara Yankunytjatjara Land Rights Act 1981}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2021}}
{{Use Australian English|date=March 2018}}
{{Citation style|date=February 2024}}
{{Infobox ethnic group
 | image       = Anangu ranger at Uluru.png
 | native_name = Aṉangu
 | caption     = Pitjantjatjara ranger at Uluru
 | group       = Pitjantjatjara
 | population  =
 | region1     = {{Flag|Australia}}
 | pop1        =
 | ref1        =
 | region2     = [[Central Australia]]:
 | pop2        = {{circa|4,000}}
 | ref2        =
 | region3     = {{Plainlist|
* {{Flag|South Australia}}
* {{Flag|Northern Territory}}
 }}
 | pop3        =
 | ref3        =
 | region4     =
 | pop4        =
 | ref4        =
 | region5     = [[Anangu Pitjantjatjara Yankunytjatjara]]
 | pop5        =
 | ref5        =
 | languages   = [[Pitjantjatjara dialect|Pitjantjatjara]]<br />[[English language|English]] ([[Australian English]], [[Australian Aboriginal English]])
 | religions   = [[Australian Aboriginal mythology|Traditional]], [[Christianity]]
 | related     = [[Ngaanyatjarra]], [[Yankunytjatjara]]
 | footnotes   =
}}
The '''Pitjantjatjara''' ({{IPAc-en|ˌ|p|ɪ|tʃ|ən|tʃ|ə|ˈ|tʃ|ɑːr|ə}};<ref>{{cite book |first=Laurie |last=Bauer |year=2007 |title=The Linguistics Student's Handbook |location=Edinburgh}}</ref> {{IPA|pjt|ˈpɪɟanɟaɟaɾa|lang}} or {{IPA|pjt|ˈpɪɟanɟaɾa|}}) are an [[Aboriginal Australians|Aboriginal]] people of the [[Central Australia]]n desert near [[Uluru]]. They are closely related to the [[Yankunytjatjara]] and [[Ngaanyatjarra]] and their languages are, to a large extent, mutually intelligible (all are varieties of the [[Western Desert language]]).

They refer to themselves as [[Anangu]] (people). The Pitjantjatjara live mostly in the northwest of [[South Australia]], extending across the border into the [[Northern Territory]] to just south of [[Lake Amadeus]], and west a short distance into [[Western Australia]]. The land is an inseparable and important part of their identity, and every part of it is rich with stories and meaning to aṉangu.{{sfn|Kimber|1986|loc=chapter 12}}

== Pronunciation ==
The [[ethnonym]] ''Pitjantjatjara'' is usually pronounced (in normal, fast speech) with elision of one of the repeated syllables ''-tja-'', thus: ''pitjantjara''. In more careful speech all syllables will be pronounced.{{sfn|Goddard|1985}}

== Etymology ==
The name ''Pitjantjatjara'' derives from the word ''pitjantja'', a [[nominalization|nominalised form]] of the verb "go" (equivalent to the English "going" used as a noun). Combined with the [[comitative]] suffix ''-tjara'', it means something like "''pitjantja''-having" (i.e. the variety that uses the word ''pitjantja'' for "going").  This distinguishes it from its near neighbour Yankunytjatjara which has ''yankunytja'' for the same meaning.{{sfn|Goddard|2010|p=871}} This naming strategy is also the source of the names of [[Ngaanyatjarra language|Ngaanyatjarra]] and [[Ngaatjatjarra language|Ngaatjatjarra]] but in that case the names contrast the two languages based on their words for "this" (respectively, ''ngaanya'' and ''ngaatja''). The two languages Pitjantjatjara and Yankunytjatjara may be grouped together under the name Nyangatjatjara (indicating that they have ''nyangatja'' for "this") which then contrasts them with [[Ngaanyatjarra]] and [[Ngaatjatjarra]].{{sfn|Goddard|1985}}

==Language==
[[Pitjantjatjara language]] is used as a general term for a number of closely related dialects which together, according to Ronald Trudinger were "spoken over a wider area of Australia than any other Aboriginal language".{{sfn|Trudinger|1943|p=205}} It shares an 80% overlap in vocabulary with [[Yankunytjatjara]].{{sfn|Goddard|2010|p=871}}

==Some major communities==
See WARU community directory{{sfn|WARU community directory}} for a complete list
* in South Australia type 2
** in the [[Anangu Pitjantjatjara Yankunytjatjara]], including:
*** [[Ernabella, South Australia|Ernabella]] also called Pukatja
*** [[Amata, South Australia|Amata]]
*** [[Kalka, South Australia|Kalka]]
*** [[Pipalyatjara, South Australia|Pipalyatjara]]
** [[Yalata, South Australia|Yalata]]
** [[Oak Valley, South Australia|Oak Valley]]
* In the Northern Territory
** [[Docker River, Northern Territory|Docker River]]
** [[Areyonga, Northern Territory|Areyonga]]
** [[Mutitjulu, Northern Territory|Mutitjulu]]
* In Western Australia
** [[Wingellina, Western Australia|Wingellina]] also called Irruntju

==History==
From 1950 onwards, many aṉangu were forced to leave their traditional lands due to [[British nuclear tests at Maralinga]]. Some aṉangu were subsequently contaminated by the [[nuclear fallout]] from the [[atomic test]]s.{{sfn|Tame|Robotham|1982}} Their experience of issues of [[Indigenous land rights in Australia|land rights]] and [[native title in Australia|native title]] in South Australia has been unique. After four years of campaigning and negotiations with government and mining groups, the ''[[Pitjantjatjara Land Rights Act 1981]]'' was passed on 19 March 1981, granting freehold title over {{cvt|103,000|km2|mi2|abbr=on}} of land in the northwestern corner of South Australia.

=== Recognition of sacred sites ===
[[File:Uluru 1.JPG|thumb|200px|Pitjantjatjara people ([[Anangu]]) live in the area around [[Uluru|Uluru / Ayers Rock]] and south to the [[Great Australian Bight]].]]
The sacred sites of Uluru / Ayers Rock and [[Kata Tjuṯa|Kata Tjuṯa / Mount Olga]] possess important spiritual and ceremonial significance for the ''Anangu'' with more than 40 named sacred sites and 11 separate [[the Dreaming|Tjukurpa]] (or "Dreaming") tracks in the area, some of which lead as far as the sea. Uluru / Ayers Rock and Kata Tjuta / Mount Olga are separated from the Pitjantjatjara lands by the border between the [[Northern Territory]] and South Australia and have become a major tourist attraction and a [[national park]].

==Notable people==
{{div col|colwidth=25em}}
* [[Gordon Briscoe]], an association football player
* [[Ian Abdulla]], an award-winning author, and artist
* [[Trevor Adamson]], a country/gospel singer
* [[Tiger Tjalkalyirri]], an elder and guide
* [[Anmanari Brown]], pioneering artist
* [[Hector Burton]], an artist
* [[Wawiriya Burton]], an artist, known for acrylic works
* [[Angkaliya Curtis]], an artist
* [[Malpiya Davey]], also known as Irpintiri Davey, an artist, known for ceramic artworks
* [[Jimmy James (tracker)|Jimmy James]] OAM, a tracker
* [[Rene Kulitja]], an artist, a famous design is Yananyi Dreaming, which covers a Qantas Boeing 737
* [[David Miller (painter)|David Miller]], an artist
* [[Dickie Minyintiri]], an award-winning artist, and sacred lawman
* [[Tiger Palpatja]], an artist
* [[Walter Pukutiwara]], an artist
* [[Kunmanara Stewart]], an artist
* [[Tjunkaya Tapaya]], a batik artist
* [[Malya Teamay]], an Aboriginal Australian artist, and Uluṟu-Kata Tjuṯa National Park management board member
* [[Wingu Tingima]], an artist
* [[Tony Tjamiwa]], also known as Tony Curtis, a traditional healer and storyteller
* [[Harry Tjutjuna]], an artist
* [[Yannima Tommy Watson]], known as Tommy Watson, an artist
* [[Ginger Wikilyiri]], an artist
* [[Ruby Tjangawa Williamson|Ruby Williamson]], an artist, known for acrylic works
* [[Nipper Winmarti]], Aboriginal tracker and Traditional Owner of Uluru
* [[Bart Willoughby]], a musician, noted for his pioneering fusion of reggae
* [[Frank Yamma]], an early proponent of singing Western style songs in traditional language
* [[Isaac Yamma]], a country singer
* [[Harold Allison]], initiated as a member of the Pitjantjatjara
{{citation needed|date=December 2021}} shortly after becoming Minister of Aboriginal Affairs
{{div col end}}

==See also==
{{Portal|Australia}}
* [[Wiltja]], a shelter made by the Pitjantjatjara people and other indigenous Australian groups

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

===Citations===
{{Reflist|20em}}

==Sources==
{{refbegin|30em}}
*{{Cite journal | title = Aborigines of the West Coast of South Australia; vocabularies and ethnological notes
 | last = Bates | first = Daisy
 | author-link = Daisy Bates (author)
 | journal = [[Royal Society of South Australia|Transactions of the Royal Society of South Australia]]
 | location = Adelaide
 | via = [[Biodiversity Heritage Library|BHL]]
 | year = 1918 | volume = 42 | pages = 152–167
 | url = https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/42802106
}}{{unused source|date=January 2025}}
*{{Cite journal | title = Tribal Migrations and Myths Centring on Ooldea, South Australia
 | last = Berndt | first = Ronald M.
 | author-link = Ronald Berndt
 | journal = [[Oceania (journal)|Oceania]]
 | date = September 1941 | volume = 12 | issue = 1 | pages = 1–20
 | doi = 10.1002/j.1834-4461.1941.tb00343.x | jstor = 40327930
}}{{unused source|date=January 2025}}
*{{Cite book| title = Doctor and the Aborigines
 | last = Duguid | first = Charles | year = 1972
 | publisher = Rigby
 | url = https://archive.org/details/doctoraborigines0000dugu | url-access = registration | via = [[Internet Archive]]
 | isbn = 0-85179-411-4
}}{{unused source|date=January 2025}}
*{{Cite journal | title = Kinship in Western Central Australia
 | last = Fry | first = H. K.
 | journal = [[Oceania (journal)|Oceania]]
 | date = June 1934 | volume = 4 | issue = 4 | pages = 472–478
 | doi = 10.1002/j.1834-4461.1934.tb00123.x | jstor = 27976165
}}{{unused source|date=January 2025}}
*{{Cite book| title = Ngaanyatjarra texts. New Revised edition of Pitjantjatjara texts (1969)
 | last1 = Glass | first1 = Amee
 | last2 = Hackett | first2 = Dorothy
 | year = 1979
 | publisher = Australian Institute of Aboriginal Studies | location = Canberra
 | url = https://archive.org/details/ngaanyatjarratex0000glas | url-access = registration | via = [[Internet Archive]]
 | isbn = 0-391-01683-0
}}{{unused source|date=January 2025}}
*{{Cite book| title = A Grammar of Yankunytjatjara
 | last = Goddard | first = Cliff | year = 1985
 | publisher = Institute for Aboriginal Development Press
 | isbn = 0-949659-32-0
}}
*{{Cite book| title = Pitjantjatjara/Yankunytjatjara to English Dictionary
 | last = Goddard | first = Cliff | year = 1996
 | publisher = IAD Press | location = Alice Springs
 | isbn = 0-949659-91-6
}}{{unused source|date=January 2025}}
*{{Cite encyclopedia| title = Pitjantjatjara/Yankunytjatjara
 | last = Goddard | first = Cliff | year = 2010
 | encyclopedia = Concise Encyclopedia of Languages of the World
 | editor1-last = Brown | editor1-first = Keith
 | editor2-last = Ogilvie | editor2-first = Sarah
 | publisher = Elsevier
 | pages = 871–876
 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=F2SRqDzB50wC&pg=PA871
 | isbn = 978-0-080-87775-4
}}
*{{Cite book| title = The People in Between: The Pitjantjatjara People of Ernabella
 | last = Hilliard | first = Winifred M. | year = 1976
 | orig-year = First published 1968
 | publisher = Seal Books
 | isbn = 0-7270-0159-0
}} (reprint){{unused source|date=January 2025}}
*{{Cite book| title = Desert Crafts: Anangu Maruku Punu
 | last = Isaacs | first = Jennifer | year = 1992
 | publisher = Doubleday
 | isbn = 0-86824-474-0
}}{{unused source|date=January 2025}}
*{{Cite book| title = Minyma Tjuta Tjunguringkula Kunpuringanyi: Women Growing Strong Together
 | last = Kavanagh | first = Maggie | year = 1990
 | publisher = Ngaanyatjarra, Pitjantjatjara, Yankunytjatjara Women's Council 1980–1990
 | isbn = 0-646-02068-4
}}{{unused source|date=January 2025}}
*{{Cite book| title = Man from Arltunga
 | last = Kimber | first = R. G. | year = 1986
 | publisher = Hesperian Press | location = Carlisle
 | at = chapter 12
}}
*{{cite web| title = Maralinga Tjarutja Land Rights Act 1984
 | publisher = Government of South Australia, Attorney-General's Department
 | url = https://www.legislation.sa.gov.au/lz/c/a/maralinga%20tjarutja%20land%20rights%20act%201984.aspx
 | access-date = 16 August 2016
 | ref = {{harvid|Government of South Australia}}
}}{{unused source|date=January 2025}}
*{{cite book| title = MARALINGA: British A-Bomb Australian Legacy
 | last1 = Tame | first1 = Adrian
 | last2 = Robotham | first2 = F.P.J.
 | publisher = Fontana / Collins | location = Melbourne
 | date = 1982
 | isbn = 0-00-636391-1
}}
*{{Cite book| chapter = Pitjandjara (SA)
 | last = Tindale | first = Norman Barnett | year = 1974
 | author-link = Norman Tindale
 | title = Aboriginal Tribes of Australia: Their Terrain, Environmental Controls, Distribution, Limits, and Proper Names
 | publisher = [[ANU Press|Australian National University Press]]
 | chapter-url = http://archives.samuseum.sa.gov.au/tindaletribes/pitjandjara.htm
 | isbn = 978-0-708-10741-6
}}{{unused source|date=January 2025}}
*{{Cite book| title = Growing Up the Country: The Pitjantjatjara struggle for their land
 | last1 = Toyne | first1 = Phillip
 | last2 = Vachon | first2 = Daniel
 | year = 1984
 | publisher = Penguin Books
 | isbn = 0-14-007641-7
}}{{unused source|date=January 2025}}
*{{Cite journal | title = Grammar of the Pitjantjatjara Dialect, Central Australia
 | last = Trudinger | first = Ronald M.
 | journal = [[Oceania (journal)|Oceania]]
 | date = March 1943 | volume = 13 | issue = 3 | pages = 205–223
 | doi = 10.1002/j.1834-4461.1943.tb00381.x | jstor = 40327992
}}
*{{Cite book| title = Killing Me Softly: The Destruction of a Heritage
 | last1 = Wallace | first1 = Phil
 | last2 = Wallace | first2 = Noel
 | year = 1977
 | publisher = Thomas Nelson | location = Melbourne
 | isbn = 0-17-005153-6
}}{{unused source|date=January 2025}}
*{{Cite web| title = WARU community directory
 | url = http://waru.org/directory.php | url-status = dead
 | archive-url = https://archive.today/20140219/http://waru.org/directory.php
 | archive-date = 19 February 2014
 | ref = {{harvid|WARU community directory}}
}}
*{{Cite book| title = Competing Interests: Aboriginal Participation in National Parks and Conservation Reserves in Australia - A Review
 | last1 = Woenne-Green | first1 = Susan
 | last2 = Johnston | first2 = Ross
 | last3 = Sultan | first3 = Ros
 | last4 = Wallis | first4 = Arnold
 | year = 1993
 | publisher = Australian Conservation Foundation | location = Fitzroy, Victoria
 | isbn = 0-85802-113-7
}}{{unused source|date=January 2025}}
{{refend}}

==External links==
* [http://www.ngapartji.org/ Ngapartji] Online course of Pitjantjatjara language, and related performance event
* [http://waru.org Web portal for Anangu Pitjantjatjara, Yankunytjatjara and Ngaanyatjarra peoples, communities and organisations]
* [http://www.yalata.org/ Yalata Land Management]
* [http://www.ausanthrop.net/resources/ausanthrop_db/detail.php?id_search=457 Pitjantjatjara entry in the AusAnthrop database]
* [http://www.atns.net.au/agreement.asp?EntityID=892 Pitjantjatjara People at ''Agreements, Treaties and Negotiated Settlements'' (ATNS)]

{{Aboriginal peoples of the Northern Territory}}
{{Aboriginal South Australians}}
{{Aboriginal peoples of Western Australia}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Pitjantjatjara| ]]
[[Category:Native title in Australia]]