Editing Plaek Phibunsongkhram

{{Short description|Prime Minister of Thailand (1938–1944; 1948–1957)}}
{{redirect|Phibunsongkhram}}
{{EngvarB|date=November 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2022}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name                = Plaek Phibunsongkhram
| native_name         = {{nobold|แปลก พิบูลสงคราม}}
| native_name_lang    = th
| image               = Field_Marshal_Plaek_Phibunsongkhram.jpg
| caption             = Plaek {{circa|1940s}}
| signature           = Signature of Plek Pibulsongkram.svg
| order               = 3rd
| office              = Prime Minister of Thailand
| term_start          = 8 April 1948
| term_end            = 16 September 1957
| monarch             = [[Bhumibol Adulyadej]]
| deputy              = {{List collapsed|title={{nobold|''See list''}}|[[Fuen Ronnaphagrad Ritthakhanee]]|[[Prayoon Yuthasastrkosol]]|[[Worakarn Bancha]]|[[Phin Choonhavan]]|[[Sawat Sawatdironnachai Sawatdikea]]}}
| predecessor         = [[Khuang Aphaiwong]]
| successor           = [[Sarit Thanarat]] (''de facto'')
| term_start1         = 16 December 1938
| term_end1           = 1 August 1944
| monarch1            = [[Ananda Mahidol]]
| deputy1             = {{List collapsed|title={{nobold|''See list''}}|[[Adul Aduldetjarat]]|[[Chaweng Saksongkhram]]}}
| predecessor1        = [[Phraya Phahonphonphayuhasena|Phahon Phonphayuhasena]]
| successor1          = [[Khuang Aphaiwong]]
{{Collapsed infobox section begin|last=yes|Ministerial offices<br>1934–1957
|titlestyle = border:1px dashed lightgrey;}}{{Infobox officeholder |embed=yes
| office2              = [[List of Defence Ministers of Thailand|Minister of Defence]]
| term_start2         = 12 September 1957
| term_end2           = 16 September 1957
| primeminister2      = Himself 
| predecessor2        = Sarit Thanarat
| successor2          = [[Thanom Kittikachorn]]
| term_start3         = 28 June 1949
| term_end3           = 21 March 1957
| primeminister3      = Himself
| predecessor3        = Suk Chatnakrob
| successor3          = Sarit Thanarat
| term_start4         = 15 December 1941
| term_end4           = 15 November 1943
| primeminister4      = Himself
| predecessor4        = Mangkorn Phromyothi
| successor4          = [[Phichit Kriangsakphichit]]
| term_start5         = 22 September 1934
| term_end5           = 19 August 1941
| primeminister5      = {{ubl|Phraya Phahonphonphayuhasena|Himself}}
| predecessor5        = Phraya Phahonphonphayuhasena
| successor5          = Mangkorn Phromyothi
| office6              = [[Ministry of Agriculture and Cooperatives (Thailand)|Minister of Cooperatives]]
| term_start6         = 12 September 1957
| term_end6           = 16 September 1957
| primeminister6      = Himself
| predecessor6        = Siri Siriyothin
| successor6          = Wiboon Thammaboot
| office7             = [[Ministry of Interior (Thailand)|Minister of Interior]]
| term_start7         = 2 August 1955
| term_end7           = 21 March 1957
| primeminister7      = Himself
| predecessor7        = Pisan Sunavinvivat
| successor7          = [[Phao Siyanon]]
| term_start8         = 15 April 1948
| term_end8           = 25 June 1949
| primeminister8      = Himself
| predecessor8        = [[Khuang Aphaiwong]]
| successor8          = Mangkorn Phromyothi
| term_start9         = 21 December 1938
| term_end9           = 22 August 1941
| primeminister9      = Himself
| predecessor9        = [[Thawan Thamrongnawasawat]]
| successor9          = Chuang Kwancherd
| office10            = [[Ministry of Commerce (Thailand)|Minister of Commerce]]
| term_start10        = 4 February 1954
| term_end10          = 23 March 1954
| primeminister10     = Himself
| predecessor10       = Boonkerd Sutantanon
| successor10         = Siri Siriyothin
| office11            = [[Ministry of Culture (Thailand)|Minister of Culture]]
| term_start11        = 24 March 1952
| term_end11          = 2 August 1955
| primeminister11     = Himself
| predecessor11       = ''Position established''
| successor11         = Pisan Sunavinvivat
| office12            = [[Ministry of Finance (Thailand)|Minister of Finance]]
| term_start12        = 13 October 1949
| term_end12          = 18 July 1950
| primeminister12     = Himself
| predecessor12       = [[Vivadhanajaya]]
| successor12         = Chom Jamornmarn
| office13            = [[Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Thailand)|Minister of Foreign Affairs]]
| term_start13        = 28 June 1949
| term_end13          = 13 October 1949
| primeminister13     = Himself
| predecessor13       = Mom Chao Pridithepphong Devakula
| successor13         = [[Pote Sarasin]]
| term_start14        = 15 December 1941
| term_end14          = 19 June 1942
| primeminister14     = Himself
| predecessor14       = [[Direk Jayanama]]
| successor14         = [[Luang Wichitwathakan]]
| term_start15        = 14 July 1939
| term_end15          = 22 August 1941
| primeminister15     = Himself
| predecessor15       = Jit Na Songkhla
| successor15         = Direk Jayanama
| office16            = [[Ministry of Education (Thailand)|Minister of Education]]
| term_start16        = 16 February 1942
| term_end16          = 7 March 1942
| primeminister16     = Himself
| predecessor16       = Sindhu Kamolnavin
| successor16         = [[Prayoon Pamornmontri]]
{{Collapsed infobox section end}}}}
| office3             = [[Chief of Defence Forces (Thailand)|Supreme Commander of the Armed Forces]]
| term_start3         = 13 November 1940
| term_end3           = 24 November 1943
| predecessor3        = ''Position established''
| successor3          = Sarit Thanarat
| office4             = [[Commander-in-Chief of the Royal Thai Army]]
| term_start4         = 9 November 1947
| term_end4           = 15 May 1948
| predecessor4        = Adun Adundetcharat
| successor4          = [[Phin Choonhavan]]
| term_start5         = 4 January 1938
| term_end5           = 5 August 1944
| predecessor5        = Phraya Phahonphonphayuhasena
| successor5          = Phichit Kriangsakphichit
| party               = [[Seri Manangkhasila Party|Seri Manangkhasila]] (1955–1957)
| otherparty          = [[Khana Ratsadon]] (1927–1954)
| birth_name          = Plaek{{efn|At that time, Thais did not have surnames.}}
| birth_date          = {{Birth date|df=yes|1897|7|14}}
| birth_place         = [[Nonthaburi province|Nonthaburi]], Siam
| death_date          = {{death date and age|df=yes|1964|6|11|1897|7|14}}
| death_place         = [[Sagamihara]], Kanagawa, Japan
| spouse              = La-iad Bhandhukravi
| partner             = {{ubl|Phitsamai Wilaisak|Khamnuengnit Phibunsongkhram}}
| children            = 6, including [[Nitya Pibulsonggram|Nitya]]
| relatives           = [[Krissanapoom Pibulsonggram]] (great-grandson)
| allegiance          = {{ubl|[[Rattanakosin Kingdom|Siam]]|Thailand}}
| branch              = [[Royal Thai Army]]
| serviceyears        = 1914–1957
| rank                = {{ubl|[[Field Marshal (Thailand)|Field Marshal]]|[[List of Admirals of the Fleet (Thailand)|Admiral of the Fleet]]|[[List of Marshals of the Royal Thai Air Force|Marshal of the Air Force]]}}
| commands            = [[Chief of Defence Forces (Thailand)|Supreme Commander]]
| battles             = {{tree list}}
* [[Siamese revolution of 1932|Siamese Revolution]]
* [[Boworadet Rebellion]]
* [[World War II]]
** [[Franco-Thai War]]
** [[Pacific War]] 
* [[Palace Rebellion]]
{{tree list/end}}
}}
 
'''Plaek Phibunsongkhram'''{{efn|{{langx|th|แปลก พิบูลสงคราม}}, {{IPA|th|plɛ̀ːk pʰí.būːn.sǒŋ.kʰrāːm|pron}}}}; 14 July 1897 – 11 June 1964) was a Thai military leader, politician, and revolutionary who served as 3rd [[prime minister of Thailand]] from 1938 to 1944, during the [[Second World War]], and again from 1948 to 1957. Plaek was a key figure in the [[1932 Siamese revolution]], which transitioned the country from an [[absolute monarchy]] to a [[constitutional monarchy]].

Plaek was a member of the army wing of [[Khana Ratsadon]], the first political party in Thailand, and a leader of the [[Siamese revolution of 1932]], which replaced Thailand's [[absolute monarchy]] with a [[constitutional monarchy]]. Plaek became the third Prime Minister of Thailand in 1938 while serving as [[List of Commanders of the Royal Thai Army|Commander of the Royal Siamese Army]]. Inspired by the [[Italian fascism]] of [[Benito Mussolini]], he established a ''de facto'' military dictatorship run along fascist lines, promoted [[Thai nationalism]] and [[Sinophobia]], and allied Thailand with [[Empire of Japan|Imperial Japan]] in [[World War II]]. Plaek launched a modernization campaign known as the [[Thai Cultural Revolution]] that included a [[Thai cultural mandates|series of cultural mandates]], which changed the country's name from "Siam" to "Thailand", and promoted the [[Thai language]].

Plaek was ousted as prime minister by the [[National Assembly of Thailand|National Assembly]] in 1944 and replaced by members of the [[Free Thai Movement]], but returned to power after the [[Siamese coup d'état of 1947]], led by the [[1947 Coup Group (Thailand)|Coup Group]]. Plaek aligned Thailand with [[anti-communism]] in the [[Cold War]], entered the [[Korean War]] under the [[United Nations Command]], and abandoned fascism for a façade of democracy. Phibun's second term as prime minister was plagued by [[political instability]] and several attempts to launch a coup d'etat against him were made, including the [[Army General Staff plot]] in 1948, the [[Palace Rebellion]] in 1949, and the [[Manhattan Rebellion]] in 1951. Plaek attempted to transform Thailand into an electoral democracy from the mid-1950s onward, but was overthrown in 1957 and went into exile in Japan, where he died in 1964.

At fifteen years and one month, Plaek's term as Prime Minister of Thailand was the longest to date.

== Early years ==
[[File:Pibun.jpg|150px|left|thumb|Phibun in his youth]]

Phibun was born '''Plaek''' on 14 July 1897 in [[Mueang Nonthaburi District|Mueang Nonthaburi]], Nonthaburi Province, in the [[Rattanakosin Kingdom|Kingdom of Siam]] to [[durian]] farmers.<ref name="mgr">{{cite web |last1=Bunnag |first1=Rome |title=เหตุที่ "นายกฯตลอดกาล" ชื่อ "แปลก" ความแปลกที่ได้มาแต่เกิด! ฉันจะต้องไปทำงานใหญ่!! |url=https://mgronline.com/onlinesection/detail/9650000010816 |website=MGR Online |publisher= |access-date=1 September 2024}}</ref> His family began using the surname '''Khittasangkha''' ({{langx|th|ขีตตะสังคะ}}) after a 1913 decree on surnames.<ref>{{in lang|th}}[http://www.ndmi.or.th/files/vol03.pdf ผู้นำทางการเมืองไทยกับสงครามโลกครั้งที่ 2: จอมพล ป.พิบูลสงคราม และ ปรีดี พนมยงค์] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080627094547/http://www.ndmi.or.th/files/vol03.pdf |date=27 June 2008 }}</ref> 

He received his given name – meaning "strange" or "weird" in English – because of his unusual appearance as a child where his ears were positioned below his eyes, rather than above his eyes like others.<ref name="mgr" />

Plaek's paternal grandfather was a [[Thai Chinese|Chinese immigrant]] from [[Guangdong]] of [[Cantonese people|Cantonese]] descent. However, the family was completely assimilated, being considered [[Thai people|Central Thai people]], since most of the Chinese in Thailand are from the [[Teochew people|Teochew]] dialect group, Plaek did not pass the criteria for being considered Chinese as well,<ref>{{cite book |last1=Batson |first1=Benjamin Arthur |last2=Shimizu |first2=Hajime |title=The Tragedy of Wanit: A Japanese Account of Wartime Thai Politics |date=1990 |publisher=University of Singapore Press |isbn=9971622467 |page=64 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=35JwAAAAMAAJ&q=9971622467 |access-date=29 September 2018}}</ref> enabling him to successfully conceal and deny his Chinese roots.<ref>{{Cite book |author=Ansil Ramsay |chapter=The Chinese in Thailand: Ethnicity, Power and Cultural Opportunity Structures |editor1=Grant H. Cornwell |editor2=Eve Walsh Stoddard |title=Global Multiculturalism: Comparative Perspectives on Ethnicity, Race, and Nation |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield |year=2001 |page=63}}</ref>

He studied in Buddhist temples<ref name="mgr" /> before joining the [[Chulachomklao Royal Military Academy|Royal Military Academy]]; upon graduation in 1914, he was commissioned into the [[Royal Thai Army|Royal Siamese Army]] as a [[second lieutenant]] in the [[artillery]]. Following [[World War I]], he was sent to France to study artillery tactics at the [[School of Applied Artillery|École d'application d'artillerie]]. In 1928, as he rose in rank, he received the noble title ''[[Luang (title)|Luang]]'' from [[Prajadhipok|King Prajadhipok]], and became known as '''Luang Phibunsongkhram'''. He would later drop his ''Luang'' title but permanently adopted Phibunsongkhram as his surname.

=== 1932 revolution ===
{{main|1932 Siamese coup d'état}}
In 1932, Phibun was one of the leaders of the [[Royal Siamese Army]] branch of the [[Khana Ratsadon|People's Party]] (''Khana Ratsadon''), a political organization that staged a ''coup d'état'' which overthrew Siam's [[absolute monarchy]] and replaced it with a [[constitutional monarchy]]. Phibun, at the time a [[lieutenant colonel]], quickly rose to prominence in the military as a "man-on-horseback".<ref>{{cite web| url= http://www.thefreedictionary.com/man+on+horseback| title= man on horseback| access-date = 30 June 2011| publisher  = The Free Dictionary
| quote= n. A man, usually a military leader, whose popular influence and power may afford him the position of dictator, as in a time of political crisis}}</ref> The 1932 coup was followed by the [[nationalization]] of several companies and increased [[Economic interventionism|state control]] of the economy.{{citation needed|date=September 2024}}

The following year, Phibun and his military allies successfully crushed the [[Boworadet Rebellion]], a royalist revolt led by [[Prince Boworadet]]. The new king, [[Ananda Mahidol]], was still a child studying in [[Switzerland]], and the [[Parliament of Thailand|Parliament]] appointed [[Military ranks of the Thai armed forces|Colonel]] Prince Anuwatjaturong, [[Military ranks of the Thai armed forces|Lieutenant Commander]] Prince [[Aditya Dibabha]], and [[Chao Phraya Yommaraj (Pun Sukhum)]] as his [[regent]]s.{{citation needed|date=September 2024}}

== Prime Minister of Thailand ==
[[File:Plaek Phibunsongkhram Speech at Grand Palace 1940.jpg|thumb|left|150px|Phibunsongkhram giving a [[nationalist]] speech to the crowds at the [[Ministry of Defence (Thailand)|Ministry of Defence]] opposite Swasti Sopha gate of [[Grand Palace]] in 1940.]]

===First premiership===
On 16 December 1938, Phibun replaced [[Phraya Phahol Pholphayuhasena|Phraya Phahon]] as [[Prime Minister of Thailand]] and as the [[List of Commanders of the Royal Thai Army|Commander of the Royal Siamese Army]]. Phibun became a ''de facto'' dictator, and established a [[military dictatorship]], consolidating his position by rewarding several members of his own army clique with influential positions in his government.{{citation needed|date=April 2024}}

After the revolution of 1932, the Thai government of Phraya Phahol was impressed by the success of the [[March on Rome]] of [[Benito Mussolini]]'s [[Italian Fascism|Italian fascist]] movement. Phibun, also an admirer of Italian fascism, sought to replicate fascist-style propaganda tactics, valued in Italy as one of the most powerful propaganda instruments of political power. In Italy, its main purpose was to promote [[nationalism]] and [[militarism]], strengthen the unity and harmony of the state, and glorify the policy of ruralisation in Italy and abroad. As a consequence of the fascist leanings of Thai political leaders, Italian propaganda films including newsreels, documentaries, short films, and full-length feature films, such as [[:it:Istituto Luce Cinecittà|Istituto Luce Cinecittà]], were shown in Thailand during the [[interwar period]]. Phibun adopted the [[fascist salute]], modelled on the [[Roman salute]], using it during speeches. The salute was not compulsory in Thailand, and it was opposed by [[Luang Wichitwathakan]] and many cabinet members as they believed it inappropriate for Thai culture. Together with Wichitwathakan, the Minister of Propaganda, he built a [[Cult of personality|leadership cult]] in 1938 and thereafter. Photographs of Phibun were to be found everywhere, and those of the abdicated King Prajadhipok were banned. His quotes appeared in newspapers, were plastered on billboards, and were repeated over the radio.{{Citation needed|date=December 2007}}

==== Thai Cultural Revolution ====
{{Main|Thai cultural mandates}}
[[File:Thai Cultural Mandate Dress Code c1940 Phibunsongkhram.png|150px|thumb|left|Thai poster from the Phibunsongkhram era, showing prohibited "uncivilised" dress on the left and proper Western-style dress on the right.]]

Phibun immediately promoted [[Thaification|Thai nationalism]] (to the point of [[ultranationalism]]), and to support this policy, he launched a series of major reforms, known as the '''Thai Cultural Revolution''', to increase the pace of modernisation in Thailand. His goal aimed to uplift the national spirit and moral code of the nation and instil progressive tendencies and a newness into Thai life. A series of [[Thai cultural mandates|cultural mandates]] were issued by the government, which encouraged all Thais to salute the flag in public places, learn the [[Phleng Chat Thai|new national anthem]] and use the standardised [[Thai language]] (not regional [[dialect]]s or languages). People were encouraged to adopt Western-style attire as opposed to traditional clothing styles, and eat with Western-style utensils, such as [[fork]]s and [[spoon]]s, rather than with their hands as was customary in Thai culture at the time. Phibun saw these policies as necessary, in the interest of [[progressivism]], to change  Thailand's international image from that of an undeveloped country into a civilized and modern nation.<ref name=Numnonda-1978>{{cite journal |last1=Numnonda |first1=Thamsook |title=Pibulsongkram's Thai Nation-Building Programme during the Japanese Military Presence, 1941–1945 |journal=Journal of Southeast Asian Studies |date=September 1978 |volume=9 |issue=2 |pages=234–247 |jstor=20062726 |doi=10.1017/S0022463400009760 |s2cid=162373204 }}</ref>

Phibun's administration encouraged [[economic nationalism]] and espoused staunch [[anti-Chinese sentiment|anti-Teochew sentiment]]. Sinophobic policies were imposed by the government to reduce the economic power of Siam's [[Thai Chinese|Teochew-Hoklo population]] and encouraged the [[Thai people|Central Thai people]] to purchase as many Thai products as possible. In a speech in 1938, Luang Wichitwathakan, himself of one-quarter Chinese ancestry, followed [[Rama VI]]'s book ''Jews of the East'' in comparing the Teochew in Siam to the Jews in Germany, who at the time were harshly repressed.

On 24 June 1939, Phibun changed the country's official English name from "Siam" to "Thailand"<ref name="brit">{{cite web |title=Luang Phibunsongkhram |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Luang-Phibunsongkhram |website=Britannica |access-date=30 August 2024}}</ref><ref name="parmu">{{cite web |last1=Komnpelin |first1=Chetiya |title=การเปลี่ยนชื่อประเทศจาก "สยาม" เป็น "ไทย" |url=https://parliamentmuseum.go.th/2564/ar64-siam-thai.html |website=Parliament Museum |access-date=30 August 2024}}</ref> at Wichitwathakan's urging. {{citation needed|date=August 2024}} The name "Siam" was an [[exonym]] of unknown and probably foreign origin, which conflicted with Phibun's nationalist policies.{{citation needed|date=April 2024}} 

In 1941, in the midst of [[World War II]], Phibun [[Thai solar calendar#New year|decreed 1 January]] as the official start of the new year instead of the traditional ''[[Songkran (Thailand)|Songkran]]'' date on 13 April.{{citation needed|date=April 2024}}

====Franco-Thai War====
{{Main|Franco-Thai War}}
[[File:จอมพลป. พิบูลสงคราม ในปี 2484.jpg|260px|thumb|Phibunsongkhram inspecting troops during the Franco-Thai War]]
[[File:01จอมพลป.กับชาวนา.jpg|thumb|left|Phibunsongkhram with Thai farmers in 1942 at Bang Khen|150px]]
Phibun exploited the [[Fall of France]] in June 1940 and the [[Japanese invasion of French Indochina]] in September 1940 to advance Thai interests in [[French Indochina]] following a border dispute with [[French Third Republic|France]]. Phibun believed Thailand could recover territories ceded to France by King [[Rama V]] because the French would avoid armed confrontation or offer serious resistance. Thailand fought against [[Vichy France]] over the disputed areas from October 1940 to May 1941. The technologically and numerically superior Thai force invaded French Indochina and attacked military targets in major cities. Despite Thai successes, the French tactical victory at the [[Battle of Ko Chang]] prompted intervention from the [[Empire of Japan|Japanese]], who mediated an [[armistice]] where the French were forced to cede the disputed territories to Thailand.

==== Alliance with Japan ====
{{Main|Thailand in World War II}}
Phibun and the Thai public viewed the outcome of the Franco-Thai War as a victory, but it resulted in the rapidly expanding Japanese gaining the right to occupy French Indochina. Although Phibun was ardently pro-Japanese, he now shared a border with them and felt threatened by a potential Japanese invasion. Phibun's administration also realised that Thailand would have to fend for itself if a Japanese invasion came, considering its deteriorating relationships with Western powers in the area.{{Citation needed|date=April 2015}}

When the Japanese invaded Thailand on 8 December 1941, (because of the [[International Date Line]] this occurred an hour and a half before the [[attack on Pearl Harbor]]), Phibun was reluctantly forced to order a general ceasefire after just one day of resistance and allow the Japanese armies to use the country as a base for their invasions of the [[British Empire|British]] colonies of [[British rule in Burma|Burma]] and [[British Malaya|Malaya]].<ref>Churchill, Winston S.'' The Second World War'', Vol 3, "The Grand Alliance", p. 548, Cassell & Co. Ltd, 1950</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.pattayamail.com/504/columns.shtml#hd6|title=Pattaya Mail – Pattaya's First English Language Newspaper|website=pattayamail.com}}</ref> Hesitancy, however, gave way to enthusiasm after the Japanese rolled through the [[Malayan Campaign]] in a "[[Bicycle infantry#World Wars|Bicycle]] Blitzkrieg" with surprisingly little resistance.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.warbirdforum.com/tsuji2.htm|title=Colonel Tsuji of Malaya (part 2)| access-date = 30 June 2011|last=Ford|first= Daniel|date=June 2008|website=Warbirds Forum|quote=Though outnumbered two-to-one, the Japanese never stopped to consolidate their gains, to rest or regroup or resupply; they came down the main roads on bicycles.}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.s1942.org.sg/s1942/bukit_chandu/directory_bicycles.htm|title=The Swift Japanese Assault|access-date=30 June 2011|year=2002|website=National Archives of Singapore|quote=Even the long-legged Englishmen could not escape our troops on bicycles.|archive-date=10 February 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120210210208/http://www.s1942.org.sg/s1942/bukit_chandu/directory_bicycles.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> On 21 December Phibun signed a [[military alliance]] with Japan. The following month, on 25 January 1942, Phibun declared war on Britain and the United States. [[Union of South Africa|South Africa]] and [[New Zealand#Foreign relations and military|New Zealand]] declared war on Thailand on the same day. Australia followed soon after.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.pattayamail.com/506/columns.shtml#hd6|title=Columns|website=pattayamail.com}}</ref> Phibun purged all who opposed the Japanese alliance from his government. [[Pridi Banomyong]] was appointed acting regent for the absent King [[Ananda Mahidol]], while [[Direk Jayanama]], the prominent foreign minister who had advocated continued resistance against the Japanese, was later sent to Tokyo as an ambassador. The United States considered Thailand to be a [[puppet state]] of Japan and refused to declare war on it. When the [[Allies of World War II|Allies]] were victorious, the United States blocked British efforts to impose a punitive peace.<ref>I.C.B Dear, ed, ''The Oxford companion to World War II'' (1995) p. 1107{{ISBN?}}</ref>

====Removal====
In 1944, as the Japanese neared defeat and the underground anti-Japanese [[Free Thai Movement]] steadily grew in strength, the [[National Assembly of Thailand|National Assembly]] ousted Phibun as prime minister and his six-year reign as the military [[commander-in-chief]] came to an end. Phibun's resignation was partly forced by two grandiose plans: one was to relocate the capital from [[Bangkok]] to a remote site in the jungle near [[Phetchabun Province|Phetchabun]] in north central Thailand, and another was to build a "Buddhist city" in [[Saraburi Province|Saraburi]]. Announced at a time of severe economic difficulty, these ideas turned many government officers against him.<ref>{{cite journal|url= http://www.hawaii.edu/cseas/pubs/explore/eric.html|title= The Origin and Significance of the Emerald Buddha|access-date= 30 June 2011|last= Roeder|first= Eric|date= Fall 1999 |journal= Southeast Asian Studies|volume=3|publisher= Southeast Asian Studies Student Association|quote= Judith A. Stowe, ''Siam becomes Thailand'' (Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, 1991), pp. 228–283|url-status= dead|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110605004548/http://www.hawaii.edu/cseas/pubs/explore/eric.html|archive-date = 5 June 2011}}</ref> After his resignation, Phibun went to stay at the army headquarters in [[Lopburi Province|Lopburi]].{{citation needed|date=September 2024}}

[[Khuang Aphaiwong]] replaced Phibun as prime minister, ostensibly to continue relations with the Japanese, but, in reality, to secretly assist the Free Thai Movement. At the war's end, Phibun was put on trial at Allied insistence on charges of having committed [[war crime]]s, mainly that of collaborating with the [[Axis powers]]. However, he was acquitted amid intense pressure as public opinion was still favourable to him, as he was thought to have done his best to protect Thai interests. Phibun's alliance with Japan had Thailand take advantage of Japanese support to expand Thai territory into Malaya and Burma.<ref>Aldrich, Richard J. ''The Key to the South:  Britain, the United States, and Thailand during the Approach of the Pacific War, 1929–1942.'' Oxford University Press, 1993. {{ISBN|0-19-588612-7}}</ref>

===Second premiership===
[[File:PPS 2.JPG|thumb|right|Plaek Phibunsongkhram at [[Hyde Park, New York]], 1955]]
[[File:Phibun 1947.jpg|thumb|right|Phibun coming back to Thai politics, led the junta in 1947 after the coup]]

{{unreferenced section|date=December 2011}}
In November 1947, Royal Thai Army units under the control of Phibun known as the [[1947 Coup Group (Thailand)|Coup Group]] carried out the [[1947 Thai coup d'état]] which forced then-Prime Minister [[Thawan Thamrongnawasawat]] to resign. The rebels installed [[Khuang Aphaiwong]] again as prime minister as the military coup risked international disapproval. Pridi Phanomyong was persecuted but was aided by British and US intelligence officers, and thus managed to escape the country. On 8 April 1948, Phibun assumed the position of Prime Minister after the military forced Khuang out of office.

Phibun's second premiership was notably different, abandoning the fascist styling and rhetoric that characterised his first premiership, and instead promoted a façade of democracy. The beginning of the [[Cold War]] saw Phibun align Thailand with the [[anti-communist]] camp.

Phibun supported UN action in the [[Korean War]] and dispatched an expeditionary force of 4,000 troops.<ref name="brit" />  and received large quantities of US aid following Thailand's entry into the [[Korean War]] as part of the [[United Nations Command]]'s multi-national allied force against the [[communist]] forces of [[North Korea]] and the People's Republic of China.{{citation needed|date=August 2024}} Phibun's anti-Chinese campaign was resumed, with the government restricting Chinese immigration and undertaking various measures to restrict economic domination of the Thai market by those of Chinese descent. Chinese schools and associations were once again shut down. Despite open pro-Western and anti-Chinese policies, in the late 1950s Phibun arranged to send two of the children of [[Sang Phathanothai]], his closest advisor, to China with the intention of establishing a backdoor channel for dialogue between China and Thailand. [[Sirin Phathanothai]], aged eight, and her brother, aged twelve, were sent to be brought up under the assistants of Premier [[Zhou Enlai]] as his [[Ward (law)|wards]]. Sirin later wrote ''[[The Dragon's Pearl]]'', an autobiography telling her experiences growing up in the 1950s and 1960s among the leaders of China.

Phibun was reportedly thrilled by the democracy and [[freedom of speech]] he had witnessed during a long trip abroad to the United States and Europe in 1955. Following the example of [[Hyde Park, London|Hyde Park]] in London, he set up a "[[Speakers' Corner]]" at the [[Sanam Luang]] in Bangkok. Phibun began to democratize Thailand by allowing the formation of new political parties, [[amnesty|amnestied]] political opponents, and planned [[free elections]]. Phibun founded and became chairman of his own new political party, the [[Seri Manangkhasila Party]], which was dominated by the most influential in the military and the government. The Employment Act of January 1957 legalized trade unions, limited weekly working hours, regulated holidays and [[overtime]], and instituted health and safety regulations. The [[International Workers' Day]] became a public holiday.

====Power play====
{{multiple image
 | caption_align = center
 | header    = Thai Triumvirate, 1947–1957
 | footer = The other is Phibunsongkhram.
 | align     = left
 | width     = 120
 | image2    = Official portraits of Sarit Thanarat.jpg
 | caption2  = Field Marshal<br />[[Sarit Thanarat]]
 | image3    = Police General Phao Siyanon Portrait.png
 | caption3  = Police Gen.<br />[[Phao Siyanon]]
}}

Phibun's second premiership was longer but plagued with [[political instability]], and there were numerous attempts to oppose his rule and remove him from power. Unlike his first premiership, Phibun faced noticeable opposition from people connected to the Free Thai Movement due to his alliance with the Japanese, including from within the military. Additionally, Phibun was indebted to the powerful Coup Group that had returned him to power.

On 1 October 1948, the unsuccessful [[Army General Staff Plot]] was launched by members of the army general staff to topple his government, but failed when discovered by the Coup Group. As a result, more than fifty army and reserve officers and several prominent supporters of Pridi Phanomyong were arrested.

On 26 February 1949, the [[Palace Rebellion]] was another failed coup attempt against Phibun to restore Pridi Phanomyong by occupying the [[Grand Palace]] in Bangkok and declaring a new government led by [[Direk Jayanama]], a close associate of Pridi. The civilian rebels were quickly ousted from the palace, but fighting broke out between military rebels and loyalists which lasted for over a week.

On 29 June 1951, Phibun was attending a ceremony aboard the ''[[Manhattan Rebellion|Manhattan]]'', a US [[dredge boat]], when he was taken [[hostage]] by a group of [[Royal Thai Navy]] officers, who then quickly confined him aboard the warship ''Sri Ayutthaya''. Negotiations between the government and the coup organizers swiftly broke down, leading to violent street fighting in Bangkok between the navy and the army, which was supported by the [[Royal Thai Air Force]]. Phibun was able to escape and swim back to shore when the ''Sri Ayutthaya'' was bombed by the air force, and with their hostage gone, the navy were forced to lay down their arms.

{{Quote box|width=25%| "...tell your father [Pridi] that I want [him] to come back [and] help me work for the nation. I alone can no longer contest Sakdina."<ref name="สมศักดิ์"/>|Plaek to one of Pridi's sons in June 1957. }}

On 29 November 1951, the [[Silent Coup (Thailand)|Silent Coup]] was staged by the Coup Group and it consolidated the military's hold on the country. It reinstated the [[Constitution of Thailand#1932 constitution|Constitution of 1932]], which effectively eliminated the [[Senate of Thailand|Senate]], established a [[unicameral legislature]] composed equally of elected and government-appointed members, and allowed serving military officers to supplement their commands with important [[Minister (government)|ministerial portfolios]].

In 1954 Phibun allied Thailand further with the West in the [[Cold War]] by helping establish [[SEATO]].<ref name="brit" />

In 1956, it became clearer that Plaek, allied to Phao, was losing to another influential group led by Sarit which consisted of "Sakdina" (royalties and royalists). Both Plaek and Phao intended to bring home [[Pridi Banomyong]] to clear his name from the mystery around the death of King Rama VIII. However, the US government disapproved, and they cancelled the plan.<ref name="สมศักดิ์">{{Cite web|url=https://prachatai.com/journal/2010/10/31599|title=สมศักดิ์ เจียมธีรสกุล: พูนศุข พนมยงค์ ให้สัมภาษณ์กรณีสวรรคต พฤษภาคม 2500|website=prachatai.com}}</ref>

===1957 coup and exile===
[[File:แปลก พิบูลสงคราม ในหนังสือธรรมศาสตร์.jpg|thumb|Phibunsongkhram in 1957|200px]]
[[File:Pramuan Phap Song Phanuat (1956, p 06).jpg|thumb|left|On 31 October 1956, the monk Bhumibalo visited the [[Government House of Thailand|Government House]]. Phibun is on the right. The King clashed with Field Marshal Plaek over his restriction of royal power.]]
In February 1957, public opinion turned against Phibun at the end of his second term when his party was suspected of fraudulent practices during an election, including the intimidation of the opposition, buying votes, and [[electoral fraud]]. In addition, critics of Phibun accused him of a lack of respect for the [[Thai monarchy]], as the anti-[[aristocratic]] prime minister had always sought to limit the role of the monarchy to a constitutional minimum and had taken on religious functions that traditionally belonged to the monarch. For example, Phibun led the celebrations of the 2500th anniversary of Buddhism in 1956/57 instead of the King [[Bhumibol Adulyadej]], who was openly critical of Phibun. On 16 September 1957, Phibun was eventually overthrown in a coup d'etat by members of the Royal Thai Army under the command of Field Marshal [[Sarit Thanarat]], who had earlier sworn to be Phibun's most loyal subordinate. Sarit was supported by many royalists who wanted to regain a foothold, and there were rumours that the United States was "deeply involved" in the coup.<ref>{{Cite journal|url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/446100|title=American Policy in Thailand|author=Darling, Frank C.|year=1962|journal=The Western Political Quarterly|volume=15|issue=1|pages=93–110|doi=10.2307/446100|jstor=446100|url-access=subscription}}</ref>

Phibun was then forced into exile after the coup, first fleeing to [[Cambodia]], but later settled in Japan after Sarit's new regime rejected his requests to allow him to return to Thailand. In 1960, Phibun briefly travelled to India to be a [[monk]] in the Buddhist temple in [[Bodhgaya]]. {{Citation needed|date=May 2023}}

==Death==
Phibun died on 11 June 1964 from heart failure in Tokyo, Japan.<ref>{{cite web |title=ทำเนียบนายกรัฐมนตรี |url=https://www.thaigov.go.th/aboutus/history/primeminister/31 |website=Royal Thai Government |publisher=thaigov |access-date=31 August 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=จอมพล ป.พิบูลสงคราม : 123 ปี ชาตกาล กับผลงานและเสียงวิจารณ์นายกรัฐมนตรีที่อยู่ในตำแหน่งนานที่สุด |url=https://www.bbc.com/thai/thailand-53399231 |website=BBC |access-date=31 August 2024}}</ref>

After his death, Phibun's ashes were transferred to Thailand in an [[urn]] and decorated with [[military honours]] in Wat Phra Sri Mahathat (also called "The Temple of Democracy") he had founded in [[Bang Khen]].{{citation needed|date=August 2024}}

==Honours==
===Noble titles===
* '''7 May 1928''': ''[[Luang (title)|Luang]] Phibunsongkhram'' (''หลวงพิบูลสงคราม'')
* '''15 May 1942''': Abolition of nobility

===Military rank===
* 1916 – Second lieutenant
* 1920 – Lieutenant
* 1927 – Captain
* 1930 – Major
* 1933 – Lieutenant colonel
* 1934 – Colonel
* 1939 – Major General, Rear Admiral, Air Vice Marshal
* 1941 – [[Field Marshal]], [[Admiral of the Fleet]], [[Thai military ranks|Marshal of the Royal Thai Air Force]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ratchakitcha.soc.go.th/DATA/PDF/2484/A/981.PDF|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111111072345/http://www.ratchakitcha.soc.go.th/DATA/PDF/2484/A/981.PDF|url-status=dead|archive-date=11 November 2011|title=Data|website=ratchakitcha.soc.go.th |access-date=2020-09-08}}</ref>
* 1955 – [[Volunteer Defense Corps (Thailand)|Volunteer Defense Corps General]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ratchakitcha.soc.go.th/DATA/PDF/2498/D/046/1.PDF|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180710225309/http://www.ratchakitcha.soc.go.th/DATA/PDF/2498/D/046/1.PDF|url-status=dead|archive-date=10 July 2018|title=Data|website=ratchakitcha.soc.go.th |access-date=2021-02-15}}</ref>

===Thai decorations ===
Plaek Phibunsongkhram received the following royal decorations in the [[Thai Honours Order of Precedence|Honours System]] of Thailand:<ref>[http://www.rta.mi.th/command/command12.htm Biography of Field Marshal P.] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20020826233931/http://www.rta.mi.th/command/command12.htm |date=26 August 2002 }}, Royal Thai Army website. Retrieved on 4 December 2008.</ref>

<!-- note: the dates may need to be adjust by one year for all years before 1941 (when the start of the Thai year was moved to 1 January), if the date of the decoration was between January and March. Please update as specific records are found in the Royal Gazette. Also, the 1911 date is suspiciously early; perhaps they meant 1921. Find supporting/refuting evidence. -->
* 1941 – [[File:Order of the Nine Gems (Thailand) ribbon.svg|70px]] Knight of The Ancient and Auspicious [[Order of the Nine Gems]]
* 1942 – [[File:Ratana Varabhorn Order of Merit ribbon.svg|70px]] The [[Ratana Varabhorn Order of Merit]]
* 1942 – [[File:Order of Chula Chom Klao - 1st Class (Thailand) ribbon.svg|70px]] Knight Grand Cross (First Class) of The Most Illustrious [[Order of Chula Chom Klao]]
* 1940 – [[File:Order of the White Elephant - Special Class (Thailand) ribbon.svg|70px]] Knight Grand Cordon (Special Class) of The Most Exalted [[Order of the White Elephant]]
* 1937 – [[File:Order of the Crown of Thailand - Special Class (Thailand) ribbon.svg|70px]] Knight Grand Cordon (Special Class) of The Most Noble [[Order of the Crown of Thailand]]
* 1944 – [[File:Bravery Medal (Thailand) ribbon.svg|70x70px]] Bravery Medal
* 1941 – [[File:Victory Medal - Indochina with flames (Thailand) ribbon.svg|70x70px]] Victory Medal – [[Franco-Thai War]] with flames
* 1943 – [[File:Victory Medal - World War II (Thailand) ribbon.svg|70x70px]] Victory Medal – [[Pacific War]]
* 1934 – [[File:Safeguarding the Constitution Medal (Thailand) ribbon.svg|70x70px]] Safeguarding the Constitution Medal
* 1934 – [[File:Ribbon bar of Dushdi Mala - Military, Service to the Nation (Thailand).svg|70x70px]] [[Dushdi Mala Medal]] Pin Service to the Nation (Military)
* 1943 – [[File:Dushdi Mala - Military (Thailand).svg|70x70px]] [[Dushdi Mala Medal]] Pin of Arts and Science (Military)
* 1943 – [[File:Medal for Service in the Interior - Asia (Thailand) ribbon.svg|70x70px]] Medal for Service Rendered in the Interior - [[Pacific War]]
* 1954 – [[File:Border Service Medal (Thailand) ribbon.svg|70x70px]] Border Service Medal
* 1930 – [[File:Chakra Mala Medal (Thailand) ribbon.svg|70x70px]] Chakra Mala Medal 
* 1938 – [[File:King Rama VIII Royal Cypher Medal (Thailand) ribbon.svg|70x70px]] [[Ananda Mahidol|King Rama VIII]] Royal Cypher Medal, 1st
* 1953 – [[File:King Rama IX Royal Cypher Medal (Thailand) ribbon.svg|70x70px]] [[Bhumibol Adulyadej|King Rama IX]] Royal Cypher Medal, 1st
* 1911 – [[File:King Rama VI Coronation Medal (Thailand) ribbon.png|70x70px]] [[Vajiravudh|King Rama VI]] Coronation Medal
* 1925 – [[File:King Rama VII Coronation Medal (Thailand) ribbon.svg|70x70px]] [[Prajadhipok|King Rama VII]] Coronation Medal
* 1932 – [[File:150 Years Commemoration of Bangkok Medal ribbon.svg|70x70px]] Commemorative Medal on the Occasion of the 150th Years of [[Rattanakosin Kingdom (1782–1932)|Rattanakosin]] Celebration

===Foreign honours===
* {{Flag|Nazi Germany}}:
** 1937 – [[File:Ribbon Bar of None.svg|70x70px]] Order of the German Red Cross
** 1939 – [[File:Ribbon of Order of the German Eagle.svg|70px]] 1st Class of the [[Order of the German Eagle]]<ref>''Royal Thai Government Gazette''. [https://ratchakitcha.soc.go.th/documents/1110497.pdf แจ้งความสำนักนายกรัฐมนตรี เรื่อง ให้ประดับเครื่องราชอิสสริยาภรณ์ต่างประเทศ] Vol. 56, p. 3594 on 11 March 1939</ref>
* {{Flag|Kingdom of Italy}}:
** 1937 – [[File:Cavaliere di gran Croce Regno SSML BAR.svg|70x70px]] Knight Grand Cross of the [[Order of Saints Maurice and Lazarus]]
** 1938 – [[File:Grande ufficiale OCI Kingdom BAR.svg|70x70px]] Grand Officer of the [[Order of the Crown of Italy]]
* {{Flag|Francoist Spain}}:
** 1955 – [[File:Spanish Grand Cross of Military Merit White Ribbon.png|70px]] Grand Cross with White Decoration of the [[Crosses of Military Merit|Order of Military Merit]]<ref name="ป.หลวง" />
** 1954 – [[File:ESP Gran Cruz Merito Naval (Distintivo Blanco) pasador.svg|70x70px]] Grand Cross White Decoration of the [[Cross of Naval Merit]]
* {{Flag|Empire of Japan}}:
** 1942 – [[File:JPN Kyokujitsu-sho 1Class BAR.svg|70px|ribbon bar]] Grand Cordon of the [[Order of the Rising Sun]]
* {{Flag|Philippines}}:
** 1955 – [[File:PHL Order of Sikatuna - Grand Cross BAR.png|70px]] Grand Cross of the [[Order of Sikatuna]]<ref name="ป.หลวง">ราชกิจจานุเบกษา, [https://web.archive.org/web/20211114132705/http://www.ratchakitcha.soc.go.th/DATA/PDF/2498/D/063/2085.PDF แจ้งความสำนักคณะรัฐมนตรี เรื่อง พระราชทานพระบรมราชานุญาตประดับเครื่องอิสริยาภรณ์ต่างประเทศ], เล่ม ๗๒ ตอนที่ ๖๓ ง หน้า ๒๐๘๕, ๙ สิงหาคม ๒๔๙๘</ref>
* {{Flag|UK}}:
** 1939 – [[File:UK Order St-Michael St-George ribbon.svg|70px]] Knight Grand Cross of the [[Order of St Michael and St George]]
* {{Flag|USA}}:
** 1955 – [[File:US Legion of Merit Chief Commander ribbon.png|70px]] Chief Commander of the [[Legion of Merit]] 
* {{Flag|France}}:
** 1938 – [[File:Legion Honneur GC ribbon.svg|70x70px]] Grand-Croix of the [[Legion of Honour]] 
* {{Flag|Belgium}}:
** 1955 – [[File:Grand Crest Ordre de Leopold.png|70x70px]] Grand Cordon of the [[Order of Leopold (Belgium)|Order of Leopold]] 
* {{Flag|Netherlands}}:
** 1955 – [[File:Order of the Netherlands Lion ribbon - Knight Grand Cross.svg|70x70px]] Knight Grand Cross of the [[Order of the Netherlands Lion]] 
* {{Flag|Denmark}}:
** 1955 – [[File:DNK Order of Danebrog Grand Cross BAR.png|70x70px]] Grand Commander of the [[Order of the Dannebrog]] 
* {{Flag|Italian Republic}}:
** 1955 – [[File:Cordone di gran Croce OMRI BAR.svg|70x70px]] Knight Grand Cross of the [[Order of Merit of the Italian Republic]] 
* {{Flag|Kingdom of Laos}}:
** 1955 – [[File:LAO Order of the a Million Elephants and the White Parasol - Grand Cross BAR.svg|70x70px]] Grand Cross of the [[Order of the Million Elephants and the White Parasol]] 
* {{Flag|Cambodia}}:
** 1955 – [[File:KHM Ordre Royal du Cambodge - Grand Croix BAR.svg|70x70px]] Knight Grand Cross of the [[Royal Order of Cambodia]] 
* {{Flag|Kingdom of Greece}}:
** 1956 – [[File:GRE Order of George I - Grand Cross BAR.png|70x70px]] Grand Cross of the [[Order of George I]] 
* {{Flag|Germany}}:
** 1955 – [[File:GER Bundesverdienstkreuz 7 Grosskreuz.svg|70x70px]] Grand Cross 1st Class of the [[Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany]] 
* {{Flag|Union of Burma}}:
** 1956 – [[File:Ordine della Verità - divisione militare (Birmania).png|70x70px]] Order of the Order of Sirisudharma

===Academic rank===
* 1939 [[Academic ranks in Thailand|Adjunct Professor]] of [[Thammasat University]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ratchakitcha.soc.go.th/DATA/PDF/2482/D/809.PDF |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180804200807/http://www.ratchakitcha.soc.go.th/DATA/PDF/2482/D/809.PDF |url-status=dead |archive-date=4 August 2018 |title=Data|website=ratchakitcha.soc.go.th |access-date=2021-02-15}}</ref>

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==See also==
* [[History of Thailand (1932–1973)]]
* [[Saharat Thai Doem]]
* [[Nitya Pibulsonggram]]
* [[Ramwong]]
* [[Thai cultural mandates]]
* [[Suharto]]
* [[Francisco Franco]]
* [[Antonio Salazar]]
* [[Joseph McCarthy]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Bibliography==
*{{cite book |last1=Baker |first1=Chris|author-link=Chris Baker (writer)|last2=Phongpaichit |first2=Pasuk |title=A History of Thailand |date=2009 |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |isbn=9781139194877 |edition=2nd |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/a-history-of-thailand/883A68FBB58CDC471CDACCF3D7A490C3 |access-date=29 September 2018}}
*{{cite book|first=Thak|last=Chaloemtiarana|title=Thailand. The Politics of Despotic Paternalism|publisher=Cornell Southeast Asia Program|location=[[Ithaca, New York|Ithaca]]|year=2007|isbn=978-0-87727-742-2}}
*{{cite book|first=Daniel|last=Fineman|title=A Special Relationship. The United States and Military Government in Thailand, 1947–1958|publisher=[[University of Hawaiʻi Press]]|location=[[Honolulu]]|year=1997|isbn=0-8248-1818-0}}
*{{cite book|first=Thawatt|last=Mokarapong|title=History of Thai Revolution. A study in political behaviour|publisher=Chalermnit|location=[[Bangkok]]|year=1972|isbn=974-07-5396-5}}
*{{cite book|first=Thamsook|last=Numnonda|title=Thailand and the Japanese Presence 1941–1945|publisher=Institute of Southeast Asian Studies|location=Singapore|year=1977}}
*{{cite book|first=E. Bruce|last=Reynolds|title=Phibun Songkhram And Thai Nationalism in the Fascist Era|series=European Journal of East Asian Studies|volume=3|issue=1|year=2004|pages=99–134|doi=10.1163/1570061033004686}}
*{{cite book|first=Judith A.|last=Stowe|title=Siam Becomes Thailand. A Story of Intrigue|publisher=C. Hurst & Co.|location=London|year=1991|isbn=0-8248-1393-6}}
*{{cite book|first=Kobkua|last=Suwannathat-Pian|title=Thailand's Durable Premier. Phibun through three decades, 1932–1957|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|year=1995|isbn=967-65-3053-0}}
*{{cite book|author-link=Barend Jan Terwiel|first=Barend Jan|last=Terwiel|title=Field Marshal Plaek Phibun Songkhram|publisher=[[University of Queensland Press]]|location=[[St Lucia, Queensland|St. Lucia]]|year=1980|isbn=0-7022-1509-0}}
*{{cite book |last1=Staniczek |first1=Lukasz |title=Pibun Songkram 's Role in Thailand's Entry into the Pacific War |date=1999 |publisher=Ouachita Baptist University |location=Arkadelphia |url=https://scholarlycommons.obu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1152&context=honors_theses |access-date=2 April 2020 |format=Thesis}}
*{{cite book|first=David K.|last=Wyatt|author-link=David K. Wyatt|title=Thailand. A Short History|edition=2nd|publisher=[[Yale University Press]]|year=2003|isbn=0-300-08475-7}}

==External links==
{{commons category|Plaek Phibunsongkhram}}
* Duncan Stearn:A Slice of Thai History: The Japanese invasion of Thailand, 8 December 1941 [http://www.pattayamail.com/504/columns.shtml#hd6 Pattaya Mail – Pattaya's First English Language Newspaper] (part one) [http://www.pattayamail.com/505/columns.shtml#hd6 Columns] (part two) [http://www.pattayamail.com/506/columns.shtml#hd6 Columns] (part three)
* {{cite book | url = http://dl.parliament.go.th/bitstream/handle/lirt/336046/2532_%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%95%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%90%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1_%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%9A%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B7%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%AD.pdf?sequence=1 | author = Kopkuea Suwannathat-Phian | title = Foreign Policies of Phibunsongkhram Government: 1938–1944 | language = th | location = Bangkok | publisher = Thammasat University Press | year = 1989 | isbn = 9745724165 | access-date = 25 December 2013 | archive-date = 28 February 2021 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210228081139/https://dl.parliament.go.th/bitstream/handle/lirt/336046/2532_%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%95%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%90%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1_%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%9A%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B7%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%AD.pdf?sequence=1 | url-status = dead }}

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{{succession box|title=[[Prime Minister of Thailand]]|before=[[Khuang Aphaiwong]]|after=[[Pote Sarasin]]|years=1948–1957}}
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{{succession box|title=[[Ministry of Interior (Thailand)|Minister of Interior]]|before=[[Khuang Aphaiwong]]|after=[[Mangkorn Phromyothi]]|years=1948–1949}}
{{s-break}}
{{succession box|title=[[Ministry of Finance (Thailand)|Minister of Finance]]|before=[[Vivadhanajaya|Prince Vivadhanajaya]]|after=[[Phra Manuwimonsat]]|years=1949–1950}}
{{s-break}}
{{succession box|title=[[List of defence ministers of Thailand|Minister of Defence]]|before=[[Luang Chatnakrob]]|after=[[Sarit Thanarat]]|years=1949–1957}}
{{s-break}}
{{s-new|first}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Ministry of Culture (Thailand)|Minister of Culture]]|years=1952–1955}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Luang Sunawinwiwat]]}}
{{s-break}}
{{succession box|title=[[Ministry of Commerce (Thailand)|Minister of Commerce]]|before=[[Nai Vorkarnbancha]]|after=[[Siri Siriyothin]]|years=1954}}
{{s-break}}
{{succession box|title=[[Ministry of Interior (Thailand)|Minister of Interior]]|before=[[Luang Sunawinwiwat]]|after=[[Phao Siyanon]]|years=1954–1957}}
{{s-break}}
{{succession box|title=[[List of defence ministers of Thailand|Minister of Defence]]|before=[[Sarit Thanarat]]|after=[[Thanom Kittikachorn]]|years=1957}}
{{s-break}}
{{succession box|title=[[Ministry of Agriculture and Cooperatives (Thailand)|Minister of Cooperatives]]|before=[[Siri Siriyothin]]|after=[[Wibun Thammabut]]|years=1957}}
{{s-break}}
{{s-par}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Chat Sriyanon]]<br>[[Channothai Rieksut]]<br>[[Chintasen Chaiyakam]]<br>[[Bhethai Amatayakul]]<br>[[Chot Kunakasem]]}}
{{s-ttl|title= Members of the [[House of Representatives (Thailand)|House of Representatives]] for [[Bangkok|Phra Nakhon]]|years=1957|regent1=[[Khuang Aphaiwong]]|regent2=[[Pao Pienlert Boripanyutakit]]|regent3=[[Munee Mahasanthana Vejayantarungsarit]]|regent4=[[Banyat Devahastin na Ayudhya]]|regent5=[[Phra Prayutchonlathi]]|regent6=[[Phraya Ladphlithammaprakal]]|regent7=[[Mangkorn Phromyothi]]|regent8=[[Luang Sawasdisorayut]]}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Luang Angkananurak]]<br>[[Khuang Aphaiwong]]<br>[[Chalit Kulkamthon]]<br>[[Thawin Rawangphai]]<br>[[Sombun Sirithon]]<br>[[Phra Prayutchonlathi]]<br>[[Luang Supachalasai]]<br>[[Luang Srisaliphit]]<br>[[Pao Pienlert Boripanyutakit]]}}
{{s-break}}
{{s-ppo}}
{{s-new|first}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Seri Manangkhasila Party|Leader of Seri Manangkhasila Party]]|years=1955–1957}}
{{s-non|reason=Party dissolved}}
{{s-break}}
{{s-mil}}
{{succession box|title=[[List of commanders-in-chief of the Royal Thai Army|Commanders-in-chief of the Royal Thai Army]]|before=[[Phraya Phahonphonphayuhasena]]|after=[[Phichit Kriangsakphichit|Luang Kriangsakphichit]]|years=1938–1944}}
{{s-break}}
{{s-new|first}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Chief of Defence Forces (Thailand)|Supreme Commander of Thailand]]|years=1940–1941}}
{{s-vac|next=''Himself''}}
{{s-break}}
{{s-vac|last=''Himself''}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Chief of Defence Forces (Thailand)|Supreme Commander of Thailand]]|years=1941–1943}}
{{s-vac|next=[[Sarit Thanarat]]}}
{{s-break}}
{{succession box|title=[[List of commanders-in-chief of the Royal Thai Army|Commanders-in-chief of the Royal Thai Army]]|before=[[Adun Adundetcharat]]|after=[[Phin Choonhavan]]|years=1947–1948}}
{{s-break}}
{{s-aca}}
{{succession box|title=[[Chulalongkorn University|President of Chulalongkorn University]]|before=[[Aller Gustin Ellis]]|after=[[Rachadabhisek Sonakul|Prince Rachadabhisek Sonakul]]|years=1936–1944}}
{{s-break}}
{{s-new|first}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Silpakorn University|President of Silpakorn University Committee]]|years=1943–1957}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Thanom Kittikachorn]]}}
{{s-break}}
{{succession box|title=[[Chulalongkorn University|President of Chulalongkorn University]]|before=[[Rachadabhisek Sonakul|Prince Rachadabhisek Sonakul]]|after=[[Munee Mahasanthana Vejayantarungsarit]]|years=1949–1950}}
{{s-break}}
{{s-vac|last=[[Pridi Banomyong]]|as=President of University of Moral and Political Sciences |reason=''[[Sawat Sawatronnachai Sawatdikiat]] (Acting)''}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Thammasat University|President of Thammasat University]]|years=1952–1957}}
{{s-vac|next=[[Luang Chamrunnetisat]]|reason=''[[Thawi Raengkham]] (Acting)''}}
{{s-end}}
}}

{{Prime Ministers of Thailand}}
{{Royal Thai Army Chiefs}}
{{History of Thailand 1932 - 1973}}
{{Anti-Chinese sentiment}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Phibunsongkhram, Plaek}}
[[Category:1897 births]]
[[Category:Thai people of Chinese descent|Plaek Phibunsongkhram]]
[[Category:1964 deaths]]
[[Category:Cantonese people]]
[[Category:Chiefs of Defence Forces (Thailand)|Plaek Phibunsongkhram]]
[[Category:Chulachomklao Royal Military Academy alumni|Plaek Phibunsongkhram]]
[[Category:Commanders-in-chief of the Royal Thai Army|Plaek Phibunsongkhram]]
[[Category:Exiled politicians]]
[[Category:Field marshals of Thailand|Plaek Phibunsongkhram]]
[[Category:Grand Crosses 1st class of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany]]
[[Category:Honorary Knights Grand Cross of the Order of St Michael and St George]]
[[Category:People's Party (Thailand) politicians|Plaek Phibunsongkhram]]
[[Category:Knights Grand Cross of the Order of Chula Chom Klao|Plaek Phibunsongkhram]]
[[Category:Knights of the Ratana Varabhorn Order of Merit|Plaek Phibunsongkhram]]
[[Category:Thai leaders who took power by coup|Plaek Phibunsongkhram]]
[[Category:Leaders ousted by a coup]]
[[Category:Luang (nobility)|Plaek Phibunsongkhram]]
[[Category:Marshals of the Royal Thai Air Force|Plaek Phibunsongkhram]]
[[Category:Military history of Thailand during World War II]]
[[Category:Members of the 1st House of Representatives of Thailand|Plaek Phibunsongkhram]]
[[Category:Members of the 2nd House of Representatives of Thailand|Plaek Phibunsongkhram]]
[[Category:Members of the 3rd House of Representatives of Thailand|Plaek Phibunsongkhram]]
[[Category:Members of the 4th House of Representatives of Thailand|Plaek Phibunsongkhram]]
[[Category:Members of the 5th House of Representatives of Thailand|Plaek Phibunsongkhram]]
[[Category:Members of the 6th House of Representatives of Thailand|Plaek Phibunsongkhram]]
[[Category:Members of the 7th House of Representatives of Thailand|Plaek Phibunsongkhram]]
[[Category:Members of the 8th House of Representatives of Thailand|Plaek Phibunsongkhram]]
[[Category:Ministers of commerce of Thailand|Plaek Phibunsongkhram]]
[[Category:Ministers of culture of Thailand|Plaek Phibunsongkhram]]
[[Category:Ministers of defence of Thailand|Plaek Phibunsongkhram]]
[[Category:Ministers of education of Thailand|Plaek Phibunsongkhram]]
[[Category:Ministers of finance of Thailand|Plaek Phibunsongkhram]]
[[Category:Ministers of foreign affairs of Thailand|Plaek Phibunsongkhram]]
[[Category:Ministers of interior of Thailand|Plaek Phibunsongkhram]]
[[Category:People from Nonthaburi province|Plaek Phibunsongkhram]]
[[Category:People of the Siamese revolution of 1932|Plaek Phibunsongkhram]]
[[Category:Prime ministers of Thailand|Plaek Phibunsongkhram]]
[[Category:Refugees in Japan]]
[[Category:Thai admirals|Plaek Phibunsongkhram]]
[[Category:Thai anti-communists|Plaek Phibunsongkhram]]
[[Category:Thai collaborators with Imperial Japan|Plaek Phibunsongkhram]]
[[Category:Thai exiles|Plaek Phibunsongkhram]]
[[Category:Thai expatriates in Japan|Plaek Phibunsongkhram]]
[[Category:Thai fascists|Plaek Phibunsongkhram]]
[[Category:Thai nationalists|Plaek Phibunsongkhram]]
[[Category:Thai politicians of Chinese descent|Plaek Phibunsongkhram]]
[[Category:Thai political party founders|Plaek Phibunsongkhram]]
[[Category:Leaders of political parties in Thailand|Plaek Phibunsongkhram]]
[[Category:Thai revolutionaries|Plaek Phibunsongkhram]]
[[Category:World War II political leaders]]
[[Category:Anti-Chinese sentiment]]