Editing Plan of Iguala

{{short description|1821 proclamation of Mexican independence from Spain}}
{{Infobox document
|document_name = Plan of Iguala
|image = Plan de Iguala foja 1.jpg
|image_size = 
|image_alt = The '''Plan of Iguala''', proclaimed 24 February 1821 by General Agustín de Iturbide
|caption = 
|date_created = 24 February 1821
|date_ratified = 24 August 1821<ref name="historiacultural">{{Cite web|title = Plan de Iguala|website = Historia Universal|last = Portillo|first = Luis|url = http://www.historiacultural.com/2011/05/plan-iguala-1821-mexico.html|access-date = 31 October 2014}}</ref>
|date_effective = 25 August 1821
|location_of_document = [[Iguala, Guerrero|Iguala]], [[Mexico]]
|writer = 
|signers = [[Agustín de Iturbide]], [[Vicente Guerrero]]
|purpose = Establish the form of Mexican independence
}}

The '''Plan of Iguala''',<ref>{{cite web |url=http://cdigital.dgb.uanl.mx/la/1080043672/1080043672_33.pdf |title=Plan de Iguala de 24 de Febrero de 1821 |website=cdigital.dgb.uanl.mx |access-date=Dec 22, 2018}}</ref> also known as the '''Plan of the Three Guarantees''' ("Plan Trigarante") or '''Act of Independence of North America''',<ref>ARENAL Jaime Del, "la independencia de la entonces llamada América Septentrional", Instituto de México En España</ref> was a revolutionary proclamation promulgated on 24 February 1821, in the final stage of the [[Mexican War of Independence]] from [[Spain]]. The Plan stated that [[Mexico]] was to become a [[constitutional monarchy]], whose sole official religion would be [[Roman Catholicism]], in which both the ''[[Peninsulares]]'' (people born in Spain and residing in Mexico) and the ''Americanos'' (people born in Mexico, that is, the [[Americas]]) would enjoy equal political and social rights.<ref>"La Revolución de Independencia", en ''Historia General de México'', Versión 2000, El Colegio de México, 2009, p. 519.</ref> It took its name from the city of [[Iguala]] in the modern-day state of [[Guerrero]].

The two main figures behind the Plan were [[Agustín de Iturbide]] (who would become [[First Mexican Empire|Emperor of Mexico]]) and [[Vicente Guerrero]], revolutionary rebel leader and later [[President of Mexico]]. The [[Army of the Three Guarantees]] was formed by the unified forces of Iturbide and Guerrero to defend the ideals of the Plan of Iguala. On 24 August 1821, Iturbide and [[List of viceroys of New Spain|Spanish viceroy]] [[Juan O'Donojú]] signed the [[Treaty of Córdoba]] in [[Córdoba, Veracruz]], ratifying the Plan of Iguala, and thus confirming Mexico's independence.

The Plan, a compromise, introduced new ideas and preserved others.<ref>{{cite journal|access-date=5 May 2022|author1=Jaime E. Rodríguez O.|date=1993|issn=0185-0172|language=es|number=2|pages=270–271|periodical=Historia Mexicana|publisher=El Colegio de México, A.C.|quote=El Plan de Iguala ofrecía de esta manera un compromiso, una manera de conservar un gobierno constitucional representativo|title=LA TRANSICIÓN DE COLONIA A NACIÓN: NUEVA ESPAÑA, 1820-1821|url=https://historiamexicana.colmex.mx/index.php/RHM/article/view/2252/2946|volume=XLIII}}<!-- auto-translated by Module:CS1 translator --></ref>  For example, it established a new army, but it preserved the constitutional right of all males to vote regardless of place of birth, ethnic origin, or economic condition, which had been enshrined in the Constitution of 1812 and which was in force at the time of the Plan.<ref>{{cite news |author1=Alfredo Ávila Rueda |title=LA CONSTITUCIÓN DE CÁDIZ Y LA INDEPENDENCIA DE MÉXICO |url=https://relatosehistorias.mx/nuestras-historias/la-constitucion-de-cadiz-y-la-independencia-de-mexico |access-date=5 May 2022 |work=Relatos e historias en México |issue=43 |publisher=EDITORIAL RAÍCES, S.A. DE C.V. |date=March 2012 |language=es |quote=No importaba si se era indígena, mestizo o blanco, culto o analfabeta, rico o pobre, todos los que cumplieran los requisitos señalados por la Constitución podrían votar. |issn=2007-0616}}</ref>

==Three Guarantees==
[[File:Flag_of_the_Three_Guarantees.svg|thumb|left|Tricolor flag of the [[Army of the Three Guarantees]]]]
The Plan of Iguala established three central principles for the nascent Mexican state: the primacy of [[Roman Catholicism]], the absolute political [[independence]] of Mexico, and full [[social equality]] for all social and ethnic groups in the new country. These are the "Three Guarantees" by which the Plan is sometimes known, summarized as "Religion, Independence and Unity" ("Religión, Independencia y Unión"). The tricolor flag of the Army of Three Guarantees is a symbolic representation of the three guarantees, and is the colour scheme for the post-independence red, green, and white Mexican flag.

The document explicitly includes all residents of Mexico's geographic territory among its citizens: the preamble refers to "Americans, under which term are included not only those born in America, but Europeans, Africans and Asians who reside in it," and Article 12 states: "All the inhabitants of the Mexican Empire, without any other distinction besides merit and virtue, are suitable citizens to apply for any employment," or "All the inhabitants of New Spain, without any distinction between Europeans, Africans, nor Indians, are citizens of this Monarchy with option to all employment depending on their merit and virtues," depending on the copy.<ref>{{Cite web| last = McKeehan| first = Wallace L.| title = Plan of Iguala and Treaty of Cordova| publisher = Sons of DeWitt Colony Texas | url = http://www.tamu.edu/ccbn/dewitt/iguala.htm| access-date = 2 November 2009| url-status = dead| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090826173709/http://www.tamu.edu/ccbn/dewitt/iguala.htm| archive-date = 26 August 2009}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last = De Iturbide| first = Agustín| author-link = Agustín de Iturbide| title = Plan de Iguala| journal =  Leaflets. 1821. From Woodson Research Center, Rice University, Americas Collection, 1811–1920, MS 518.| year = 1821| hdl = 1911/9226| url = http://scholarship.rice.edu/handle/1911/9226| access-date = 2 November 2009}}</ref>

==Aftermath==
Although the Spanish Viceroy had ratified the Treaty of Córdoba, the [[Cortes Generales|Spanish Congress]] meeting in [[Madrid]] on 13 February 1822 repudiated the Treaty as "illegal, null, and void." The Mexican government, however, insisted upon O'Donojú's acceptance of the Plan as legally establishing the country's independence and sovereignty. Spain responded with a series of [[Spanish attempts to reconquer Mexico|efforts to reconquer Mexico]] over the following decade. It eventually recognized Mexico's independence on 28 December 1836 by the [[Santa María–Calatrava Treaty]], signed in [[Madrid]] by the Mexican Commissioner, Miguel Santa Maria, and the Spanish state minister, Jose Maria Calatrava.<ref>{{cite news | title=Fechas históricas de México|isbn = 9789683802958| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qHKohGnmyeAC&q=espa%C3%B1a+reconoce+la+independencia+de+m%C3%A9xico+en+1836&pg=PA128|language =es|last1 = Orozco|first1 = Fernando|last2 = Orozco|first2 = Orozco Linares L.|year = 1996}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | title=Tratado Definitivo de Paz entre Mexico y España| url=http://www.biblioteca.tv/artman2/uploads/tratado28diciembre1836.pdf|language =es |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211119051817/http://www.biblioteca.tv/artman2/uploads/tratado28diciembre1836.pdf |archive-date= Nov 19, 2021 }}</ref>

Following the fall of [[First Mexican Empire|Iturbide's empire]], the Mexican Congress abrogated both the Plan of Iguala and the Treaty of Córdoba as the basis for the government on 8 April 1823. Instead, a new constitutional convention was called which led to the adoption of the [[1824 Constitution of Mexico]] on 4 October 1824.

==See also==
*[[Mexican War of Independence]]
*[[Declaration of Independence of the Mexican Empire]]
*[[Plans in Mexican history]]
*[[History of democracy in Mexico]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{wikisourcelang|es|Plan de Iguala}}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20090826173709/http://www.tamu.edu/ccbn/dewitt/iguala.htm Plan de Iguala and other relevant documents] (English & Spanish versions)
*{{Cite web |title=Plan for Independence of América Septentrional (Mexico) |url=http://www.wdl.org/en/item/2968 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211017105848/https://www.wdl.org/en/item/2968/ |archive-date=Oct 17, 2021 |website=World Digital Library}}

[[Category:1821 in Mexico]]
[[Category:Plans in Mexico|Iguala]]
[[Category:Peace treaties of Mexico]]
[[Category:Treaties of the Spanish Empire]]
[[Category:Peace treaties of Spain]]
[[Category:1821 treaties]]
[[Category:Mexico–Spain relations]]
[[Category:Treaties of the First Mexican Empire]]
[[Category:August 1821]]
[[Category:1821 documents]]