Editing Plate armour

{{Short description|Personal body armour made from metal plates}}
{{Distinguish|Armour plate|Armour}}
[[File:Lossy-page1-2122px-Hästrustning - Livrustkammaren - 72697 aaa.jpg|thumb|Full plate armour for man and horse commissioned by [[Sigismund II Augustus]], [[Livrustkammaren]] in [[Stockholm]] [[Sweden]] (1550s).|269x269px]] 
[[File:Rustning, Gustav Vasa - Livrustkammaren - 32921.tif|thumb|Armour for [[Gustav I of Sweden]] by [[Kunz Lochner]], c. 1540 ([[Livrustkammaren]]).|315x315px]]'''Plate armour''' is a historical type of personal [[body armour]] made from [[bronze]], [[iron]], or [[steel]] plates, culminating in the iconic '''suit of armour''' entirely encasing the wearer. Full plate steel armour developed in Europe during the [[Late Middle Ages]], especially in the context of the [[Hundred Years' War]], from the [[coat of plates]] (popular in late 13th and early 14th century) worn over [[mail (armour)|mail]] suits during the 14th century, a century famous for the [[Transitional armour]], in that plate gradually replaced mail.

In [[Europe]], full plate armour reached its peak in the 15th and 16th centuries. The full suit of armour, also referred to as a [[panoply]], is thus a feature of the very end of the [[Middle Ages]] and the [[Renaissance]] period. Its popular association with the "[[Middle Ages in popular culture|medieval knight]]” is due to the specialised [[jousting]] armour which developed in the 16th century.

Full suits of [[Gothic plate armour]] and Milanese plate armour were worn on the battlefields of the [[Burgundian Wars]], [[Wars of the Roses]], [[Polish–Teutonic Wars]], [[Eighty Years' War]], [[French Wars of Religion]], [[Italian Wars]], [[Hungarian–Ottoman Wars]],
[[Ottoman–Habsburg wars]], [[Polish–Ottoman Wars]], a significant part of the [[Hundred Years' War]], and even the [[Thirty Years' War]]. The most heavily armoured troops of the period were [[heavy cavalry]], such as the [[gendarme (historical)|gendarmes]] and early [[cuirassier]]s, but the infantry troops of the [[Swiss mercenaries]] and the [[Landsknecht]]s also took to wearing lighter suits of "three quarters" [[munition armour]], leaving the lower legs unprotected.<ref>[http://www.lennartviebahn.com/arms_armour/antiques/half_armour.html Example of an armour worn by pikemen] Germany circa 1600, on view at Lennart Viebahn Arms & Armour</ref>

The use of plate armour began to decline in the early 17th century, but it remained common both among the nobility (e.g., the [[Emperor Ferdinand II]], [[Louis XIII]], [[Philip IV of Spain]], [[Maurice of Orange]] and [[Gustavus Adolphus]]) and the cuirassiers throughout the [[European wars of religion]]. After the mid-17th century, plate armour was mostly reduced to the simple [[breastplate]] or [[cuirass]] worn by [[cuirassier]]s, with the exception of the [[Polish Hussars]] that still used considerable amounts of plate. This was due to the development of the [[musket]], which could penetrate armour at a considerable distance.{{Citation needed|reason=Reliable source needed for the whole sentence|date=September 2016}} For infantry, the breastplate gained renewed importance with the development of [[Shrapnel (fragment)|shrapnel]] in the late [[Napoleonic Wars]]. The use of steel plates sewn into [[flak jacket]]s dates to [[World War II]], and was replaced by more modern materials such as [[fibre-reinforced plastic]], since the mid-20th century.

'''Mail armour''' is a layer of protective clothing worn most commonly from the 9th to the 13th century, though it would continue to be worn under plate armour until the 15th century.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Cartwright |first=Mark |title=The Armour of an English Medieval Knight |url=https://www.worldhistory.org/article/1244/the-armour-of-an-english-medieval-knight/ |access-date=2023-04-27 |website=World History Encyclopedia |language=en}}</ref> [[Chain mail|Mail]] was made from hundreds of small interlinking iron or steel rings held together by [[rivets]]. It was made this way so that it would be able to follow the contour of the wearer's body, maximizing comfort. Mail armour was designed mainly to defend against thrusting and cutting weapons, rather than [[Club (weapon)|bludgeons]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Wedel |first=Waldo R. |title=Chain Mail in Plains Archeology |date=1975 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/25667265 |journal=Plains Anthropologist |volume=20 |issue=69 |pages=187–196 |doi=10.1080/2052546.1975.11908716 |jstor=25667265 |issn=0032-0447|url-access=subscription }}</ref> Typical clothing articles made of mail at the time would be hooded cloaks, gloves, [[trousers]], and shoes. From the 10th to the 13th century, mail armour was so popular in Europe, that it was known as the age of mail.

== Early history ==
{{Further|Coat of plates}}
[[File:Bronze cuirass BM GR1873.8-20.223.jpg|thumb|upright|Bronze [[muscle cuirass]], Italy, c. 350–300 BC]]

Partial plate armour, made out of bronze, which protected the chest and the lower limbs, was used by the ancient [[Ancient Greece|Greeks]], as early as the late [[Bronze Age]]. The [[Dendra panoply]] protected the entire torso on both sides and included shoulder and neck protections. Less restrictive and heavy armour would become more widespread in the form of the [[muscle cuirass]] during [[classic antiquity]] before being superseded by other types of armour. [[Parthian Empire|Parthian]] and [[Sassanian]] heavy cavalry known as [[Clibanarii]] used cuirasses made out of scales or mail and small, overlapping plates in the manner of the [[Manica (armguard)|manica]] for the protection of arms and legs. Plate armour in the form of the [[Lorica segmentata]] was used by the Roman empire between the 1st century BC and 4th century AD.

Single plates of metal armour were again used from the late 13th century on, to protect joints and shins, and these were worn over a [[Mail (armour)|mail]] [[hauberk]]. Gradually the number of plate [[components of medieval armour]] increased, protecting further areas of the body, and in [[barding]] those of a cavalryman's horse. Armourers developed skills in articulating the [[Lame (armor)|lames]] or individual plates for parts of the body that needed to be flexible, and in fitting armour to the individual wearer like a tailor. The cost of a full suit of high quality fitted armour, as opposed to the cheaper [[munition armour]] (equivalent of [[ready-to-wear]]) was enormous, and inevitably restricted to the wealthy who were seriously committed to either soldiering or [[jousting]]. The rest of an army wore inconsistent mixtures of pieces, with mail still playing an important part.

== Japan ==
{{Main|Japanese armour}}
[[File:南蛮胴具足.jpg|thumb|upright|A Japanese 16th–17th century suit of plate armour with a western-style cuirass (''nanban dō gusoku'')]]

In the [[Kofun period]] (250–538),<ref>Jref. (2012, December 5). Kofun period. Japan Reference. https://jref.com/articles/kofun-period.208/</ref> iron plate cuirasses (''[[tankō]]'') and helmets were being made.<ref name="robinson167">[https://books.google.com/books?id=Kh-to448NTEC&dq=Japanese+plate+armour&pg=PA167 ''Oriental Armour'', H. Russell Robinson, Courier Dover Publications, 2002, page 167].</ref> Plate armour was used in Japan during the [[Nara period]] (646–793); both plate and [[lamellar armour]]s have been found in burial mounds, and ''[[haniwa]]'' (ancient clay figures) have been found depicting warriors wearing full armour.<ref name="robinson167" />

In Japan, the warfare of the [[Sengoku period]] (1467–1615) required large quantities of armour to be produced for the ever-growing armies of foot soldiers (''[[ashigaru]]''). Simple munition-quality<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=8APyY3eIONcC&dq=samurai+Munitions+armor&pg=PA130 ''The Watanabe Art Museum Samurai Armour Collection'', Volume I, Kabuto & Mengu'', Trevor Absolon, page 130].</ref> chest armours (''[[Dō (armour)|dō]]'') and helmets (''[[kabuto]]'') were mass-produced.

In 1543, the Portuguese brought matchlock firearms ([[Tanegashima (Japanese matchlock)|''tanegashima'']]) to Japan.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=6WQnNqhDNhAC&q=tanegashima ''Tanegashima: the arrival of Europe in Japan'', Olof G. Lidin, Nordic Institute of Asian Studies, NIAS Press, 2002].</ref> As Japanese swordsmiths began mass-producing matchlock firearms and firearms became used in war, the use of Lamellar armour (''[[ō-yoroi]]'' and ''[[dō-maru]]''), previously used as samurai armour, gradually decreased. Japanese armour makers started to make new types of armour made of larger iron plate and plated leather.<ref name = "gusoku">[https://web.archive.org/web/20190425051228/http://costume.iz2.or.jp:80/column/554.html 日本の甲冑] Costume Museum</ref> This new suit of armour is called ''tōsei gusoku'' (gusoku), which means modern armour.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=IQ3FAZG94ZsC&dq=Tosei+gusoku&pg=PA32 ''Samurai: The Weapons and Spirit of the Japanese Warrior'', Clive Sinclaire, Globe Pequot, 2004, page 32].</ref><ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=jGsVHV098K0C&dq=last+use+of+samurai+armour&pg=PA36 The Grove encyclopedia of decorative arts, Volume 1, Gordon Campbell, Oxford University Press US, 2006, page 36].</ref><ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=04S4YdDarD0C&dq=Japanese+plate+armour&pg=PA145 ''The Hutchinson dictionary of ancient & medieval warfare'', Matthew Bennett, Taylor & Francis, 1998, page 145].</ref><ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=IQ3FAZG94ZsC&dq=last+use+of+samurai+armour&pg=PA49 Samurai: The Weapons and Spirit of the Japanese Warrior, Clive Sinclaire, Globe Pequot, 2004, page 49].</ref> The type of ''gusoku'', which covered the front and back of the body with a single iron plate with a raised center and a V-shaped bottom like plate armour, was specifically called ''nanban dou gusoku'' ("Western style ''gusoku''{{-"}}) and was used by some samurai.<ref name = "gusoku"/> Japanese armour makers designed bulletproof plate armour called ''tameshi gusoku'' ("bullet tested"), which allowed soldiers to continue wearing armour despite the heavy use of firearms in the late 16th century.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8APyY3eIONcC&q=Japanese+plate+armour&pg=PA16|title=The Watanabe Art Museum Samurai Armour Collection Volume I ~ Kabuto & Mengu|first=Trevor|last=Absolon|date=28 February 2018|publisher=Trevor Absolon|isbn=9780986761508|via=Google Books}}</ref><ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=8APyY3eIONcC&dq=Tameshi+gusoku+(&pg=PA78 ''The Watanabe Art Museum Samurai Armour Collection'', Volume I, Kabuto & Mengu, Trevor Absolon, page 78].</ref>

In the 17th century, warfare in Japan came to an end, but the samurai continued to use plate armour until the end of the samurai era in the 1860s, with the known last use of samurai armour occurring in 1877, during the [[Satsuma rebellion]].<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=IQ3FAZG94ZsC&dq=last+use+of+samurai+armour&pg=PA58 ''Samurai: The Weapons and Spirit of the Japanese Warrior'', Clive Sinclaire, Globe Pequot, 2004, page 58].</ref>

== Late Middle Ages ==
{{further|Gothic plate armour|Components of medieval armour}}
[[File:Italian - Sallet - Walters 51580.jpg|thumb|Italian suit of armour with [[sallet]], c. 1450|left|254x254px]]

By about 1420, complete suits of plate armour had been developed in Europe. A full suit of plate armour would have consisted of a [[helmet]], a [[gorget]] (or [[bevor]]), [[spaulder]]s, [[pauldron]]s with gardbraces to cover the armpits as was seen in French armour,<ref>David Nicolle, ''French Armies of the Hundred Years War'', Osprey Publishing, series Men-at-Arms #337, 2000.</ref><ref>David Nicolle, ''Fornovo 1495:  France's bloody fighting retreat,'' Osprey Publishing, series Campaign #43, 1996.</ref> or [[besagew]]s (also known as [[Rondel (armour)|rondels]]) which were mostly used in Gothic Armour, [[rerebrace]]s, [[couter]]s, [[vambrace]]s, [[Gauntlet (gloves)|gauntlets]], a [[cuirass]] (breastplate and backplate) with a [[faulds (plate armour)|fauld]], [[tassets]] and a [[culet (armour)|culet]], a [[Mail (armour)|mail]] skirt, [[cuisse]]s, [[poleyn]]s, [[greave]]s, and [[sabaton]]s. The very fullest sets, known as garnitures, more often made for jousting than war, included '''pieces of exchange''', alternate pieces suiting different purposes, so that the suit could be configured for a range of different uses, for example fighting on foot or on horse. By the Late Middle Ages even infantry could afford to wear several pieces of plate armour. Armour production was a profitable and pervasive industry during the Middle Ages and the Renaissance.<ref>Curl, Michael. "The Industry of Defence: A Look at the Armour Industry of the Fourteenth, Fifteenth and Sixteenth Century". ''Medieval Warfare'', vol. 2, no. 1, 2012, pp. 38–42. {{JSTOR|48578631}}. Accessed 17 June 2021.</ref>[[File:ArmeriaPalacioRealMadrid.JPG|thumb|300px|[[Royal Armoury of Madrid]], [[Spain]]]]

A complete suit of plate armour made from well-tempered steel would weigh around {{cvt|15|–|25|kg|lb}}.<ref>{{cite book |last=James |first=Lawrence |year=2003 |title=Warrior Race: A History of the British at War |publisher=St. Martin's Press |isbn=0-312-30737-3 |page=119}}</ref> The wearer remained highly agile and could jump, run and otherwise move freely as the weight of the armour was spread evenly throughout the body. The armour was articulated and covered a man's entire body completely from neck to toe. In the 15th and 16th centuries, plate-armoured soldiers were the nucleus of every army. Large bodies of [[men-at-arms]] numbering thousands, or even more than ten thousand men (approximately 60% to 70% of French armies were men-at-arms and the percentage was also high in other countries), were fighting on foot, wearing full plate next to archers and crossbowmen.{{Citation needed|reason=Reliable source needed for the whole sentence|date=September 2016}} This was commonly seen in the Western European armies, especially during the [[Hundred Years War]], the [[Wars of the Roses]] or the [[Italian Wars]].{{Citation needed|reason=Reliable source needed for the whole sentence|date=September 2016}}

European leaders in armouring techniques were Northern [[Italians]], especially from [[Milan]], and Southern [[Germans]], who had somewhat different styles. But styles were diffused around Europe, often by the movement of armourers; the Renaissance [[Greenwich armour]] was made by a royal workshop near London that had imported Italian, Flemish and (mostly) German craftsmen, though it soon developed its own unique style. Ottoman Turkey also made wide use of plate armour, but incorporated large amounts of mail into their armour, which was widely used by shock troops such as the [[Janissary]] Corps.

=== Effect on weapon development ===
[[File:Cod2823 fol150r.jpg|thumb|upright|15th-century depiction of a [[melee]]. A breast plate is pierced by a sword]]

Plate armour gave the wearer very good protection against [[sword]] cuts, as well against spear thrusts, and provided decent defense against [[Club (weapon)|blunt weapons]].

The evolution of plate armour also triggered developments in the design of offensive weapons. While this armour was effective against cuts or strikes, their weak points could be exploited by thrusting weapons, 
such as [[estoc]]s, [[Pollaxe (Polearm)|poleaxes]], and [[halberd]]s. The effect of [[arrow]]s and [[crossbow bolt|bolt]]s is still a point of contention with regard to plate armour. The evolution of the 14th-century plate armour also triggered the development of various [[polearm]]s. They were designed to deliver a strong impact and concentrate energy on a small area and cause damage through the plate. [[Mace (bludgeon)|Maces]], [[war hammer]]s, and pollaxes (poleaxes) were used to inflict blunt force trauma through armour. Strong blows to the head could result in [[concussion]], even if the armour is not penetrated.

Fluted plate was not only decorative, but also reinforced the plate against bending under striking or blunt impact. This offsets against the tendency for flutes to catch piercing blows. In armoured techniques taught in the [[German school of swordsmanship]], the attacker concentrates on these "weak spots", resulting in a fighting style very different from unarmoured sword-fighting. Because of this weakness, most warriors wore a mail shirt (haubergeon or hauberk) beneath their plate armour (or [[coat-of-plates]]). Later, full mail shirts were replaced with mail patches, called [[gousset|gussets]], which were sewn onto a [[gambeson]] or arming jacket. Further protection for plate armour was the use of small round plates called [[besagew]]s, that covered the armpit area and the addition of [[couter]]s and [[poleyn]]s with "wings" to protect the inside of the joint.

== Renaissance ==
{{Further|Maximilian armour|Gendarme (historical)}}

German so-called [[Maximilian armour]] of the early 16th century is a style using heavy fluting and some decorative etching, as opposed to the plainer finish on 15th-century [[white armour]]. The shapes include influence from Italian styles. This era also saw the use of closed helms, as opposed to the 15th-century-style [[sallet]]s and [[barbute]]s.{{citation needed|date=July 2013}} During the early 16th century, the helmet and neckguard design was reformed to produce the so-called [[Nuremberg|Nürnberg]] armour, many of them masterpieces of workmanship and design.<ref>{{cite web|title=Middle Ages: Armor|url=http://www.themiddleages.net/armor.html|publisher=MiddleAges.Net|access-date=8 May 2011}}</ref>

As firearms became better and more common on the battlefield, the utility of full armour gradually declined, and full suits became restricted to those made for [[jousting]] which continued to develop. The decoration of fine armour greatly increased in the period, using a range of techniques, and further greatly increasing the cost. Elaborately decorated plate armour for royalty and the very wealthy was being produced. Highly decorated armour is often called '''parade armour''', a somewhat misleading term as such armour might well be worn on active military service. Steel plate armour for [[Henry II of France]], made in 1555, is covered with meticulous embossing, which has been subjected to blueing, silvering and gilding.<ref>{{cite web|title=Heilbrunn Timeline of History: The Decoration of European Armor|url=http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/deca/hd_deca.htm|publisher=Metropolitan Museum of Art|access-date=November 26, 2011}}</ref>

Such work required armourers to either collaborate with artists or have artistic skill of their own; another alternative was to take designs from [[ornament print]]s and other prints, as was often done. [[Daniel Hopfer]] was an etcher of armour by training, who developed [[etching]] as a form of [[printmaking]]. Other artists such as [[Hans Holbein the Younger]] produced designs for armour. The [[Milan]]ese armourer [[Filippo Negroli]], from a leading dynasty of armourers, was the most famous modeller of figurative [[relief]] decoration on armour.

<gallery mode="packed" heights="200">
File:KHM Wien A 3 - Armor of Roberto da Sanseverino (d. 1487).jpg|Suit of armour of the Italian ''[[condottiero]]'' [[Roberto Sanseverino d'Aragona]]
File:Emperor charles v.png|Painting of [[Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor]] by [[Juan Pantoja de la Cruz]] (c. 1605), after an original by [[Titian]], depicting an elaborate Renaissance-era suit of armour.
File:Erik XIVs rustning från 1562 - Livrustkammaren - 73817.tif|Parade armour from 1562, belonged to [[Erik XIV of Sweden]]. Made by Eliseus Libaerts and [[Etienne Delaune]].
</gallery>

=== Infantry ===
{{Further|Munition armour|Almain rivet}}

Reduced plate armour, typically consisting of a [[breastplate]], a [[burgonet]], [[Morion (helmet)|morion]] or [[cabasset]] and [[Gauntlet (gloves)|gauntlets]], however, also became popular among 16th-century [[mercenary|mercenaries]], and there are many references to so-called [[munition armour]] being ordered for infantrymen at a fraction of the cost of full plate armour. This mass-produced armour was often heavier and made of lower quality metal than fine armour for commanders.<ref>{{cite book | last = Wise | first = Terence | title = The Wars of the Roses | publisher = [[Osprey Publishing]] | year = 1983 | isbn = 0-85045-520-0}}</ref>

=== Jousting ===
[[File:KHM Wien S XVI - Jousting armour of John the Constant, c. 1497-1505, front.jpg|thumb|upright|The ''Stechzeug'' of [[John the Constant]] (c. 1500)]]

Specialised [[jousting]] armour produced in the late 15th to 16th century was heavier, and could weigh as much as {{convert|50|kg|abbr=on}}, as it was not intended for free combat, it did not need to permit free movement, the only limiting factor being the maximum weight that could be carried by a [[warhorse]] of the period.

The medieval [[joust]] has its origins in the military tactics of [[heavy cavalry]] during the [[High Middle Ages]]. Since the 15th century, jousting had become a [[sport]] (''[[hastilude]]'') with less direct relevance to warfare, for example using separate specialized armour and equipment.

During the 1490s, emperor [[Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor|Maximilian I]] invested a great deal of effort in perfecting the sport, for which he received his nickname of "The Last Knight".
''Rennen'' and ''Stechen'' were two sportive forms of the joust developed during the 15th century and practiced throughout the 16th century. The armours used for these two respective styles of the joust were known as ''Rennzeug'' and ''Stechzeug'', respectively. The ''Stechzeug'' in particular developed into extremely heavy armour which completely inhibited the movement of the rider, in its latest forms resembling an armour-shaped cabin integrated into the [[horse armour]] more than a functional suit of armour. Such forms of sportive equipment during the final phase of the joust in [[16th-century Germany]] gave rise to modern misconceptions about the heaviness or clumsiness of "medieval armour", as notably popularised by [[Mark Twain]]'s ''[[A Connecticut Yankee in King Arthur's Court]]''.<ref>{{cite book | last = Ellis | first = John | title = Cavalry: The History of Mounted Warfare | publisher = [[Putnam, Connecticut|Putnam]] | year = 1978 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book | last = Woosnam-Savage | first = Robert C. | author2 = Anthony Hall | title = Brassey's Book of Body Armor | publisher = Potomac Books, Incorporated | year = 2002 | url = https://archive.org/details/brasseysbookofbo0000woos_w8o2 | isbn = 1-57488-465-4 | url-access = registration }}</ref>

The extremely heavy helmets of the ''Stechzeug'' are explained by the fact that the aim was to detach the [[Crest (heraldry)|crest]] of the opponent's helmet, resulting in frequent full impact of the lance to the helmet.

By contrast, the ''Rennen'' was a type of joust with lighter contact. Here, the aim was to hit the opponent's shield. The specialised ''Rennzeug'' was developed on the request of Maximilian, who desired a return to a more agile form of joust compared to the heavily armoured "full contact" ''Stechen''. In the ''Rennzeug'', the shield was attached to the armour with a mechanism of springs and would detach itself upon contact.

<gallery mode="packed" heights="200">
File:Stechzeug of Maximilian I by Wendelin Boeheim.jpg| ''Stechzeug''; note that the parts protecting the lower body and the legs were incorporated as part of the [[horse armour]] (not shown).
File:Rennzeug by Wendelin Boeheim.jpg| ''Rennzeug''
File:HJRK B 75, A 79 - Kolbenturnierhelm, 1480-85, and arms, 1486.jpg| Armour designed for the ''[[Kolbenturnier]]'', dated to the 1480s. The ''Kolbenturnier'' was a late form of the [[Tournament (medieval)|tournament]], unlike the joust played with two [[team sport|teams]] using wooden clubs (''Kolben'') to hit opponents' helmet crests.
</gallery>

== Early modern period ==
{{Further|Cuirass|Munition armour|Armour in the 18th century}}

Plate armour was widely used by most armies until the end of the 17th century for both foot and mounted troops such as the [[cuirassier]]s, [[London lobsters]], [[dragoon]]s, [[demi-lancer]]s and [[Polish hussars]]. The infantry armour of the 16th century developed into the ''Savoyard'' type of three-quarters armour by 1600.

Full plate armour was expensive to produce and remained therefore restricted to the upper strata of society; lavishly decorated suits of armour remained the fashion with 18th-century nobles and generals long after they had ceased to be militarily useful on the battlefield due to the advent of inexpensive [[muskets]].

The development of powerful firearms made all but the finest and heaviest armour obsolete. The increasing power and availability of firearms and the nature of large, state-supported infantry led to more portions of plate armour being cast off in favour of cheaper, more mobile troops. Leg protection was the first part to go, replaced by tall leather boots. By the beginning of the 18th century, only [[field marshal]]s, commanders and royalty remained in full armour on the battlefield, more as a sign of rank than for practical considerations. It remained fashionable for monarchs to be portrayed in armour during the first half of the 18th century (late [[Baroque]] period), but even this tradition became obsolete. Thus, [[:File:Antoine Pesne - Frederick the Great as Crown Prince - WGA17377.jpg|a portrait]] of [[Frederick the Great]] in 1739 still shows him in armour, while [[:File:FrederickderGroßeKnötel.jpg|a later painting]] showing him as a commander in the [[Seven Years' War]] (c. 1760) depicts him without armour.

<gallery mode="packed" heights="200">
File:Savoyard armour IMG 3805.jpg|Savoyard munition armour, c. 1600
File:Herzog Christian von Braunschweig-Lüneburg.jpg|[[Christian the Younger of Brunswick]] wearing [[cuirassier]] armour (1620)
File:Charles III of Spain.jpg|Portrait of [[Charles III of Spain]] in a suit of armour (1761).
File:Cuirasse-1854-p1030165.jpg|French cuirassier armour (1854).
</gallery>

== Modern body armour ==
{{Main|Bulletproof vest#History}}
{{Further|Steel Bib}}

Body armour made a brief reappearance in the [[American Civil War]] with mixed success. During [[World War I]], both sides experimented with shrapnel armour, and some soldiers used their own dedicated ballistic armour such as the American [[Brewster Body Shield]], although none were widely produced. The [[heavy cavalry]] armour ([[cuirass]]) used by the [[German Empire|German]], [[British Empire|British]], and [[French Third Republic|French]] empires during the [[Napoleonic Wars]], were actively used until the first few months of [[World War I]], when French [[cuirassier]]s went to meet the enemy dressed in armour outside of [[Paris]]. The cuirass represents the final stage of the tradition of plate armour descended from the [[Late Middle Ages]]. Meanwhile, makeshift steel armour for protection against [[Fragmentation (weaponry)|shrapnel]] and early forms of [[ballistic vest]]s began development from the mid-19th century to the present day.

Plate armour was also famously used in [[Australia]] by the Kelly Gang, a group of four [[bushranger]]s led by [[Edward "Ned" Kelly]], who had constructed [[armour of the Kelly gang|four suits of improvised armour]] from plough mouldboards and whose crime spree culminated with a violent shootout with police at the town of [[Glenrowan, Victoria|Glenrowan]] in 1880. The armour was reasonably effective against bullets and made Kelly seem almost invincible to the policemen, who likened him to an evil spirit or [[Bunyip]] with one constable reporting that "[I] fired at him point blank and hit him straight in the body. But there is no use firing at Ned Kelly; he can't be hurt", however it left sections of the groin and limbs exposed; during the infamous "Glenrowan Affair", gang member Joe Byrne was killed by a bullet to the groin, Kelly was captured after a fifteen-minute last stand against police (having sustained a total of 28 bullet wounds over his body), and the remaining two members are thought to have committed suicide shortly after. Although the recovered suits were almost immediately mismatched, they have since been reorganized and restored and today remain as a powerful symbol of the Australian outback.

In 1916, General Adrian of the French army provided an abdominal shield which was light in weight (approx. one kilogram) and easy to wear.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6OeO9_g_6n4C&pg=PA109|title=Helmets and Body Armor in Modern Warfare|first=Bashford|last=Dean|date=28 February 2018|publisher=Yale University Press|via=Google Books}}</ref> A number of British officers recognised that many casualties could be avoided if effective armour were available.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://history.amedd.army.mil/booksdocs/wwii/woundblstcs/chapter11.htm|title=Office of Medical History|website=history.amedd.army.mil|access-date=2012-07-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030704224744/http://history.amedd.army.mil/booksdocs/wwii/woundblstcs/chapter11.htm|archive-date=2003-07-04|url-status=dead}}</ref>

The first usage of the term "[[flak jacket]]" refers to the armour originally developed by the [[Wilkinson Sword]] company during [[World War II]] to help protect [[Royal Air Force]] (RAF) air personnel from flying debris and [[Fragmentation (weaponry)|shrapnel]]. The [[Red Army]] also made use of ballistic steel body armour, typically chestplates, for combat engineers and assault infantry.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/systems/ground/body-armor2.htm|title=Body Armor History|first=John|last=Pike|website=www.globalsecurity.org}}</ref>

After World War II, steel plates were soon replaced by vests made from synthetic fibre, in the 1950s, made of either [[boron carbide]], [[silicon carbide]], or [[aluminium oxide]]. They were issued to the crew of low-flying aircraft, such as the [[Bell UH-1 Iroquois|UH-1]] and [[Fairchild C-123 Provider|UC-123]], during the [[Vietnam War]].<ref name="Barron1969">{{cite journal |publisher=[[United States Army Soldier Systems Center|U.S. Army Natick Laboratories]] |first=Edward R. |last=Barron |author2=Park, Alice F |author3=Alesi, Anthony L |title=Body Armor for Aircrewman |access-date=2008-11-12 |date=January 1969 |url=http://handle.dtic.mil/100.2/AD688122 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120523192911/http://handle.dtic.mil/100.2/AD688122 |url-status=dead |archive-date=May 23, 2012 |format=PDF }}</ref><ref name="Whoare2006">{{cite web |url=http://www.vietnamgear.com/Article.aspx?Art=91 |title=Who are you calling Chicken? |date=2006-07-03 |publisher=VietnamGear.com |access-date=2008-11-12}}</ref> The synthetic fibre [[Kevlar]] was introduced in 1971, and most ballistic vests since the 1970s are based on kevlar, optionally with the addition of [[trauma plate]]s to reduce the risk of blunt trauma injury. Such plates may be made of ceramic, metal (steel or titanium) or synthetic materials.

<gallery mode="packed" heights="200">
File:Sappenpanzer model 1917-Morges Inv 1010791-P5120277-gradient.jpg|German body armour (''Sappenpanzer''; 1918)
File:American cuirass of WWI.jpg|American cuirass of WWI after fire testing
</gallery>

== See also ==
* [[Ballistic vest]]
* [[Components of medieval armour]]
* [[Mirror armour]]
* [[Plated mail]]
* [[Proofing of armour]]

== References ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

== Further reading ==
* [[R. E. Oakeshott]], ''European weapons and armour: From the Renaissance to the industrial revolution'' (1980).
* {{cite book |author1=Ortiz, A. |author2=Carretero, C. |name-list-style=amp |year=1991 | title=Resplendence of the Spanish monarchy: Renaissance tapestries and armor from the Patrimonio Nacional |url=http://libmma.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/ref/collection/p15324coll10/id/99361 | location=New York | publisher=The Metropolitan Museum of Art |display-authors=etal}} (see index)
* [[Brian R. Price]], ''Techniques of Medieval Armour Reproduction''. Boulder, CO: Paladin Press, 2000.

== External links ==
* {{Commons category-inline|Plate armour}}

{{Types of armour}}
{{Elements of Medieval armor}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Plate Armour}}
[[Category:Plate armour| ]]
[[Category:Body armor]]
[[Category:Early Modern armour]]