Editing Playing by ear

{{Short description|Ability to reproduce music without seeing notation}}
{{about|the musical concept|the album by Preston Reed|Playing by Ear{{!}}''Playing by Ear'' }}
'''Playing''' or '''learning by ear''' is the ability of a performing [[musician]] to reproduce a piece of [[music]] they have heard, without having seen it [[Musical notation|notated]] in any form of [[sheet music]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://idioms.thefreedictionary.com/play+by+ear|title=Play by ear - Idioms by the Free Dictionary|website=thefreedictionary.com|access-date=23 September 2018}}</ref> It is considered to be a desirable skill among musical performers, especially for those that play in a musical tradition where notating music is not the norm'''''.'''''<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.musical-u.com/learn/topic/how-to/play-by-ear/|title=Playing By Ear: How to learn to play notes and chords by ear - Musical U|website=Musical U|access-date=23 September 2018}}</ref>

It is a misconception that musicians who play by ear do not have or do not require musical education, or have no theoretical understanding of the music they are playing.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Gioia|first=Ted|title=The Imperfect Art: Reflections on Jazz and Modern Culture|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|year=1988|isbn=9780195053432|pages=31}}</ref>

Playing by ear is often also used to refer more generally to making music without using musical notation, perhaps using (elements of) improvisation and instant composition.

Blues, pop, jazz, and many forms of non-western music are fundamentally rooted in the concept of playing by ear, where musical compositions are passed down from generation to generation. In this respect, playing by ear can also be seen as a music-specific example of [[oral tradition]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Gioia|first=Ted|title=The Imperfect Art: Reflections on Jazz and Modern Culture|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|year=1988|isbn=9780195053432|pages=33}}</ref>

The concept of playing by ear has led to the development of the idiom to [[wikt:play by ear|play by ear]] or "play ''it'' by ear."

== Method ==
One learns a piece of music by ear by repeatedly listening to it performed, memorizing it, and then trying to recreate what one has heard. This requires the use of several related skills such as [[ear training]], musical perception, [[tonal memory]], [[audiation]], [[music theory]], techniques, and knowledge about the culture of the music one is trying to learn.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-02-14|title=Ear Training: The Ultimate Guide|url=https://www.stringkick.com/blog-lessons/ear-training/|access-date=2021-02-17|website=StringKick|language=en-GB}}</ref> As such, learning to play by ear involves training those skills as well.

To practice playing music by ear, music teachers often have a student listen to short musical examples which the student will have to write out in [[musical notation]], play back on an instrument, sing, or describe using [[Musical note|note names]] or a [[solfège]] system. Musicians will also train their playing by ear skills by taking recordings of full songs and pieces, figuring out the notes by ear, and either [[Transcription (music)|transcribing]] or memorizing them. According to studies playing by ear is associated with a higher level of creativity and musical intelligence. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Playing piano by ear - Pianoholic|url=https://pianoholic.co/playing-piano-by-ear|access-date=2023-01-07 | website=Pianoholic Music|language=en}}</ref>

Audiation is a vital skill for playing music by ear. [[Gordon music learning theory|Edwin Gordon]], originator of the term, describes audiation as: "the foundation of musicianship. It takes place when we hear and comprehend music for which the sound is no longer or may never have been present."<ref>{{Cite web|date=2012-05-24|title=Audiation|url=https://giml.org/mlt/audiation/|access-date=2021-02-17|website=GIML - The Gordon Institute for Music Learning|language=en-US}}</ref> It is often described as the ability to hear music in your head. In this sense, audiation is to music what [[thought]] is to [[language]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Gordon|first=Edwin|title=Learning Sequences in Music: Skill, Content, and Patterns- A Music Learning Theory|publisher=[[GIA Publications]]|year=1997|isbn=1579990045|pages=13}}</ref> 

Learning to play by ear, in the sense of making music without notation, is often compared to learning to speak a language.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Music as a language - Victor Wooten|url=https://ed.ted.com/lessons/victor-wooten-music-as-a-language|access-date=2021-02-17|website=TED-Ed|language=en}}</ref> When sufficiently mastered, playing music by ear should be as comfortable and easy as having a conversation. We speak and react to what we hear, without having to think too deeply about every word we use. The same would be true when playing by ear. A musician can produce a sound at the same time they think of it, without having to consider every separate note they play.

== Existence in musical traditions ==
In most instances, traditions in which music is primarily learned by ear do not use [[musical notation]] in any form. Some examples are early [[Blues]] guitarists and pianists, [[Romani society and culture|Romani]] [[fiddler]]s, and [[folk music]] guitarists.
[[File:A group of musicians, North India, c.1870's.jpg|thumb|A group of [[Hindustani classical music|''Hindustani'']] musicians<br/>(c. 1870)]]
One particularly prominent example is [[Indian classical music]]: the teaching methods of its two major strands ([[Hindustani classical music|''Hindustani'']] and [[Carnatic classical music|''Carnatic'']]) are almost exclusively oral.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.itcsra.org/Indian-Oral-Tradition|title=ITC Sangeet Research Academy - Indian Oral Tradition|website=www.itcsra.org|access-date=23 September 2018}}</ref>

=== In the West ===
{{more citations needed|section|date=March 2007}}
Historically, the [[Western Classical Music|Western classical music]] tradition has been based on the process of learning new pieces from [[musical notation]], and hence playing by ear has a lower importance in musical training. Before the widespread use of sheet music, much early medieval Western music was learnt by ear, particularly in monasteries.

However, many teaching methods in this tradition incorporate playing by ear in some form. For instance, "[[ear training]]" courses are a standard part of [[music school|conservatory]] or college music programs (including use of [[Solfège]]), and the [[Suzuki method]], which incorporates a highly developed focus on playing by ear from a very young age.

In the [[western world|West]], learning by ear is also used heavily in the genres of [[folk music]], [[blues]], [[rock music|rock]], [[pop music|pop]], [[funk music|funk]], [[reggae]], and [[jazz]]. While most professional musicians currently active in these genres are capable of reading musical notation, playing by ear is still widely practiced for a number of reasons. Among those are ease and speed of learning songs, flexibility while [[Musical improvisation|improvising]] and playing variations, and working around the limitations of [[Musical notation|western musical notation]]. 

Since western musical notation was developed for [[classical music]], musicians sometimes run into issues when [[Musical expression|musical expressions]] are commonly used in the genre they are performing but not in classical music. Examples of this are [[Percussion instrument|percussion instruments]] in [[Music of African heritage in Cuba|Afro-Cuban music]], where different strokes and techniques are used to produce different tones and timbres,<ref>{{Cite web|title=Notation - Afro-Cuban Percussion Workbook|url=https://sites.google.com/site/afrocubanpercussionworkbook/excerpts-from-afro-cuban-percussion-workbook/notations|access-date=2021-02-17|website=sites.google.com}}</ref> or improvised music like jazz and classical Indian music, where large parts of the composition consists of guidelines for improvisation. Western musical notation can be ill-suited for these situations, and although supplements to musical notation can be invented to try to accommodate this, playing by ear and oral learning are often preferred because of readability, ease, and tradition.{{citation needed|reason=Teaching Western Music primarily by sight-reading pieces may be a 20th century practice. Improvisation was widespread in classical before the 20th c. None of the paragraphs cite any sources for the claims made.|date=January 2023}}

==See also==
* [[Fiddle]]
* [[Tonal memory]]
* [[Ear training]]
* [[Musical aptitude]] 
* [[Music education for young children]]
* [[Absolute pitch]]

==Notes and references==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070629022312/http://www.giml.org/audiation.php Description of Audiation] from the Gordon Institute for Music Learning
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AnhS9lnOkJg Basic introduction to playing by ear] by Allan Jeong Professor of Instructional Systems & Learning Technology

{{Ear training}}

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[[Category:Music education]]
[[Category:American English idioms]]