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{{Short description|Genus of amphibians}} {{Automatic taxobox | fossil_range = {{Fossil range|Hemphillian|recent|ref=<ref name=fossilworks/>}} |image=Adult Female Plethodon cinereus.jpg |image_caption=[[Red-backed salamander]] (''Plethodon cinereus'') |taxon=Plethodon |authority=[[Johann Jakob von Tschudi|Tschudi]], 1838 | synonyms = {{genus list | Sauropsis | [[Leopold Fitzinger|Fitzinger]], 1843 | Hightonia | Vieites, Román, [[Marvalee Wake|Wake]], and [[David B. Wake|Wake]], 2011 }} | synonyms_ref = <ref name=Frost/> }} '''''Plethodon''''' is a genus of [[salamander]]s in the family [[Plethodontidae]]. They are commonly known as '''woodland salamanders'''.<ref name=Frost/> All members of the genus are [[endemic]] to North America (Canada and the United States).<ref name=Frost/> They have no aquatic larval stage. In some species, such as the [[red-backed salamander]] (''[[Plethodon cinereus]]'').<ref name=IUCN/> Young hatch in the adult form.<ref name=IUCN/> Members of ''Plethodon'' primarily eat small invertebrates.<ref name=adwPcinereus/> The earliest known fossils of this genus are from the [[Hemphillian]] of [[Tennessee]] in the United States.<ref name=fossilworks/> == Taxonomy == ''Plethodon'' is part of the family Plethodontidae (lungless salamanders) and the subfamily [[Plethodontidae|Plethodontinae]]. The genus ''Plethodon'' can be divided into two [[Subgenus|subgenera]]: the nominal subgenus ''Plethodon'', which includes up to 49 eastern species (the bulk of diversity in the genus), and the subgenus '''''Hightonia''''',<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Vieites |first1=David R. |last2=Román |first2=Sandra Nieto |last3=Wake |first3=Marvalee H. |last4=Wake |first4=David B. |date=2011 |title=A multigenic perspective on phylogenetic relationships in the largest family of salamanders, the Plethodontidae |url=https://ib.berkeley.edu/labs/wake/373_multigenic_Plethodontidae.pdf |journal=Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution |volume=59 |issue=3 |pages=623–635 |doi=10.1016/j.ympev.2011.03.012 |pmid=21414414 |bibcode=2011MolPE..59..623V |issn=1055-7903}}</ref> which includes 9 species native to the western part of North America. The eastern ''Plethodon'' subgenus can be further categorized into at least three major [[Species group|species groups]] which genetic analyses confirm to be [[Clade|clades]]:<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Highton |first=R |date=1995 |title=SPECIATION IN EASTERN NORTH AMERICAN SALAMANDERS OF THE GENUS ''PLETHODON'' |url=https://www.annualreviews.org/doi/10.1146/annurev.es.26.110195.003051 |journal=Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics |language=en |volume=26 |issue=1 |pages=579–600 |doi=10.1146/annurev.es.26.110195.003051 |issn=0066-4162|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last1=Kozak |first1=Kenneth H |last2=Weisrock |first2=David W |last3=Larson |first3=Allan |date=2006-03-07 |title=Rapid lineage accumulation in a non-adaptive radiation: phylogenetic analysis of diversification rates in eastern North American woodland salamanders (Plethodontidae: Plethodon ) |journal=Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences |language=en |volume=273 |issue=1586 |pages=539–546 |doi=10.1098/rspb.2005.3326 |issn=0962-8452 |pmc=1560065 |pmid=16537124}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last1=Wiens |first1=John J. |last2=Engstrom |first2=Tag N. |last3=Chippindale |first3=Paul T. |date=2006 |title=Rapid diversification, incomplete isolation, and the "speciation clock" in North American salamanders (Genus Plethodon): Testing the hybrid swarm hypothesis of rapid radiation |url=http://w.wienslab.com/Publications_files/Wiens_et_al_pleth_Evol2006.pdf |journal=Evolution |volume=60 |issue=12 |pages=2585–3103 |doi=10.1554/06-138.1 |pmid=17263119 |issn=0014-3820}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite journal |last1=Kozak |first1=Kenneth H. |last2=Mendyk |first2=Robert W. |last3=Wiens |first3=John J. |date=2009 |title=Can Parallel Diversification Occur in Sympatry? Repeated Patterns of Body-Size Evolution in Coexisting Clades of North American Salamanders |url=http://w.wienslab.com/Publications_files/Kozak_et_al_2009.pdf |journal=Evolution |language=en |volume=63 |issue=7 |pages=1769–1784 |doi=10.1111/j.1558-5646.2009.00680.x|pmid=19473404 |s2cid=3914496 }}</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite journal |last1=Alexander Pyron |first1=R. |last2=Wiens |first2=John J. |date=2011 |title=A large-scale phylogeny of Amphibia including over 2800 species, and a revised classification of extant frogs, salamanders, and caecilians |url=http://w.wienslab.com/Publications_files/Pyron_Wiens_MPE_2011.pdf |journal=Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution |volume=61 |issue=2 |pages=543–583 |doi=10.1016/j.ympev.2011.06.012 |pmid=21723399 |bibcode=2011MolPE..61..543A |issn=1055-7903}}</ref><ref name=":5">{{Cite journal |last1=Fisher-Reid |first1=M. Caitlin |last2=Wiens |first2=John J. |date=2011-10-13 |title=What are the consequences of combining nuclear and mitochondrial data for phylogenetic analysis? Lessons from Plethodon salamanders and 13 other vertebrate clades |url=http://wienslab.com/Publications_files/Fisher_Reid_Wiens_BMC_2011.pdf |journal=BMC Evolutionary Biology |language=en |volume=11 |issue=1 |pages=300 |doi=10.1186/1471-2148-11-300 |doi-access=free |issn=1471-2148 |pmc=3203092 |pmid=21995558|bibcode=2011BMCEE..11..300F }}</ref><ref name=":6">{{Cite journal |last1=Highton |first1=Richard |last2=Hastings |first2=Amy Picard |last3=Palmer |first3=Catherine |last4=Watts |first4=Richard |last5=Hass |first5=Carla A. |last6=Culver |first6=Melanie |last7=Arnold |first7=Stevan J. |date=2012 |title=Concurrent speciation in the eastern woodland salamanders (Genus Plethodon): DNA sequences of the complete albumin nuclear and partial mitochondrial 12s genes |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1055790311005318 |journal=Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution |language=en |volume=63 |issue=2 |pages=278–290 |doi=10.1016/j.ympev.2011.12.018|pmid=22230029 |bibcode=2012MolPE..63..278H |url-access=subscription }}</ref> * The '''''Plethodon cinereus''''' '''group''',<ref name=":0" /> which contains the ubiquitous red-backed salamander and 9 other small, slender species (''[[Plethodon electromorphus|P. electromorphus]], [[Plethodon hoffmani|P. hoffmani]], [[Plethodon hubrichti|P. hubrichti]], [[Plethodon nettingi|P. nettingi]], [[Plethodon richmondi|P. richmondi]], [[Plethodon serratus|P. serratus]], [[Plethodon shenandoah|P. shenandoah]], [[Plethodon sherando|P. sherando]],'' and ''[[Plethodon virginia|P. virginia]]''). * The '''''Plethodon wehrlei'' group<ref name=":0" />''' is a species complex centered on [[Wehrle's salamander]] and at least 4 of its close relatives (''[[Plethodon dixi|P. dixi]]'', ''[[Plethodon jacksoni|P. jacksoni]]'', ''[[Plethodon pauleyi|P. pauleyi]]'', ''[[Plethodon punctatus|P. punctatus]]''). Some of these species were only formally distinguished from ''P. wehrlei'' as recently as 2019.<ref name="camp2019">{{Cite journal |last1=Camp |first1=Carlos D. |last2=Pierson |first2=Todd W. |last3=Wooten |first3=Jessica A. |last4=Felix |first4=Zachary I. |date=2019-05-24 |title=Re-evaluation of the Wehrle's salamander (''Plethodon wehrlei'' Fowler and Dunn) species group (Caudata: Plethodontidae) using genomic data, with the description of a new species |url=https://www.biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.4609.3.2 |journal=Zootaxa |language=en |volume=4609 |issue=3 |pages=429–448 |doi=10.11646/zootaxa.4609.3.2 |issn=1175-5334 |pmid=31717092 |s2cid=181533495|url-access=subscription }}</ref> * The '''''Plethodon welleri'' group'''<ref name=":0" /> includes [[Weller's salamander]] and the three species of zigzag salamander (''[[Plethodon angusticlavius|P. angusticlavius]], [[Plethodon dorsalis|P. dorsalis]], [[Plethodon ventralis|P. ventralis]]'')''.''<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":6" /> Many studies have argued that the ''wehrlei'' and ''welleri'' groups should be conceived of as one larger clade, the '''''Plethodon wehrlei-welleri'' group'''.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3" /><ref name=":4" /><ref name=":5" /> * The '''''Plethodon glutinosus'' group'''<ref name=":0" /> is the largest species group within ''Plethodon'', with around 30 species and several subordinate species complexes. Many species within this group (including [[Northern slimy salamander|the nominal species]]) are commonly known as "'''slimy salamanders'''", characterized by a large size, robust build and black-and-white coloration. Not all members of the ''Plethodon glutinosus'' group are labelled as slimy salamanders, and [[species delimitation]] among slimy salamanders and their close relatives is a subject of continued debate.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":5" /><ref name=":6" /> For example, some studies interpret ''Plethodon grobmani'' and ''Plethodon mississippi'' to be [[Synonym (taxonomy)|junior synonyms]] of ''Plethodon glutinosus'', based on a lack of genetic or anatomical distinctiveness.<ref name=":7">{{Cite journal |last1=Joyce |first1=Kathlene L. |last2=Hayes |first2=Malorie M. |last3=Potter |first3=Jacqueline |last4=Guyer |first4=Craig |date=2019-11-22 |title=Phylogeography of the Slimy Salamander Complex (Plethodon: Plethodontidae) in Alabama |url=https://bioone.org/journals/copeia/volume-107/issue-4/CH-18-170/Phylogeography-of-the-Slimy-Salamander-Complex-Plethodon--Plethodontidae-in/10.1643/CH-18-170.full |journal=Copeia |volume=107 |issue=4 |pages=701 |doi=10.1643/CH-18-170 |s2cid=208942753 |issn=0045-8511}}</ref><ref name=":8">{{Cite journal |last1=Guyer |first1=Craig |last2=Goetz |first2=Scott |last3=Folt |first3=Brian |last4=Joyce |first4=Kathlene |last5=Hayes |first5=Malorie |date=2019-11-22 |title=Variation in Head Shape and Color at the Range Boundary of Gulf Coastal Slimy Salamanders (Plethodon glutinosus Complex), USA |url=https://bioone.org/journals/copeia/volume-107/issue-4/CH-18-169/Variation-in-Head-Shape-and-Color-at-the-Range-Boundary/10.1643/CH-18-169.full |journal=Copeia |volume=107 |issue=4 |pages=694 |doi=10.1643/CH-18-169 |s2cid=208942734 |issn=0045-8511|url-access=subscription }}</ref> * One difficult-to-classify species is [[Webster's salamander]], which may lie among the ''wehrlei-welleri'' group<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3" /><ref name=":4" /><ref name=":5" /> or the ''glutinosus'' group,<ref name=":6" /> or outside both groups,<ref name=":1" /> depending on the study. ==List of species== As of 2024 there are up to 58 species in the genus ''Plethodon''.<ref name="Frost" /> Most are native to eastern and central North America, with the [[Appalachian Mountains]] having the highest diversity. Seven species live along the [[West Coast of the United States|West Coast]], one (''P. idahoensis'') in the [[Rocky Mountains]] of [[Idaho]], and one (''P. neomexicanus'') in the [[Jemez Mountains]] of [[New Mexico]]. All 58 ''Plethodon'' species listed in alphabetical order of [[specific name (zoology)|specific name]]: {|cellspacing=0 cellpadding=5 border=1 style="text-align: center; border-collapse: collapse;" !bgcolor="#f0f0f0"|Image !bgcolor="#f0f0f0"|Species and author !bgcolor="#f0f0f0"|Common name !bgcolor="#f0f0f0"|Geographic range !bgcolor="#f0f0f0"|[[NatureServe status]] !bgcolor="#f0f0f0"|[[IUCN]] status |- | |''P. ainsworthi'' {{small|[[James Lazel|Lazell]], 1998}} |[[Ainsworth's salamander]] |style="width:35%"|Central [[Mississippi]]? (uncertain validity)<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Himes |first1=John G. |last2=Beckett |first2=David C. |date=2013 |title=The Status of Plethodon ainsworthi Lazell: Extinct, Extant, or Nonexistent? |url=https://bioone.org/journals/southeastern-naturalist/volume-12/issue-4/058.012.0419/The-Status-of-Plethodon-ainsworthi-Lazell--Extinct-Extant-or/10.1656/058.012.0419.full |journal=Southeastern Naturalist |volume=12 |issue=4 |pages=851–856 |doi=10.1656/058.012.0419 |s2cid=55019821 |issn=1528-7092|url-access=subscription }}</ref> |Possibly Extinct (GH) |[[File:Fl_mammals_ex.svg]] |- | [[File:Plethodon albagula 168277235.jpg|200px]] |''P. albagula'' {{small|[[Arnold B. Grobman|Grobman]], 1944}} |[[Western slimy salamander]] |style="width:35%"|South-central [[United States]] ([[Missouri]] southwest to central [[Texas]]) |Secure (G5) |[[File:Fl_mammals_lc.svg]] |- |[[File:Plethodon amplus 157030770.jpg|200x200px]] |''P. amplus'' {{small|[[Richard Highton|Highton]] & [[Robert B. Peabody|Peabody]], 2000}} |[[Blue Ridge gray-cheeked salamander]] |Southern [[Blue Ridge Mountains]] (southwest [[North Carolina]]) |Imperiled (G2) |[[File:Fl_mammals_en.svg]] |- |[[File:Plethodon angusticlavius (Ozark Zigzag Salamander) (3679651745).jpg|200px]] |''P. angusticlavius'' {{small|Grobman, 1944}} |[[Ozark zigzag salamander]] |[[Ozarks|Ozark Mountains]] ([[Missouri]], [[Arkansas]], and [[Oklahoma]]) |Apparently Secure (G4) |[[File:Fl_mammals_lc.svg]] |- |[[File:Scott Bar Salamander imported from iNaturalist photo 115598410 on 21 April 2022.jpg|100px]] |''P. asupak'' {{small|[[Louise S. Mead|Mead]], [[David R. Clayton|Clayton]], [[Richard S. Nauman|Nauman]], [[Deanna H. Olson|Olson]] & [[Michael E. Pfrender|Pfrender]], 2005}} |[[Scott Bar salamander]] |[[Scott Bar Mountains]] ([[Siskiyou County, California|Siskiyou County]], northern [[California]]) |Imperiled (G2) |[[File:Fl_mammals_en.svg]] |- | |''P. aureolus'' {{small|Highton, 1984}} |[[Tellico salamander]] |[[Unicoi Mountains]] ([[Tennessee]]-[[North Carolina]] border) |Imperiled (G2) |[[File:Fl_mammals_dd.svg]] |- |[[File:Plethodon caddoensis 162754730.jpg|200px]] |''P. caddoensis'' {{small|[[Clifford H. Pope|C. Pope]] & [[Sarah Haydock Pope|S. Pope]], 1951}} |[[Caddo Mountain salamander]] |[[Caddo Mountains]] (western [[Arkansas]]) |Imperiled (G2) |[[File:Fl_mammals_nt.svg]] |- |[[File:Plethodon chattahoochee 270018759.jpg|200px]] |''P. chattahoochee'' {{small|Highton, 1989}} |[[Chattahoochee slimy salamander]] |[[Chattahoochee–Oconee National Forest|Chattahoochee National Forest]] (northern [[Georgia (U.S. state)|Georgia]]) |Vulnerable (G3) |[[File:Fl_mammals_lc.svg]] |- |[[File:Cheoah Bald Salamander imported from iNaturalist photo 5878362 on 20 April 2022.jpg|200px]] |''P. cheoah'' {{small|Highton & Peabody, 2000}} |[[Cheoah Bald salamander]] |[[Cheoah Bald]] ([[Graham County, North Carolina|Graham]] and [[Swain County, North Carolina|Swain]] counties, southwest [[North Carolina]]) |Critically Imperiled (G1) |[[File:Fl_mammals_vu.svg]] |- |[[File:Plethodon chlorobryonis 118850695.jpg|200px]] |''P. chlorobryonis'' {{small|[[Myron Budd Mittleman|Mittleman]], 1951}} |[[Atlantic Coast slimy salamander]] |[[Atlantic Plain|Atlantic Coastal Plain]] ([[Virginia]] south to [[Georgia (U.S. state)|Georgia]]) |Secure (G5) |[[File:Fl_mammals_lc.svg]] |- |[[File:Eastern Red-backed Salamander - Plethodon cinereus, G. R. Thompson Wildlife Management Area, Linden, Virginia - Flickr - Judy Gallagher.jpg|200px]] |''P. cinereus'' {{small|([[:fr:Jacob Green|J. Green]], 1818)}} |[[Red-backed salamander]] |Northeast [[North America]] ([[Nova Scotia]] west to [[Minnesota]] and south to [[North Carolina]]) |Secure (G5) |[[File:Fl_mammals_lc.svg]] |- |[[File:Plethodon cylindraceus 269771890.jpg|200px]] |''P. cylindraceus'' {{small|([[Richard Harlan|Harlan]], 1825)}} |[[White-spotted slimy salamander]] |[[Southeastern United States]] ([[Virginia]] west to easternmost [[Tennessee]] and south to [[South Carolina]]) |Secure (G5) |[[File:Fl_mammals_lc.svg]] |- | |''P. dixi'' {{small|C. Pope & [[James A. Fowler|J. Fowler]], 1949}} |[[Dixie Caverns salamander|Dixie Cavern salamander]] |[[Roanoke County, Virginia|Roanoke County]], southwest [[Virginia]] |Critically Imperiled (G1) |[[File:Fl_mammals_dd.svg]] |- |[[File:Plethodon dorsalis 002.jpg|200px]] |''P. dorsalis'' {{small|[[Edward Drinker Cope|Cope]], 1889}} |[[Northern zigzag salamander]] |South-central [[United States]] ([[Indiana]] south to [[Alabama]]) |Secure (G5) |[[File:Fl_mammals_lc.svg]] |- |[[File:Plethodon dunni 183149993.jpg|200px]] |''P. dunni'' {{small|[[Sherman C. Bishop|Bishop]], 1934}} |[[Dunn's salamander]] |[[West Coast of the United States|Pacific Coast]] (northwest [[California]] north to southwest [[Washington (state)|Washington]]) |Apparently Secure (G4) |[[File:Fl_mammals_lc.svg]] |- |[[File:Plethodon electromorphus 182055000.jpg|200px]] |''P. electromorphus'' {{small|Highton, 1999}} |[[Northern ravine salamander]] |[[Midwestern United States]] (western [[Pennsylvania]] south to central [[West Virginia]] and west to [[Indiana]]) |Secure (G5) |[[File:Fl_mammals_lc.svg]] |- |[[File:Plethodon elongatus 134949411.jpg|200px]] |''P. elongatus'' {{small|[[John Van Denburgh|Van Denburgh]], 1916}} |[[Del Norte salamander]] |[[West Coast of the United States|Pacific Coast]] (northwest [[California]] and southwest [[Oregon]]) |Apparently Secure (G4) |[[File:Fl_mammals_lc.svg]] |- |[[File:Plethodon fourchensis 171429319.jpg|200px]] |''P. fourchensis'' {{small|[[Robert Duncan (herpetologist)|Duncan]] & Highton, 1959}} |[[Fourche Mountain salamander]] |[[Fourche Mountain]] ([[Scott County, Arkansas|Scott]] and [[Polk County, Arkansas|Polk]] counties, western [[Arkansas]]) |Imperiled (G2) |[[File:Fl_mammals_nt.svg]] |- |[[File:Northern Slimy Salamander - Plethodon glutinosus (49022625501).jpg|200px]] |''P. glutinosus'' {{small|(J. Green, 1818)}} |[[Northern slimy salamander]] |Eastern [[United States]] ([[Connecticut]] south to [[Georgia (U.S. state)|Georgia]] and west to [[Illinois]] and [[Alabama]]). Range extends to [[Florida]], [[Mississippi]], and [[Louisiana]] according to some conceptions of the species.<ref name=":7" /><ref name=":8" /> |Secure (G5) |[[File:Fl_mammals_lc.svg]] |- |[[File:Plethodon grobmani.jpg|200px]] |''P. grobmani'' {{small|[[Ross Allen (herpetologist)|Allen]] & [[Wilfred T. Neill|Neill]], 1949}} |[[Southeastern slimy salamander]] |[[Southeastern United States]] ([[Georgia (U.S. state)|Georgia]], [[Alabama]], [[North Florida|northern Florida]]) |Secure (G5) | |- |[[File:Plethodon hoffmani 168500593.jpg|200px]] |''P. hoffmani'' {{small|Highton, 1972}} |[[Valley and ridge salamander]] |[[Appalachian Mountains]] (central [[Pennsylvania]] south to southwest [[Virginia]]) |Secure (G5) |[[File:Fl_mammals_lc.svg]] |- |[[File:Peaks of Otter Salamander (Plethodon hubrichti).jpg|200px]] |''P. hubrichti'' {{small|[[Gordon R. Thurow|Thurow]], 1957}} |[[Peaks of Otter salamander]] |[[Peaks of Otter]] area (southwest [[Virginia]]) |Imperiled (G2) |[[File:Fl_mammals_vu.svg]] |- | |''P. idahoensis'' {{small|[[James Rodenburg Slater|Slater]] & [[John W. Slipp|Slipp]], 1940}} |[[Coeur d'Alene salamander]] |[[Rocky Mountains]] (northern [[Idaho]] and surrounding areas of [[Montana]] and [[British Columbia]]) |Apparently Secure (G4) |[[File:Fl_mammals_lc.svg]] |- | |''P. jacksoni'' {{small|[[Walter B. Newman|Newman]], 1954}} |[[Blacksburg salamander]] |Southwest [[Virginia]] and surrounding areas of [[North Carolina]] |Unranked (GNR) |[[File:Fl_mammals_dd.svg]] |- |[[File:Plethodon jordani 1156554.jpg|200px]] |''P. jordani'' {{small|[[Willis Stanley Blatchley|Blatchley]], 1901}} |[[Red-cheeked salamander]] or Jordan's salamander |[[Great Smoky Mountains]] ([[Tennessee]]-[[North Carolina]] border) |Apparently Secure (G4) |[[File:Fl_mammals_nt.svg]] |- |[[File:Pkentuckiwv.jpg|200px]] |''P. kentucki'' {{small|Mittleman, 1951}} |[[Cumberland Plateau salamander]] |[[Cumberland Plateau]] area ([[West Virginia]] south to northeast [[Tennessee]]) |Apparently Secure (G4) |[[File:Fl_mammals_lc.svg]] |- |[[File:Plethodon kiamichi 162325964.jpg|200px]] |''P. kiamichi'' {{small|Highton, 1989}} |[[Kiamichi slimy salamander]] |[[Kiamichi Mountains]] ([[Oklahoma]], [[Arkansas]]) |Imperiled (G2) |[[File:Fl_mammals_vu.svg]] |- |[[File:Plethodon kisatchie 186707627.jpg|200px]] |''P. kisatchie'' {{small|Highton, 1989}} |[[Louisiana slimy salamander]] |Northern [[Louisiana]] and southern [[Arkansas]] |Vulnerable (G3) |[[File:Fl_mammals_lc.svg]] |- |[[File:Plethodon larselli 183148883.jpg|200px]] |''P. larselli'' {{small|[[Douglas M. Burns|Burns]], 1954}} |[[Larch Mountain salamander]] |[[Cascade Range]] (northern [[Oregon]] and southern [[Washington (state)|Washington]]) |Imperiled (G2) |[[File:Fl_mammals_lc.svg]] |- |[[File:Plethodon meridianus 67602344.jpg|200px]] |''P. meridianus'' {{small|Highton & Peabody, 2000}} |[[South Mountain gray-cheeked salamander]] |[[South Mountains (North Carolina)|South Mountains]] area (southwest [[North Carolina]]) |Imperiled (G2) |[[File:Fl_mammals_en.svg]] |- |[[File:Plethodon metcalfi 145749131.jpg|200px]] |''P. metcalfi'' {{small|[[Clement Samuel Brimley|Brimley]], 1912}} |[[Southern gray-cheeked salamander]] |Southern [[Blue Ridge Mountains]] (southwest [[North Carolina]] and surrounding areas of [[South Carolina]] and [[Georgia (U.S. state)|Georgia]]) |Apparently Secure (G4) |[[File:Fl_mammals_lc.svg]] |- |[[File:Plethodon mississippi 176472351.jpg|200px]] |''P. mississippi'' {{small|Highton, 1989}} |[[Mississippi slimy salamander]] |South-central [[United States]] (eastern [[Kentucky]] south to [[Alabama]] and west to [[Louisiana]]) |Secure (G5) | |- |[[File:Plethodon montanus 273847659.jpg|200px]] |''P. montanus'' {{small|Highton & Peabody, 2000}} |[[Northern gray-cheeked salamander]] |[[Appalachian Mountains|Appalachian]] and [[Blue Ridge Mountains|Blue Ridge]] mountains (southwest [[Virginia]] south to the [[Tennessee]]-[[North Carolina]] border) |Apparently Secure (G4) |[[File:Fl_mammals_lc.svg]] |- | |''P. neomexicanus'' {{small|[[Robert C. Stebbins|Stebbins]] & [[William J. Riemer|Riemer]], 1950}} |[[Jemez Mountains salamander]] |[[Jemez Mountains]] (north-central [[New Mexico]]) |Critically Imperiled (G1) |[[File:Fl_mammals_en.svg]] |- |[[File:Photo of the Week - Cheat Mountain Salamander (WV) (13432757184).jpg|200px]] |''P. nettingi'' {{small|[[Norman Bayard Green|N.B. Green]], 1938}} |[[Cheat Mountain salamander]] |[[Allegheny Mountains]] (northeast [[West Virginia]]) |Critically Imperiled (G1) |[[File:Fl_mammals_nt.svg]] |- | |''P. ocmulgee'' {{small|Highton, 1989}} |[[Ocmulgee slimy salamander]] |Central [[Georgia (U.S. state)|Georgia]] |Unranked (GNR) |[[File:Fl_mammals_lc.svg]] |- |[[File:Plethodon ouachitae 162325777.jpg|200px]] |''P. ouachitae'' {{small|[[Emmett Reid Dunn|Dunn]] & [[Albert A. Heinze|Heinze]], 1933}} |[[Rich Mountain salamander]] |[[Ouachita Mountains]] (western [[Arkansas]] and eastern [[Oklahoma]]) |Vulnerable (G3) |[[File:Fl_mammals_nt.svg]] |- | |''P. pauleyi'' {{small|[[Zachary I. Felix|Felix]], [[Jessica A. Wooten|Wooten]], [[Todd W. Pierson|Pierson]] & [[Carlos D. Camp|Camp]], 2019}} |[[Yellow-spotted woodland salamander]] |[[Cumberland Plateau]] (southern [[West Virginia]] southwest to northeast [[Tennessee]]) |Unranked (GNR) |[[File:Fl_mammals_dd.svg]] |- |[[File:Pigeon Mountain Salamander (Plethodon petraeus) - Flickr - 2ndPeter.jpg|200px]] |''P. petraeus'' {{small|[[Addison H. Wynn|Wynn]], Highton & [[Jeremy F. Jacobs|Jacobs]], 1988}} |[[Pigeon Mountain salamander]] |[[Pigeon Mountain (Georgia)|Pigeon Mountain]] (northwest [[Georgia (U.S. state)|Georgia]]) |Imperiled (G2) |[[File:Fl_mammals_nt.svg]] |- |[[File:Plethodon punctatus 02 white background 1.jpg|200px]] |''P. punctatus'' {{small|Highton, 1972}} |[[Cow Knob salamander]] |[[George Washington National Forest]] ([[West Virginia]]-[[Virginia]] border) |Vulnerable (G3) |[[File:Fl_mammals_nt.svg]] |- |[[File:Plethodon richmondi on rock.jpg|200px]] |''P. richmondi'' {{small|[[M. Graham Netting|Netting]] & Mittleman, 1938}} |[[Ravine salamander]] |East-central [[United States]] (southwest [[Virginia]] west to [[Kentucky]] and [[Indiana]] and south to [[North Carolina]]) |Secure (G5) |[[File:Fl_mammals_lc.svg]] |- | |''P. savannah'' {{small|Highton, 1989}} |[[Savannah slimy salamander]] |East-central [[Georgia (U.S. state)|Georgia]] |Imperiled (G2) |[[File:Fl_mammals_dd.svg]] |- |[[File:Plethodon sequoyah 171428541.jpg|200px]] |''P. sequoyah'' {{small|Highton, 1989}} |[[Sequoyah slimy salamander]] |[[Beavers Bend State Park]] (eastern [[Oklahoma]]) |Critically Imperiled (G1) |[[File:Fl_mammals_dd.svg]] |- |[[File:Plethodon serratus 171428558.jpg|200px]] |''P. serratus'' {{small|Grobman, 1944}} |[[Southern red-backed salamander]] |[[Southeastern United States]] (southwest [[North Carolina]] west to [[Missouri]] and [[Oklahoma]] and south to [[Louisiana]]) |Secure (G5) |[[File:Fl_mammals_lc.svg]] |- |[[File:Plethodon shenandoah 62186.jpg|200px]] |''P. shenandoah'' {{small|Highton & [[Richard Dane Worthington|Worthington]], 1967}} |[[Shenandoah salamander]] |[[Shenandoah National Park]] ([[Page County, Virginia|Page]] and [[Madison County, Virginia|Madison]] counties, northwestern Virginia) |Critically Imperiled (G1) |[[File:Fl_mammals_cr.svg]] |- |[[File:Plethodon sherando Augusta County, Virginia.jpg|200px]] |''P. sherando'' {{small|Highton, 2004}} |[[Big Levels salamander]] |[[Big Levels]] ([[Augusta County, Virginia|Augusta County]], northwestern [[Virginia]]) |Imperiled (G2) |[[File:Fl_mammals_vu.svg]] |- |[[File:Plethodon shermani 53538956.jpg|200px]] |''P. shermani'' {{small|[[Leonhard Stejneger|Stejneger]], 1906}} |[[Red-legged salamander]] |[[Unicoi Mountains|Unicoi]] and [[Nantahala National Forest|Nantahala]] mountains (southwest [[North Carolina]] and surrounding areas of [[Tennessee]] and [[Georgia (U.S. state)|Georgia]]) |Vulnerable (G3) |[[File:Fl_mammals_nt.svg]] |- |[[File:Plethodon stormi 33477528.jpg|200px]] |''P. stormi'' {{small|Highton & [[:fr:Arden H. Brame|Brame]], 1965}} |[[Siskiyou Mountains salamander]] |[[Siskiyou Mountains]] (northern [[California]] and surrounding areas of [[Oregon]]) |Vulnerable (G3) |[[File:Fl_mammals_en.svg]] |- |[[File:Plethodon teyahalee 53422101.jpg|200px]] |''P. teyahalee'' {{small|[[Nelson G. Hairston|Hairston]], 1950}} |[[Southern Appalachian salamander]] |Southern [[Blue Ridge Mountains]] (southwest [[North Carolina]] and surrounding areas of [[Tennessee]], [[South Carolina]], and [[Georgia (U.S. state)|Georgia]]) |Apparently Secure (G4) |[[File:Fl_mammals_lc.svg]] |- |[[File:Plethodon vandykei 74040361.jpg|200px]] |''P. vandykei'' {{small|Van Denburgh, 1906}} |[[Van Dyke's salamander]] |Western [[Washington (state)|Washington]] |Imperiled (G2) |[[File:Fl_mammals_lc.svg]] |- |[[File:Plethodon variolatus.jpg|100px]] |''P. variolatus'' {{small|([[Jacob Gilliams|Gilliams]], 1818)}} |[[South Carolina slimy salamander]] |[[Atlantic Plain|Atlantic Coastal Plain]] ([[South Carolina]] and [[Georgia (U.S. state)|Georgia]]) |Unranked (GNR) |[[File:Fl_mammals_lc.svg]] |- |[[File:Western Redback Salamander Plethodon vehiculum (7641775992).jpg|200px]] |''P. vehiculum'' {{small|([[James Graham Cooper|Cooper]], 1860)}} |[[Western redback salamander]] |[[West Coast of the United States|Pacific Coast]] ([[Oregon]] north to [[British Columbia]]) |Secure (G5) |[[File:Fl_mammals_lc.svg]] |- |[[File:Plethodon ventralis 354617767.jpg|200px]] |''P. ventralis'' {{small|Highton, 1997}} |[[Southern zigzag salamander]] |[[Southeastern United States]] (southwest [[Virginia]] southwest to [[Mississippi]]) |Apparently Secure (G4) |[[File:Fl_mammals_lc.svg]] |- | |''P. virginia'' {{small|Highton, 1999}} |[[Shenandoah Mountain salamander]] |[[George Washington National Forest]] ([[West Virginia]]-[[Virginia]] border) |Imperiled (G2) |[[File:Fl_mammals_nt.svg]] |- |[[File:Plethodon websteri 169631240.jpg|200px]] |''P. websteri'' {{small|Highton, 1979}} |[[Webster's salamander]] |[[Southeastern United States]] ([[South Carolina]] west to [[Mississippi]]) |Vulnerable (G3) |[[File:Fl_mammals_lc.svg]] |- |[[File:Plethodon wehrlei 227978399.jpg|200px]] |''P. wehrlei'' {{small|[[Henry Weed Fowler|H. Fowler]] & Dunn, 1917}} |[[Wehrle's salamander]] |[[Appalachian Mountains]] (western [[New York (state)|New York]] south to [[West Virginia]] and western [[Virginia]]) |Apparently Secure (G4) |[[File:Fl_mammals_lc.svg]] |- |[[File:A Weller's Salamander (Plethodon welleri) sitting on a broken log.jpg|200px]] |''P. welleri'' {{small|[[Charles Frederic Walker|Walker]], 1931}} |[[Weller's salamander]] |[[Blue Ridge Mountains]] (southwest [[Virginia]] south to the [[Tennessee]]-[[North Carolina]] border) |Vulnerable (G3) |[[File:Fl_mammals_vu.svg]] |- |[[File:Yonahlossee salamander.jpg|200px]] |''P. yonahlossee'' {{small|Dunn, 1917}} |[[Yonahlossee salamander]] |[[Blue Ridge Mountains]] (southwest [[Virginia]] south to the [[Tennessee]]-[[North Carolina]] border) |Apparently Secure (G4) |[[File:Fl_mammals_lc.svg]] |} ''[[Nota bene]]'': A [[Binomial nomenclature|binomial authority]] in parentheses indicates that the species was originally described in a genus other than ''Plethodon''. ==Intrinsic Phylogeny== {{clade |1={{clade |1={{clade |1={{clade |1=''[[Plethodon larselli]]'' |2={{clade |1=''[[Plethodon vandykei]]'' |2=''[[Plethodon idahoensis]]'' }} }} |2={{clade |1=''[[Plethodon neomexicanus]]'' |2={{clade |1={{clade |1=''[[Plethodon vehiculum]]'' |2=''[[Plethodon dunni]]'' }} |2={{clade |1=''[[Plethodon asupak]]'' |2={{clade |1=''[[Plethodon stormi]]'' |2=''[[Plethodon elongatus]]'' }} }} }} }} }} |2={{clade |1={{clade |1=''[[Plethodon serratus]]'' |2={{clade |1={{clade |1=''[[Plethodon virginia]]'' |2={{clade |1=''[[Plethodon shenandoah]]'' |2=''[[Plethodon cinereus]]'' }} }} |2={{clade |1=''[[Plethodon hoffmani]]'' |2={{clade |1=''[[Plethodon nettingi]]'' |2={{clade |1=''[[Plethodon hubrichti]]'' |2={{clade |1=''[[Plethodon electromorphus]]'' |2=''[[Plethodon richmondi]]'' }} }} }} }} }} }} |2={{clade |1={{clade |1=''[[Plethodon websteri]]'' |2={{clade |1={{clade |1=''[[Plethodon punctatus]]'' |2=''[[Plethodon wehrlei]]'' }} |2={{clade |1=''[[Plethodon welleri]]'' |2={{clade |1=''[[Plethodon angusticlavius]]'' |2={{clade |1=''[[Plethodon dorsalis]]'' |2=''[[Plethodon ventralis]]'' }} }} }} }} }} |2={{clade |1=''[[Plethodon petraeus]]'' |2={{clade |1={{clade |1={{clade |1={{clade |1=''[[Plethodon metcalfi]]'' |2=''[[Plethodon montanus]]'' }} |2={{clade |1=''[[Plethodon amplus]]'' |2=''[[Plethodon meridianus]]'' }} }} |2={{clade |1={{clade |1=''[[Plethodon chattahoochee]]'' |2={{clade |1=''[[Plethodon chlorobryonis]]'' |2=''[[Plethodon variolatus]]'' }} }} |2={{clade |1=''[[Plethodon glutinosus]]'' |2={{clade |1={{clade |1=''[[Plethodon cylindraceus]]'' |2=''[[Plethodon teyahalee]]'' }} |2={{clade |1=''[[Plethodon aureolus]]'' |2=''[[Plethodon cheoah]]'' }} }} }} }} }} |2={{clade |1={{clade |1=''[[Plethodon caddoensis]]'' |2={{clade |1=''[[Plethodon ouachitae]]'' |2=''[[Plethodon fourchensis]]'' }} }} |2={{clade |1=''[[Plethodon kentucki]]'' |2={{clade |1=''[[Plethodon jordani]]'' |2={{clade |1=''[[Plethodon yonahlossee]]'' |2={{clade |1=''[[Plethodon shermani]]'' |2={{clade |1={{clade |1=''[[Plethodon mississippi]]'' |2=''[[Plethodon kiamichi]]'' }} |2={{clade |1={{clade |1=''[[Plethodon sequoyah]]'' |2=''[[Plethodon albagula]]'' }} |2={{clade |1=''[[Plethodon kisatchie]]'' |2={{clade |1=''[[Plethodon grobmani]]'' |2={{clade |1=''[[Plethodon ocmulgee]]'' |2=''[[Plethodon savannah]]'' }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} Intrinsic phylogeny tree of genus ''Plethodon''. <ref name=":4" /> ==References== {{Reflist|30em|refs= <ref name=adwPcinereus>{{Cite web|url=http://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Plethodon_cinereus|title=''Plethodon cinereus'' (Eastern Red-backed Salamander)|website=Animal Diversity Web|language=en|access-date=9 February 2020}}</ref> <ref name=Frost>{{cite web |url=https://amphibiansoftheworld.amnh.org/Amphibia/Caudata/Plethodontidae/Plethodontinae/Plethodon |title=''Plethodon'' Tschudi, 1838 |author=Frost, Darrel R. |year=2020 |work=Amphibian Species of the World: An Online Reference. Version 6.1 |publisher=American Museum of Natural History |doi=10.5531/db.vz.0001 |access-date=13 October 2020}}</ref> <ref name=fossilworks>{{cite web |url=https://paleobiodb.org/classic/checkTaxonInfo?taxon_no=37390 |title=''Plethodon'' Tschudi 1838 |work=Paleobiology Database |publisher=Fossilworks |access-date=17 December 2021}}</ref> <ref name=IUCN>{{cite iucn | author = IUCN SSC Amphibian Specialist Group |year=2022 |title= ''Plethodon cinereus'' |page=e.T59334A193391260 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2022-1.RLTS.T59334A193391260.en | access-date = 13 October 2020}}</ref> }} {{Taxonbar|from=Q2256290}} [[Category:Plethodon| ]] [[Category:Amphibian genera]] [[Category:Taxa named by Johann Jakob von Tschudi]]
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