Editing Plough Monday

{{Short description|Traditional English start of the agricultural year}}
{{Use British English|date=September 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2024}}
[[File:Illustration from The Costume of Yorkshire by George Walker, digitally enhanced by rawpixel-com 12.jpg|thumb|Plough Monday, from George Walker's ''[[The Costume of Yorkshire]]'', 1814]]
'''Plough Monday''' is the traditional start of the English agricultural year. It is the first Monday after [[Epiphany (Christian)|Epiphany]], 6 January.<ref name="hone">{{ cite book
 | last = Hone
 | first = William
 | title = The Every-Day Book
 | publisher=Hunt and Clarke
 | location = London
 | year = 1826
 | page = 71}}</ref><ref name="oed">{{cite web
 | title = Plough Monday
 | publisher=Oxford English Dictionary (online edition, subscription required)
 | url = http://dictionary.oed.com/
 | accessdate = 1 December 2006
}}</ref> References to Plough Monday date back to the late 15th century.<ref name="oed" /> The day before Plough Monday is [[Plough Sunday]], on which a [[ploughshare]] is brought into the local Christian church with prayers for the blessing of human labour, tools, as well as the land.<ref>{{cite web |title=After Epiphany, the Twelfth Night of Christmas |url=https://standrewlutheran.com/january-9-2022/?print=print |access-date=4 June 2023 |date=9 January 2022 |quote=Sunday celebrations usually involved bringing a ploughshare into a church with prayers for the blessing of the land.|publisher=St. Andrew Lutheran Church}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Nicholls |first1=Janet |title=Plough Sunday |url=https://www.chelmsford.anglican.org/uploads/files/Plough_Sunday.pdf |publisher=[[Diocese of Chelmsford]] |access-date=4 June 2023 |language=English |date=2006}}</ref>

==History==
[[File:WhittleseyPlough.jpg|thumb|A plough being pulled through the streets of [[Whittlesey]] as part of the Whittlesey Straw Bear Festival procession. Ploughs were traditionally taken around by Plough Monday mummers and molly dancers in parts of eastern England and in some places were used as a threat: if householders refused to donate to the participants their front path would be ploughed up.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dorsetlife.co.uk/2010/01/plough-monday-in-dorchester/|title=Plough Monday in Dorchester|author=Jo Draper|publisher=Dorset Life Magazine|accessdate=27 January 2014|date=January 2010}}</ref>]]

Plough Monday was celebrated on the first Monday after Twelfth Night, and marked the beginning of the ploughing season and the start of the agricultural year in England.<ref name=Hutton-124>{{cite book|last=Hutton|first=Ronald|title=The Stations of the Sun: A History of the Ritual Year in England|year=1996|publisher=Oxford University Press|page=124}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Roud|first=Stephen|title=The English Year: A Month-by-Month Guide to the Nation's Customs and Festivals, from May Day to Mischief Night|year=2006|publisher=Penguin|page=19}}</ref> Customs associated with the beginning of the ploughing season are known from the medieval period – for example a plough race on 7 January was held at [[Carlton in Lindrick]] in Nottinghamshire in the late thirteenth century.  By the mid-fifteenth century, these celebrations were generally observed on Plough Monday.<ref name=Hutton-124/> 

In the fifteenth century, churches lit candles called "plough lights" to bless farmworkers. Some parishes kept a plough in the church for those who did not own one, and in some parishes, the plough was paraded around the village to raise money for the church. This practice seems to have died out after the [[Reformation]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Roud|first=Stephen|title=The English Year: A Month-by-Month Guide to the Nation's Customs and Festivals, from May Day to Mischief Night|year=2006|publisher=Penguin|page=20}}</ref>

While religious Plough Monday celebrations were suppressed, private observances continued. The most common custom involved dragging a plough and collecting money.<ref>{{cite book|last=Hutton|first=Ronald|title=The Stations of the Sun: A History of the Ritual Year in England|year=1996|publisher=Oxford University Press|pages=126–127}}</ref> The Plough Monday celebrants were known by a variety of regional names, including Plough Boys, Bullocks, Lads, Jacks, Stots, and Witches. The Plough Boys usually dressed in costume, often with one or more in female clothing.<ref>{{cite book|last=Hutton|first=Ronald|title=The Stations of the Sun: A History of the Ritual Year in England|year=1996|publisher=Oxford University Press|page=127}}</ref>

Though mostly associated with the east of England, Plough Monday celebrations are also known elsewhere in the country, for instance in Warwickshire, Worcestershire, and Cornwall.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Needham|first=Joseph|title=The Geographical Distribution of English Ceremonial Dance Traditions|year=1936|journal=Journal of the English Folk Dance and Song Society|volume=3|issue=1|p=18|jstor=4521092}}</ref>  The customs observed on Plough Monday varied by region, but a common feature to a lesser or greater extent was for a [[plough]] (known variously as the "fond plough", "fool plough", "stot plough", or "white plough"<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Ridden |first1=Geoffrey |title=The Goathland Plough Monday Customs |journal=Folk Music Journal |date=1974 |volume=2 |issue=5 |page=353 |publisher=English Folk Dance and Song Society |location=London |issn=0531-9684}}</ref>) to be hauled from house to house in a procession, collecting money. They were often accompanied by musicians, an old woman or a boy dressed as an old woman, called the "Bessy," and a man in the role of the "[[Clown|fool]]." 'Plough Pudding' is a boiled suet pudding, containing meat and onions. It is from Norfolk and is eaten on Plough Monday.<ref name="hone" /> In Leicestershire, Lincolnshire, Nottinghamshire, and Rutland, a kind of [[Mummers' play]] called a Plough Play was performed.<ref>{{cite book|last=Hutton|first=Ronald|title=The Stations of the Sun: A History of the Ritual Year in England|year=1996|publisher=Oxford University Press|page=129}}</ref>

==Modern observances==
[[File:Straw Bear.jpg|thumb|150px|Whittlesey Straw Bear]]
Plough Monday customs declined in the 19th century.  The advent of mechanised farming meant that agricultural workers were less numerous and relatively better paid, and thus did not have to beg for money in the winter.<ref name=Hutton-132-133/>  Additionally, the rowdy and threatening behaviour of the plough gangs was increasingly controversial in this period, and there was pressure from authorities to stop, or moderate their excesses.<ref>{{cite book|last=Roud|first=Stephen|title=The English Year: A Month-by-Month Guide to the Nation's Customs and Festivals, from May Day to Mischief Night|year=2006|publisher=Penguin|page=21}}</ref> Though some Plough Monday customs continued into the 1930s, they did not continue past the beginning of the Second World War.<ref name=Hutton-132-133/>

From the 1960s, Plough Monday customs began to be revived following the [[second British folk revival]].<ref name=Hutton-132-133>{{cite book|last=Hutton|first=Ronald|title=The Stations of the Sun: A History of the Ritual Year in England|year=1996|publisher=Oxford University Press|pages=132–133}}</ref>  In 1972, the tradition of traveling around the village with a plough to collect money was revived at [[Balsham, Cambridgeshire|Balsham]] in Cambridgeshire.<ref>{{cite news|title=Balsham to Mark 50 Years Since Plough Monday Revival|publisher=BBC News|date=9 January 2022|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-cambridgeshire-59894628|access-date=9 May 2024}}</ref> Subsequently, the Cambridge Morris Men revived the practice of Plough Monday [[molly dancing]] in 1977.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Irvine|first=Richard D. G.|title=Following the Bear: The revival of Plough Monday traditions and the performance of rural identity in the East Anglian fenlands|journal=Ethnoscripts|year=2018|volume=20|issue=1|page=20}}</ref>  

===Whittlesey Straw Bear festival===
In the Cambridgeshire villages of [[Ramsey, Cambridgeshire|Ramsey]] and [[Whittlesey]] during the nineteenth century, on Plough Monday or Tuesday men or boys would dress in a layer of straw and were known as straw bears, who went door to door dancing for money. The tradition, which died out around the time of the First World War, was revived in 1980 at Whittlesey.<ref>{{cite book|last=Roud|first=Stephen|title=The English Year: A Month-by-Month Guide to the Nation's Customs and Festivals, from May Day to Mischief Night|year=2006|publisher=Penguin|pages=24–25}}</ref>  The revived tradition is practiced annually on the Saturday before Plough Monday, when a straw bear is paraded through the village's streets.<ref>[http://projectbritain.com/ploughMonday.htm Project Britain]</ref>

===Goathland Plough Stots===
{{main|Goathland Plough Stots}}
In the village of [[Goathland]] in North Yorkshire, Plough Monday was traditionally celebrated with a plough procession, mummers' play, and sword dancing.  In 1913 [[Cecil Sharp]] visited Goathland but was unable to find anyone who remembered the sword dance, last performed around 1868. Inspired by Sharp's work, the dance was revived for Plough Monday in 1923. Since the revival the sword dance has become the main feature of the tradition, and continues to be performed on the Saturday following Plough Monday.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Schofield|first=Derek|title=The English Long Sword Dance: A Comparison Between Two Contemporary Traditional Teams|year=1991|journal=Studia Musicologica Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae|volume=33|issue=1|jstor=902454|pages=321–322}}</ref> Money collected by the sword dancers at Goathland was originally used to buy food and drink for the "finish-up feast" at the end of the celebration; more recently it has been donated to the local hospital and lifeboat station.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Ridden |first1=Geoffrey |title=The Goathland Plough Monday Customs |journal=Folk Music Journal |date=1974 |volume=2 |issue=5 |page=358 |publisher=English Folk Dance and Song Society |location=London |issn=0531-9684}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Distaff Day]], 7 January, the day that household work traditionally resumed after the Christmas season
* [[Hobby horse#Plough Monday mummers]]
* [[Mummers' play#Local seasonal variants]]
* [[Royal Ploughing Ceremony]], a royal rite in mainland Southeast Asia
* [[Plugușorul]], a Romanian ploughing celebration on Saint Basil's Eve (New Year's Eve)

==References==
{{reflist|colwidth=30em}}

{{English festivals}}

[[Category:Holidays in England]]
[[Category:January observances]]
[[Category:English traditions]]
[[Category:Epiphany (holiday)]]
[[Category:Christian festivals and holy days]]
[[Category:Winter in England]]