Editing Poet laureate

{{Short description|Officially appointed poet}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=November 2019}}
[[File:Torquato Tasso.jpg|thumbnail|A depiction of [[Torquato Tasso]] from a German encyclopedia, 1905. Note the [[laurel crown]].]]
A '''poet laureate''' (plural: '''poets laureate''')<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/poet-laureate|title=POET LAUREATE definition and meaning {{pipe}} Collins English Dictionary}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/poet%20laureate| title = Poet laureate Definition & Meaning - Merriam-Webster}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ahdictionary.com/word/search.html?q=poet+laureate|title=The American Heritage Dictionary entry: poet laureate|first=HarperCollins|last=Publishers|website=www.ahdictionary.com}}</ref> is a [[poet]] officially appointed by a government or conferring institution, typically expected to compose poems for special events and occasions. [[Albertino Mussato]] of [[Padua]] and [[Francesco Petrarca]] (Petrarch) of [[Arezzo]] were the first to be crowned poets laureate after the classical age, respectively in 1315 and 1342.<ref>Robert Weiss, The Renaissance Discovery of Classical Antiquity (Oxford, 1973);Ernest Hatch Wilkins, ''The Making of the Canzoniere and Other Petrarchan Studies'' 1951:9-69, noted in Weiss 1973:32.</ref> In Britain, the term dates from the appointment of [[Bernard André]] by [[Henry VII of England]]. The royal office of Poet Laureate in England dates from the appointment of [[John Dryden]] in 1668.

In modern times a poet laureate title may be conferred by an organization such as the [[Poetry Foundation]], which designates a Young People's Poet Laureate, unconnected with the [[National Youth Poet Laureate]] and the [[United States Poet Laureate]].<ref name=yppl>{{cite web |url=https://www.poetryfoundation.org/learn/young-peoples-poet-laureate |title=Young People's Poet Laureate |website=Poetry Foundation|access-date= May 4, 2019}}</ref>

The office is also popular with regional and community groups. Examples include the Pikes Peak Poet Laureate,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.pikespeakpoetlaureate.org/current_poet.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130301025749/http://pikespeakpoetlaureate.org/current_poet.html |archive-date=March 1, 2013 |website=Pikes Peak Poet Laureate |title=Current Poet Laureate}}</ref> which is designated by a "Presenting Partners" group from within the community, the Minnesota poet laureate chosen by the League of Minnesota Poets (est. 1934),<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mnpoets.com/poet-laureate/ |title=Poet Laureate « the League of Minnesota Poets |access-date=August 15, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120626153752/http://www.mnpoets.com/poet-laureate/ |archive-date=June 26, 2012 |url-status=dead }}</ref> the Northampton Poet Laureate<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.northamptonartscouncil.org/poet-laureate|title=Poet Laureate |website=Northampton Arts Council |access-date=1 April 2024}}</ref> chosen by the Northampton Arts Council,<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.northamptonartscouncil.org/our-purpose |title=Our Purpose |website=Northampton Arts Council |access-date=1 April 2024}}</ref> and the [[Martha's Vineyard Poet Laureate]] chosen by ten judges representing the Martha's Vineyard Poetry Society.
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== Background ==
In [[ancient Greece]], the [[bay laurel|laurel]] was used to form a crown or [[wreath]] of honour for poets and heroes. The custom derives from the ancient myth of [[Daphne|Daphne and Apollo]] (Daphne signifying "laurel" in Greek), and was revived in [[Padua]] for [[Albertino Mussato]],<ref>Robert Weiss, The Renaissance Discovery of Classical Antiquity (Oxford, 1973) 20.</ref> followed by [[Petrarch]]'s own crowning ceremony in the audience hall of the medieval senatorial palazzo on the [[Campidoglio]] on April 8, 1341.<ref>Ernest Hatch Wilkins, ''The Making of the Canzoniere and Other Petrarchan Studies'' 1951:9-69, noted in Weiss 1973:32.</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hamilton |first=Walter |date=1880 |title=The Origin of the Office of Poet Laureate |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/3677823 |journal=Transactions of the Royal Historical Society |volume=8 |pages=20–35 |doi=10.2307/3677823 |issn=0080-4401|url-access=subscription }}</ref> Because the Renaissance figures who were attempting to revive the Classical tradition lacked detailed knowledge of the Roman precedent they were attempting to emulate, these ceremonies took on the character of doctoral candidatures.<ref>Weiss 1973.</ref> In [[History of Iran|Persia]], the poet laureate (''amīr-'' or ''malek-al-šoʿarāʾ'') carried artistic authority and were provided sources of income.<ref>{{Cite web |title=COURTS AND COURTIERS x. Court poetry |url=https://iranicaonline.org/articles/courts-and-courtiers-x |access-date=2024-10-23 |website=iranicaonline.org |language=en-US}}</ref>

Since the office of poet laureate has become widely adopted, the term "laureate" has come to signify recognition for preeminence or superlative achievement ([[cf.]] [[Nobel laureate]]). A royal degree in [[rhetoric]], ''poet laureate'' was awarded at European universities in the [[Middle Ages]]. The term therefore may refer to the holder of such a degree, which recognized skill in rhetoric, grammar, and language. During [[England]]'s seventeenth century, the poet laureate served as the "court poet" of royalty, and was often called upon to celebrate state occasions until that role was abolished during the early 1800s.<ref>{{Cite web |title=About the Poet Laureate |url=https://poetlaureate.illinois.gov/about.html |access-date=2024-10-16 |website=poetlaureate.illinois.gov |language=en}}</ref> The ''[[skald]]'' in ancient [[Scandinavia]] often spent their careers too serving as the court poets of [[Norway]]'s kings.<ref>{{Citation |last=Magerøy |first=Hallvard |title=skaldedikting |date=2024-08-16 |work=Store norske leksikon |url=https://snl.no/skaldedikting |access-date=2024-10-26 |language=no}}</ref> Just like the first English poets laureate, ministers during [[China]]'s feudal era presented "commanded poems" at royal events and were beholden to the ruling class.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=P1UjAAAAMAAJ&q=%E5%AE%AB%E5%BB%B7%E8%AF%97%E4%BA%BA%E6%88%96%E6%A1%82%E5%86%A0%E8%AF%97%E4%BA%BA |title=外国文学研究 |date=1984 |publisher=外国文学交流杂志社 |language=zh}}</ref> In [[Japan]], the poet laureate (''keikanshijin'') was also imperially appointed and were often called upon to read at the annual [[Utakai Hajime]].<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JrKdRQQKeS4C&q=%E3%82%B1%E3%82%A4%E3%82%AB%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B7%E3%82%B8%E3%83%B3 |title=大辭典 |date=1934 |publisher=平凡社 |language=ja}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UTPcvP_3w2kC&q=%E3%82%B1%E3%82%A4%E3%82%AB%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B7%E3%82%B8%E3%83%B3 |title=大辭典: クナーコサン |date=1953 |publisher=平凡社 |language=ja}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=中西進 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=l5_9Yb7_F9MC |title=英文版 『美しい日本語の風景』他所収: Reflections on Quintessential Words |date=2019-08-21 |publisher=Japan Publishing Industry Foundation for Culture |isbn=978-4-86658-068-5 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=多ケ谷 |first=有子 |date=March 2012 |title=朗詠としての「歌会始」 : 詩歌と朗詠の伝統 : 桂冠詩人と「歌会始」 |url=https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1050282812787968768?lang=en |journal=関東学院大学文学部紀要 |language=ja |volume=124 |pages=61–103}}</ref> Comparatively, in [[Africa]], kingdoms such as the [[Kuba Kingdom|Kuba]] in the [[Belgian Congo]] (modern day [[Democratic Republic of the Congo]]) appointed [[bard]]s that served as both the royal historian and poet laureate.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Brandel |first=R. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3kHrCAAAQBAJ |title=The Music of Central Africa: An Ethnomusicological Study: Former French Equatorial Africa the Former Belgian Congo, Ruanda-Urundi Uganda, Tanganyika |date=2013-11-11 |publisher=Springer Science & Business Media |isbn=978-94-015-7396-2 |language=en}}</ref> In addition to being known as poets laureate, bards were also referred to as "praise-poets" due to their special function of venerating the chief.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aGdkAAAAMAAJ |title=Journal of African Languages |date=1967 |publisher=Macmillan. |language=en}}</ref>

In the [[Xhosa language]], ''[[Imbongi]] YeSizwethe'' can be translated to mean either "poet laureate" or "[[national poet]]".<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NqxkAAAAMAAJ |title=Contemporary African Literature |date=1983 |publisher=Three Continents Press |isbn=978-0-89410-369-8 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=J. J. R. JOLOBE |url=https://pzacad.pitzer.edu/nam/newafrre/writers/jolobe/jolobeS.htm |access-date=2024-10-16 |website=pzacad.pitzer.edu}}</ref> Similar to what is expressed in the [[Xhosa language|Xhosa]] term, some poets have been dually noted as "poet laureate" and "national poet" depending upon the source: [[Kazi Nazrul Islam]] ([[Bangladesh]]),<ref>{{Cite web |last=Chandan |first=MD Shahnawaz Khan |date=2013-08-30 |title=The Life of a Rebel |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/news/the-life-of-a-rebel |access-date=2024-10-26 |website=The Daily Star |language=en}}</ref> [[Rabindranath Tagore]] ([[India]]),<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=B6hVAAAAYAAJ |title=The Theosophist |date=1918 |publisher=Theosophical Publishing House |language=en}}</ref> [[José Craveirinha]] ([[Mozambique]]),<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kIMqAQAAIAAJ |title=Literatura: revista do escritor brasileiro |date=2005 |publisher=Gráfica Scortecci |language=pt-BR}}</ref> [[Mahmoud Darwish]] ([[Palestine]]),<ref>{{Cite web |last=Murray |first=Eóin |title=Obligations of Love, Obligations of Politics {{!}} Poetry Ireland |url=https://www.poetryireland.ie/writers/articles/obligations-of-love-obligations-of-politics |access-date=2024-10-17 |website=www.poetryireland.ie}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=MIFTAH - In Memoriam: Palestine's Poet Laureate Mahmoud Darwish |url=http://www.miftah.org/Display.cfm?DocId=17570&CategoryId=32 |access-date=2024-10-17 |website=MIFTAH}}</ref> [[Mohamed Ibrahim Warsame 'Hadrawi']] ([[Somalia]]),<ref>{{Cite book |last=Stille |first=Alexander |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rwSqgWLNjI0C |title=The Future of the Past |date=2003-04-01 |publisher=Farrar, Straus and Giroux |isbn=978-1-4668-1709-8 |language=en}}</ref> [[Edwin Thumboo]] ([[Singapore]])<ref>{{Cite book |last=Quayum |first=Mohammad A. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vECbRry3LEgC |title=Peninsular Muse: Interviews with Modern Malaysian and Singaporean Poets, Novelists and Dramatists |date=2007 |publisher=Peter Lang |isbn=978-3-03911-061-2 |language=en}}</ref> and [[Taras Shevchenko]] ([[Ukraine]]).<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PB_9lzBYxrQC |title=Congressional Record: Proceedings and Debates of the ... Congress |date=1963 |publisher=U.S. Government Printing Office |language=en}}</ref> This contrasts with other figures such as [[Shamsur Rahman (poet)|Shamsur Rahman]] ([[Bangladesh]]),<ref>{{Cite web |last=Williams |first=Mark |date=2020-10-23 |title=Bangladesh: 91st birthday of poet Shamsur Rahman |url=https://thenewpublishingstandard.com/2020/10/23/bangladesh-91st-birthday-of-poet-shamsur-rahman/ |access-date=2024-10-26 |website=The New Publishing Standard |language=en-US}}</ref> [[Thomas Moore]] ([[Bermuda]]),<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4aNAAQAAIAAJ&q=%22unofficial+poet+laureate%22+bermuda |title=South and West |date=1964 |publisher=South and west |language=en}}</ref> [[Leung Ping-kwan]] ([[Hong Kong]]),<ref>{{Cite web |title=Cha: An Asian Literary Journal - End Games: Leung Ping-kwan's City at the End of the Time |url=https://www.asiancha.com/content/view/1427/115/ |access-date=2025-04-30 |website=www.asiancha.com}}</ref> [[Francisco Borja da Costa]] ([[East Timor|Timor–Leste]])<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Loney |first1=Hannah |url=https://www.academia.edu/44194298 |title=Timor-Leste 1999: 20 Years On tlsa Timor-Leste Studies Association Understanding Hatene kona ba Compreender Timor-Leste 2019 Volume II |last2=Mendes |first2=Nuno Canas}}</ref> and [[Haji Gora Haji]] ([[Zanzibar]])<ref>{{Cite web |title=Between Worlds |url=https://www.poetryfoundation.org/articles/147597/between-worlds |access-date=2024-10-20 |website=The Poetry Foundation}}</ref>—who are conferred an "unofficial poet laureate" status due to their poetical works.

As of modern times, over a dozen national governments continue the poet laureate tradition.

== By continent ==

=== Africa ===

==== Algeria ====
In [[Algeria]], during the 11th century, [[Ibn Sharaf al-Qayrawani]] was the court poet of the [[Zīrid]]s. Al-Thaghri Al-Tilimsani was appointed as a court poet during the [[Zayyanid dynasty]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=محمد |first=حمود، |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Nh1jAAAAMAAJ |title=موسوعة الأدباء والشعراء العرب |date=2001 |publisher=دار الفكر اللبناني، |language=ar}}</ref>

==== Burkina Faso ====
Boûbacar Tinguidji, a Fula ''maabo'', was appointed as the court poet of the Ruler of [[Dori, Burkina Faso|Dori]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Belcher |first=Stephen |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Pxwg6XX1GaMC |title=Epic Traditions of Africa |date=1999-10-22 |publisher=Indiana University Press |isbn=978-0-253-21281-8 |language=en}}</ref>

==== Cameroon ====
Poets laureate of [[Cameroon]] include [[René Philombé]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Nantet |first=Jacques |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AmIoAAAAMAAJ |title=Panorama de la littérature noire d'expression française |date=1972 |publisher=Fayard |language=fr}}</ref>

==== Cape Verde ====
Poets laureate of [[Cape Verde]] include [[Eugénio Tavares]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Lima-Neves |first=Terza A. Silva |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=M2j7EAAAQBAJ |title=Cabo Verdeans in the United States: Twenty-First-Century Critical Perspectives |date=2024-05-15 |publisher=Lexington Books |isbn=978-1-6669-4299-6 |language=en}}</ref>

==== Egypt ====
[[Ahmed Shawqi]] became [[Egypt]]'s Poet Laureate in 1894.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ahmed Shawqi .. The Prince of Poets |url=https://thelevantnews.com/en/article/ahmed-shawqi-..-the-prince-of-poetsjuly-25,-2022,-10:11-pm#google_vignette |access-date=2024-08-29 |website=thelevantnews.com |language=en}}</ref>

==== Eritrea ====
Poets laureate of [[Eritrea]] include Reesom Haile.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Zeitlin |first=Stephen J. |date=March 2003 |title=The People's Poetry |url=https://muse.jhu.edu/pub/28/article/51615/pdf |journal=Oral Tradition |volume=18 |issue=1 |pages=6–13 |doi=10.1353/ort.2004.0045|doi-access=free }}</ref>

==== Ethiopia ====
[[File:Tsegaye Gabre-Medhin.jpg|thumb|Tsegaye Gabre-Medhin of Ethiopia]]

In [[Ethiopia]], the officially designated Laureate includes [[Tsegaye Gebre-Medhin]]. Tsegaye's award was granted in 1966 by His Majesty, Haile-Selasie II.<ref>{{cite web |title=Tsegaye Gabre-Medhin |url=http://www.tsegaye.se/ |access-date=August 21, 2019 |website=tsegaye.se}}</ref>

==== Gambia ====
Poets laureate of [[The Gambia]] include [[Lenrie Peters]].<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=h0BnAAAAMAAJ |title=Cultures of the Commonwealth: Essays and Studies |date=1998 |publisher=Cultures of the Commonwealth |language=en}}</ref>

==== Ghana ====
Poets laureate of [[Ghana]] include [[Atukwei Okai]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Seligson |first=Judith |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VfcqEAAAQBAJ |title=Gaps and the Creation of Ideas: An Artist's Book |date=2021-03-08 |publisher=Cambridge Scholars Publishing |isbn=978-1-5275-6723-8 |language=en}}</ref><ref>[[David Mungoshi]], [https://www.herald.co.zw/tribute-to-ghanas-poet-laureate-atukwei-okai/ "Tribute to Ghana's poet laureate Atukwei Okai"],''The Herald'' (Zimbabwe), 31 July 2018.</ref>

==== Kenya ====
Muyaka bin Haji al-Ghassaniy was the Poet Laureate of [[Mombasa|Mombasa, Kenya]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Knappert |first=Jan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BhEOAQAAMAAJ |title=Swahili Culture |date=2005 |publisher=E. Mellen Press |isbn=978-0-7734-6193-2 |language=en}}</ref>

==== Lesotho ====
Poets laureate of [[Lesotho]] include [[Joshua Pulumo Mohapeloa]].<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=y8hBAAAAYAAJ&q=poet+laureate+of+lesotho+joshua+pulumo |title=Lesotho Clippings |date=1982 |publisher=Documentation and Publications Division, Institute of Southern African Studies, National University of Lesotho |language=en}}</ref>

==== Liberia ====
Poets laureate for the Republic of [[Liberia]] have included [[Roland T. Dempster]], [[Melvin B. Tolson]] (1947), and [[Patricia Jabbeh Wesley]].<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xJQuAgAAQBAJ |title=Encyclopedia of African Peoples |date=2013-11-26 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-135-96341-5 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Melvin B. Tolson {{!}} Kansas City Black History |url=https://kcblackhistory.org/articles/melvin-b-tolson |access-date=2024-09-12 |website=kcblackhistory.org |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Liberia's Poet Laureate, Patricia Jabbeh Wesley, to present at Shenango {{!}} Penn State University |url=https://www.psu.edu/news/altoona/story/liberias-poet-laureate-patricia-jabbeh-wesley-present-shenango |access-date=2024-09-12 |website=www.psu.edu}}</ref>

==== Libya ====
[[Libya]]-born [[Callimachus]] was appointed as an imperial court poet to [[Ptolemy II Philadelphus]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=الوسط |first=بوابة |title=كاليماخوس القوريني.. شاعر ليبي الموطن |url=https://alwasat.ly/news/art-culture/46707 |access-date=2024-10-17 |website=Alwasat News |language=ar}}</ref>

==== Madagascar ====
Poets laureate of [[Madagascar]] include [[Jacques Rabemananjara]].<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OfIuAAAAMAAJ |title=Foreign Service Journal |date=1967 |publisher=American Foreign Service Association |language=en}}</ref>

==== Malawi ====
Poets laureate of [[Malawi]] include [[Jack Mapanje]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Immink |first=Bodo |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WSsWAQAAIAAJ |title=From Freedom to Empowerment: Ten Years of Democratisation in Malawi ; Proceedings of the Conference Held from 4th to 6th June 2003 at Capital Hotel, Lilongwe |date=2003 |publisher=Forum for Dialogue and Peace, Konrad Adenauer Foundation, Malawi-German Programme for Democracy and Decentralisation, National Initiative for Civic Education |isbn=978-99908-58-26-6 |language=en}}</ref>

==== Mali ====
Poets laureate of [[Mali]] include Ban Sumana Sisòkò.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Austen |first=Ralph A. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lnxj5k40y7UC |title=In Search of Sunjata: The Mande Oral Epic as History, Literature and Performance |date=1999 |publisher=Indiana University Press |isbn=978-0-253-33452-7 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Sisòkò |first=Fa-Digi |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Q5pkAAAAMAAJ |title=The Epic of Son-Jara: A West African Tradition |date=1986 |publisher=Indiana University Press |isbn=978-0-253-31951-7 |language=en}}</ref>

==== Mauritania ====
Mohamed Ould Taleb was appointed as the official court poet during [[Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz]]'s presidency in [[Mauritania]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=الشاعر محمد ولد الطالب : يشرفني ان اكون شاعر بلاط الرئيس محمد ولد عبد العزيز .. |url=https://www.bellewarmedia.com/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B9%D8%B1-%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF-%D9%88%D9%84%D8%AF-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B7%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8-%D9%8A%D8%B4%D8%B1%D9%81%D9%86%D9%8A-%D8%A7%D9%86-%D8%A7%D9%83%D9%88%D9%86/ |access-date=2024-10-12 |website=بلّوار ميديا : BellewarMedia |language=ar}}</ref>

==== Mauritius ====
Poets laureate of [[Mauritius]] include [[Édouard Maunick]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Toorawa |first=Shawkat M. |date=2001 |title=Is Multiculturalism Bad for Art?: Carl de Souza's La Maison qui marchait vers le large and the Mauritian City |url=https://muse.jhu.edu/article/264331/summary |journal=L'Esprit Créateur |volume=41 |issue=3 |pages=197–206 |issn=1931-0234}}</ref>

==== Morocco ====
In the 13th century, [[Abdelaziz al-Malzuzi]] was the court poet of [[Abu Yahya ibn Abd al-Haqq]]. During the 16th-17th centuries in [[Morocco]]'s history, [[Abd al-Aziz al-Fishtali]] was appointed as the poet laureate of the Sultan [[Ahmad al-Mansur]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Landau |first=Rom |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wnTWAAAAMAAJ |title=Morocco: Marrakesh, Fez, Rabat |date=1967 |publisher=Elek |isbn=978-0-236-30866-8 |language=en}}</ref>

==== Niger ====
[[Burkina Faso]]-born Boûbacar Tinguidji, a Fula ''maabo'', was appointed as the court poet of the [[Songhai people|Songhai]] chief Mossi Gaidou in [[Dargol|Dargol, Niger]].<ref name=":1" />

==== Nigeria ====
Poets laureate of [[Nigeria]] include [[Obo Aba Hisanjani]] and [[Niyi Osundare]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sesan |date=2018-06-04 |title=For Ayo Banjo, Nobel prize dream for Osundare |url=https://punchng.com/for-ayo-banjo-nobel-prize-dream-for-osundare/ |access-date=2024-10-10 |website=Punch Newspapers |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>FEATURE: Inside Niyi Osundare's book of truth as trouble. (2024, May 30). ''Premium Times (Abuja, Nigeria)''. Available from NewsBank: Access World News: <nowiki>https://infoweb.newsbank.com/apps/news/document-view?p=AWNB&docref=news/1996441716A07330</nowiki>.</ref> [[Mamman Jiya Vatsa]] was the inaugural poet laureate of [[Abuja|Abuja, Nigeria]].<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9AlBAQAAIAAJ |title=The African Guardian |date=1986 |publisher=Guardian Magazines |language=en}}</ref> [[Tanure Ojaide]] was the Poet Laureate of the [[Niger Delta]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Moolla |first=F. Fiona |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6jZjDwAAQBAJ |title=Natures of Africa: Ecocriticism and animal studies in contemporary cultural forms |date=2016-06-01 |publisher=NYU Press |isbn=978-1-86814-914-8 |language=en}}</ref>

==== Rwanda ====
During the 18th century in [[Rwanda]]'s history, Semidogoro was the official court poet of [[Mibambwe III Mutabazi II Sentabyo]].<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Mani |first1=Rama |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fs-oAgAAQBAJ |title=Responsibility to Protect: Cultural Perspectives in the Global South |last2=Weiss |first2=Thomas G. |date=2013-03-01 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-136-66121-1 |language=en}}</ref> Sekarama was the official court poet during the reigns of [[Kigeli IV Rwabugiri]] and [[Mutara III Rudahigwa]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Vansina |first=Jan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tgT-lyk40agC |title=Antecedents to Modern Rwanda: The Nyiginya Kingdom |date=2005-03-09 |publisher=Univ of Wisconsin Press |isbn=978-0-299-20123-4 |language=en}}</ref> Poets laureate of [[Rwanda]] include Edouard Bamporiki Uwayo.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Pressley-Sanon |first1=Toni |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rl7fCgAAQBAJ |title=Raoul Peck: Power, Politics, and the Cinematic Imagination |last2=Saint-Just |first2=Sophie |date=2015-12-03 |publisher=Lexington Books |isbn=978-0-7391-9879-7 |language=en}}</ref>

==== Senegal ====
Poets laureate of [[Senegal]] include [[Léopold Sédar Senghor]] and [[Robert Hayden]] (1966).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Léopold Senghor {{!}} Senegal's 1st President & Poet Laureate {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Leopold-Senghor#:~:text=L%C3%A9opold%20Senghor%20(born%20Oct.,of%20the%20concept%20of%20Negritude.&text=Senghor%20was%20the%20son%20of%20a%20prosperous%20Serer%20planter%20and%20trader. |access-date=2024-09-13 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |last1=Buck |first1=Christopher |title=Hayden, Robert |date=2017-09-26 |url=https://oxfordre.com/literature/display/10.1093/acrefore/9780190201098.001.0001/acrefore-9780190201098-e-485?d=/10.1093/acrefore/9780190201098.001.0001/acrefore-9780190201098-e-485&p=emailAQvt8bhiEF6yY |access-date=2024-09-13 |language=en |doi= |isbn=978-0-19-020109-8 |last2=Smith |first2=Derik |encyclopedia=Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Literature}}</ref>

==== Sierra Leone ====
Poets laureate of [[Sierra Leone]] include the Italian authors [[Roberto Malini]] and [[Dario Picciau]].<ref>{{cite web |author=Redazione |title=La Sierra Leone conferisce a Roberto Malini e Dario Picciau le onorificenze di Poet Laureate e Artist Laureate |url=http://www.dazebaonews.it/italia/societa/item/37518-la-sierra-leone-conferisce-a-roberto-malini-e-dario-picciau-le-onorificenze-di-poet-laureate-e-artist-laureate.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151227024333/http://www.dazebaonews.it/italia/societa/item/37518-la-sierra-leone-conferisce-a-roberto-malini-e-dario-picciau-le-onorificenze-di-poet-laureate-e-artist-laureate.html |archive-date=December 27, 2015 |access-date=December 26, 2015}}</ref>

==== South Africa ====
In the 19th century, Magolwane kaMkhathini Jiyane was the court poet of [[Shaka|Shaka Zulu]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Woods |first=Tim |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=f3ECEAAAQBAJ |title=African pasts: Memory and history in African literatures |date=2018-09-30 |publisher=Manchester University Press |isbn=978-1-5261-3079-2 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Limb |first1=Peter |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8G99Vp9q1UkC |title=Grappling With the Beast: Indigenous Southern African Responses to Colonialism, 1840-1930 |last2=Etherington |first2=Norman A. |last3=Midgley |first3=Peter |date=2010-01-01 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=978-90-04-17877-9 |language=en}}</ref> During the 10th century, David Livingstone Phakamile (Yali-Manisi) was the poet laureate of [[Kaiser Matanzima]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=McGiffin |first=Emily |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_HpzDwAAQBAJ |title=Of Land, Bones, and Money: Toward a South African Ecopoetics |date=2019-07-18 |publisher=University of Virginia Press |isbn=978-0-8139-4277-3 |language=en}}</ref> Poets laureate of [[South Africa]] include [[Mazisi Kunene]] (2005), [[Keorapetse Kgositsile]] (2006), and [[Mongane Wally Serote]] (2018– ).<ref>{{Cite news |date=2006-09-22 |title=Mazisi Kunene, 76, South African Poet Laureate, Is Dead |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2006/09/22/obituaries/22kunene.html |access-date=2024-08-29 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-11-07 |title=South African Literary Awards winners announced—Mongane Wally Serote is South Africa's new Poet Laureate |url=https://readinglist.click/sub/south-african-literary-awards-winners-announced-mongane-wally-serote-is-south-africas-new-poet-laureate/ |access-date=2024-09-13 |website=The Reading List}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Keorapetse Kgositsile |url=https://www.poetryfoundation.org/poets/keorapetse-kgositsile |access-date=2024-09-13 |website=The Poetry Foundation}}</ref>

==== Sudan ====
During the 1800s in [[Sudan]], Al U'aysir was the court poet (''inqīb'') of the [[Ja'alin tribe]] King [[Mek Nimr]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hillelson |first=S. |date=1949 |title=CLASSICAL REMINISCENCES IN POPULAR LITERATURE |url=https://sudanarchive.net/?a=d&d=SNRV19490000-01.1.301&e=-------en-20--1--txt-txIN%7CtxTI%7CtxAU----------- |access-date=2024-10-04 |website=Sudan Notes and Records}}</ref>

==== Tanzania ====
Poets laureate of [[Tanzania]] include Saadani Kandoro (1969).<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Akyeampong |first1=Emmanuel Kwaku |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=39JMAgAAQBAJ |title=Dictionary of African Biography |last2=Jr |first2=Professor Henry Louis Gates |date=2012-02-02 |publisher=OUP USA |isbn=978-0-19-538207-5 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Molony |first=Tom |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qDE3BAAAQBAJ |title=Nyerere: The Early Years |date=2014 |publisher=Boydell & Brewer Ltd |isbn=978-1-84701-090-2 |language=en}}</ref>

==== Tunisia ====
During the 10th century, [[Muhammad ibn Hani al-Andalusi al-Azdi]] was appointed as the chief court poet to the [[Fatimid]] [[Caliph]] [[al-Mu'izz]].<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last=Najar |first=Brahim |date=2003 |title=Poetry in the Muslim West: second to fifth/eighth to eleventh centuries |url=https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000134304 |access-date=2024-10-16 |website=unesdoc.unesco.org}}</ref> Also, in the 10th century, [[Ali ibn Muhammad al-Iyadi]] was the court poet of [[Fatimid caliphs]] [[Al-Qa'im (Fatimid caliph)|al-Qa'im]], [[Al-Mansur bi-Nasr Allah|al-Mansur]], and [[Al-Mu'izz li-Din Allah|al-Mu'izz]]. Poets laureate of [[Tunisia]] include Qasim Shabi.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=K9ZDAAAAIAAJ |title=Iqbal Review |date=1969 |publisher=Iqbal Academy |language=en}}</ref>

==== Uganda ====
Poets laureate of [[Uganda]] include Akena Adoko.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IxDM3jd9NYgC |title=The Tablet |date=1971 |publisher=Tablet Publishing Company |language=en}}</ref>

==== Zimbabwe ====
Ginyilitshe Hlabangana was the official poet laureate (or ''Imbongi YeNkosi'') for the [[Mthwakazi|Ndebele Kingdom]] (now called [[Matabeleland|Matabeleland, Zimbabwe]]).<ref>{{Cite book |last=Msindo |first=Enocent |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QgT8exI3DmUC |title=Ethnicity in Zimbabwe: Transformations in Kalanga and Ndebele Societies, 1860-1990 |date=2012 |publisher=University Rochester Press |isbn=978-1-58046-418-5 |language=en}}</ref>

===Asia===

==== Afghanistan ====
During the 10–11th century, [[Unsuri]] was made poet laureate by [[Mahmud of Ghazni|Sultan Maḥmūd of Ghazna]].<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LbpGAQAAIAAJ |title=The Americana: A Universal Reference Library, Comprising the Arts and Sciences, Literature, History, Biography, Geography, Commerce, Etc., of the World. Biographies |date=1923 |publisher=The Author |language=en}}{{page needed|date=September 2024}}</ref> Modern poets laureate of [[Afghanistan]] include Abdullah "Malik al-Shu'Ara" Qari, Sufi Abdul Bitab, and [[Ustad]] [[Khalilullah Khalili]].<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wNxtAAAAMAAJ |title=The Concept |date=1985 |publisher=Raja Afsar Khan |language=en}}{{page needed|date=September 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Adamec |first1=Ludwig W. |title=Historical Dictionary of Afghanistan |date=2012 |publisher=Scarecrow Press |isbn=978-0-8108-7815-0 }}{{page needed|date=September 2024}}</ref>

==== Armenia ====
Poets laureate of [[Armenia]] include [[Avetik Isahakyan|Avetik Isahakian]] and [[Hovhannes Tumanyan|Hovhannes Toumanian]] (1970).<ref>{{Cite book |last=Goi︠a︡n |first=Georg |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EsRBAQAAIAAJ |title=Two Thousand Years of the Armenian Theater: A Digest in English of Professor Georg Goyan's Recent Monumental Work in Russian : with Additional Essays in English and Armenian, by Other Contributors |date=1954 |publisher=Armenian National Council of America |language=en}}{{page needed|date=September 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=989DAQAAIAAJ |title=The Armenian Review |date=1975 |publisher=Hairenik Association |language=en}}{{page needed|date=September 2024}}</ref>

==== Azerbaijan ====
In 1502, [[Azerbaijan]]-born court poet [[Habibi (poet)|Habibi]] earned the title "king of poets" from Safavid king [[Ismail I]]. Poets laureate of [[Azerbaijan]] include [[Bakhtiyar Vahabzadeh]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Tyrrell |first1=Maliheh S. |title=Aesopian Literary Dimensions of Azerbaijani Literature of the Soviet Period, 1920-1990 |date=2000 |publisher=Lexington Books |isbn=978-0-7391-0169-8}}{{page needed|date=September 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Goltz |first1=Thomas |title=Azerbaijan Diary: A Rogue Reporter's Adventures in an Oil-rich, War-torn, Post-Soviet Republic |date=2015 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-317-47623-8}}{{page needed|date=September 2024}}</ref>

==== Bahrain ====
[[Bahrain]]-born Muḥammad Sharīf al-Shībānī served as the poet laureate of the court of [[Abu Dhabi|Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates]] (c. 1967).<ref>{{Cite book |last=Ẓāhir |first=al-Māyidī ibn |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RSzCEAAAQBAJ |title=ديوان واخبار المايدي بن ظاهر |date=August 2023 |publisher=NYU Press |isbn=978-1-4798-2580-6 |language=en}}</ref>

==== Bangladesh ====
During the 15th century, [[Zainuddin (poet)|Zainuddin]] was appointed the court poet of [[Bengal]] while under the patronage of Prince [[Shamsuddin Yusuf Shah|Yusuf Khan]].<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Ikram |first1=Sheikh Mohamad |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4lXHAAAAIAAJ |title=The Cultural Heritage of Pakistan |last2=Spear |first2=Thomas George Percival |date=1955 |publisher=Oxford University Press |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Karim |first=Abdul |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DodAAAAAMAAJ |title=Social History of the Muslims in Bengal, Down to A.D. 1538 |date=1985 |publisher=Baitush Sharaf Islamic Research Institute |language=en}}</ref> [[Yusuf-Zulekha]] was the court poet of [[Sultan of Bengal]], [[Ghiyasuddin Azam Shah]]. Sometime during the 15th-16th century, [[Shah Muhammad Saghir]] was the poet laureate of the [[Sultan of Bengal]] [[Ghiyasuddin Azam Shah]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Shah Muhammad Sagir - Banglapedia |url=http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Shah_Muhammad_Sagir |access-date=2024-10-26 |website=en.banglapedia.org}}</ref> [[Daulat Qazi]], born in what is now modern day [[Bangladesh]], was officially appointed as the poet for the [[Arakan]] court in [[Myanmar]] (then ruled by King [[Thiri Thudhamma]]).<ref name="sen">Sen, Sukumar (1993). ''Islami Bangla Sahitya'' (in Bengali), Kolkata: Ananda Publishers, {{ISBN|81-7215-301-5}}, pp.23-33</ref>

==== Brunei ====
Poets laureate of [[Brunei]] include royal poet [[Omar Ali Saifuddien III]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Ghani |first1=Nurdiyana Abd |last2=Idris |first2=Zubir |date=2020-12-16 |title=DASAR PERLEMBAGAAN SEBAGAI PENCAPAIAN SULTAN MUDA OMAR â€˜ALI SAIFUDDIEN DALAM SYAIR PERLEMBAGAAN NEGERI BRUNEI |url=https://jml.um.edu.my/index.php/jurnalmelayusedunia/article/view/27641 |journal=Jurnal Melayu Sedunia |language=en |volume=3 |issue=1 |pages=266–296 |issn=2637-0751}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Awang.) |first=Mohd Jamil Al-Sufri (Pehin Orang Kaya Amar Diraja Dato Seri Utama Haji |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4w9SAQAAMAAJ |title=Royal Poet Al-marhum Sultan Haji Omar 'Ali Saifuddien Sa'adul Khairi Waddien |date=2010 |publisher=Brunei History Centre |isbn=978-99917-34-74-3 |language=en}}</ref>

==== Cambodia ====
Poets laureate of [[Cambodia]] include Ind (1907–1924).<ref>{{cite book |last1=Jacobsen |first1=Trudy |title=Lost Goddesses: The Denial of Female Power in Cambodian History |date=2008 |publisher=NIAS Press |isbn=978-87-7694-001-0}}{{page needed|date=September 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Roces |first1=Mina |title=Women's Movements in Asia: Feminisms and Transnational Activism |last2=Edwards |first2=Louise |date=2010 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-136-96799-3}}{{page needed|date=September 2024}}</ref>

==== China ====
In [[History of China|Ancient China]],  [[Emperor Yuan of Han]] appointed [[Shi You]] as the poet laureate.<ref>{{Cite web |date=1979-05-01 |title=When poetry led to power |url=https://www.taiwantoday.tw/news.php?unit=20&post=25726&unitname=Culture-Taiwan-Review&postname=When-poetry-led-to-power |access-date=2024-09-21 |website=Taiwan Today |language=en}}</ref> During the [[Tang dynasty]], [[He Zhizhang|He Zhichang]] was appointed as the poet laureate of Emperor Ho Kwei.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Division |first=United States Adjutant-General's Office Military Information |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6IZCAAAAIAAJ |title=Notes on China |date=1900 |publisher=U.S. Government Printing Office |language=en}}</ref> [[Zhou Boqi]] was a court poet appointed during the [[Yuan Dynasty]].

==== Cyprus ====
During the 19th century, after the Turks invaded [[Cyprus]], Mufti Hilmi Efendi was appointed the poet laureate of Sultan [[Mahmud II]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Affairs |first=Cyprus Committee on Turkish |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=C6lrvb32lUcC |title=An Investigation Into Matters Concerning and Affecting the Turkish Community in Cyprus: Interim Report of the Committee on Turkish Affairs, 1949 |date=1949 |publisher=U.S. Government Printing Office |language=en}}</ref> In 1980, the World Academy of Arts and Culture awarded [[Cyprus]]-born [[Costas Montis]] the title of Poet Laureate.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pWfiAAAAMAAJ |title=Cyprus Today |date=1989 |publisher=Public Information Office |language=en}}</ref>

==== Georgia ====
[[Heraclius II of Georgia]] appointed [[Sayat-Nova]] as his poet laureate at the court of [[Tbilisi]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Mitchell |first=Colin P. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1uCaELAsv3MC |title=New Perspectives on Safavid Iran: Empire and Society |date=2011-03-03 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=978-1-136-99194-3 |language=en}}</ref>

==== India ====
In [[India]], poets laureate were maintained at the royal courts beginning in ancient times.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Altekar |first=Anant Sadashiv |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Gb3Z2UovOjkC |title=State and Government in Ancient India |date=April 2002 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publ. |isbn=978-81-208-1009-9 |language=en}}</ref> For instance, in [[History of India|Ancient India]], [[Harisena]] was designated poet laureate by Emperor [[Samudragupta]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Mahajan |first=V. D. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eljzDwAAQBAJ |title=Ancient India |date=2022-01-03 |publisher=S. Chand Publishing |isbn=978-93-5283-724-3 |language=en}}</ref> During the 7th century, [[Harsha|Emperor Harsha]] proclaimed [[Bāṇabhaṭṭa]] as the poet laureate.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Sharma |first1=T. R. S. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IRp1PKX0BXoC |title=Ancient Indian Literature: Classical Sanskrit, Prakrit, and apabhramsa |last2=Seshdri |first2=C. K. |last3=Gaur |first3=June |date=2000 |publisher=Sahitya Akademi |isbn=978-81-260-0794-3 |language=en}}</ref> [[Jayamkondar]] was made poet laureate by [[Chola Empire|Chola]] Emperor [[Kulottunga I]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sen |first=Sailendra Nath |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Wk4_ICH_g1EC |title=Ancient Indian History and Civilization |date=1999 |publisher=New Age International |isbn=978-81-224-1198-0 |language=en}}</ref> In the 10th century, [[Ranna (Kannada poet)|Ranna]] was the poet laureate of Western Chalukya Kings [[Tailapa II]] and [[Satyashraya]].<ref name="chav">Kamath (2001), p45</ref><ref name="ran">Sastri (1955), p356</ref> [[Adikavi Pampa]] was the court poet of [[Chalukyas of Vemulavada|Vemulavada Chalukya]] king [[Arikesari II]]. Also, in the 10th century, [[Ponna (poet)|Ponna]] received the title ''Kavichakravarthi'' (poet laureate) and ''Ubhaya-Chakravarthi'' (imperial poet in two languages) from Rashtrakuta king [[Krishna III]]. Padmagupta Parimala was a Paramama court poet.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Tiwari |first=Shiv Kumar |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=n0gwfmPFTLgC |title=Tribal Roots of Hinduism |date=2002 |publisher=Sarup & Sons |isbn=978-81-7625-299-7 |language=en}}</ref> In the mid-11th century, [[Nannaya]] was the poet-laureate of [[Rajaraja Narendra]].

In the 15th century, [[Cherusseri Namboothiri]] was the court poet of Udaya Varma. During the 15th-16th centuries, [[Allasani Peddana]] was the poet laureate of [[Krishnadevaraya|Emperor Krishnadevaraya]] of [[Vijayanagara Empire|Vijayanagara]]. In the 16th century, [[Shaikh Gadai Kamboh]] was the poet laureate in the court of Sultan of Sikandar Lodhi. In 1665, [[Nusrati]] was made a poet laureate by Sultan [[Ali Adil Shah II|ʿAlī II]] (<abbr>r.</abbr> 1656–1672) of the [[Adil Shahi dynasty|ʿĀdil-Shāhī dynasty]].<ref>{{harvnb|Haywood|1995}}; {{harvnb|Sharma|2020|p=409}}; {{harvnb|Saksena|1990|pp=39–40}}.</ref> During the [[Mughal Empire]], Emperor [[Akbar]] made [[Birbal]] the poet laureate.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Mansingh |first=Surjit |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6HAeAgAAQBAJ |title=Historical Dictionary of India |date=2006-05-09 |publisher=Scarecrow Press |isbn=978-0-8108-6502-0 |language=en}}</ref> In the aforementioned empire's later history, [[Taleb Amoli]] was Emperor [[Jahangir]]'s poet laureate from 1618 to 1627,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Taleb Amoli |url=https://iranicaonline.org/articles/taleb-amoli |access-date=2024-09-23 |website=iranicaonline.org |language=en-US}}</ref> and Emperor [[Shah Jahan]] appointed [[Jagannatha Panditaraja]] as the poet laureate during his reign.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sarma |first=Narendra Nath |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vc_eBshVJf8C |title=Paṇḍitarāja Jagannātha, the Renowned Sanskrit Poet of Medieval India |date=1994 |publisher=Mittal Publications |isbn=978-81-7099-393-3 |language=en}}</ref> In the 18th century, [[Bharatchandra Ray]] was the court poet of Maharaja Krishnachandra.

[[Mohammad Ibrahim Zauq]] was the poet laureate of the final [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] Emperor [[Bahadur Shah Zafar]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2012-01-21 |title=In the lanes of Zauq and Ghalib - Express India |url=http://www.expressindia.com/latest-news/in-the-lanes-of-zauq-and-ghalib/434583/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120121091428/http://www.expressindia.com/latest-news/in-the-lanes-of-zauq-and-ghalib/434583/ |archive-date=January 21, 2012 |access-date=2024-09-23}}</ref> In the 19th century, [[Ghalib]] was appointed as the poet laureate of the Mughal Court.<ref name=":02">{{Cite web |last=Spear |first=Percival |date=1972 |title=Ghalib's Delhi |url=http://ftp.columbia.edu/itc/mealac/pritchett/00ghalib/texts/txt_percival_spear_1972.pdf |access-date=25 October 2019 |website=columbia.edu}}</ref> In the Indian subcontinent [[Kashmir]], [[Mullah Nadiri]] was the poet laureate during the reign of [[Sultan Sikandar]] (1378–1416, reigned 1389–1413).

===== Andhra Pradesh =====
[[Sripada Krishnamurty Sastry]] was the first poet laureate of [[Andhra Pradesh]], India.<ref>p. 644, Land and people of Indian states and union territories : (in 36 volumes), by Shankarlal C. Bhatt, Gopal K. Bhargava, vol. 2, Kaplaz Publishers, 2006.</ref> [[Dasarathi]] served as the court poet (''aasthana kavi'') for the government of [[Andhra Pradesh]].

===== Jaisalmer =====
Alseedan ji Ratnu was the poet laureate (''raj-kavi'') of [[Jaisalmer State|Jaisalmer]] state.

===== Karnataka =====
In what was once the [[Western Chalukya Empire]], [[Nagavarma II]] was the poet laureate (''Katakacharya'') by Chalukya King Jagadhekamalla.<ref name="kataka">Narasimhacharya (1988), pp. 64–65, p. 19</ref><ref name="kataka1">Shastri (1955), p. 358</ref><ref name="upa">Kamath (2001), p. 115</ref>

===== Kerala =====
[[K. C. Kesava Pillai]] was the Poet Laureate of [[Travancore]] (located in present-day [[Kerala]] state). [[Vallathol Narayana Menon]] was the Poet Laureate of [[Kerala]].<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=t2MqAQAAIAAJ |title=Journal of South Asian Literature |date=1972 |publisher=Asian Studies Center, Michigan State University. |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=1950-11-22 |title=Poet laureate |url=https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/50039803?searchTerm=%22poet%20laureate%20of%22 |access-date=2024-09-21 |work=Courier-Mail}}</ref>

===== Madhya Pradesh =====
During the 15th century, [[Raidhu]] (who was born in [[Gwalior]]) was the poet laureate for the court of Dungar Singh and Kirti Singh.

===== Maharashtra =====
[[Bhaskar Ramchandra Tambe]] was the poet laureate of [[Maharashtra]].<ref name="Jagtik kirtiche 126 sahityik">{{cite book |last1=Dr, Gadre |first1=Anuradha |title=Jagtik kirtiche 126 sahityik |date=2009 |publisher=Manorama |location=Pune}}</ref>

===== Tamil Nadu =====
[[Kannadasan]] was the poet laureate of [[Tamil Nadu]] at the time of his death.

===== Telegana =====
Sripada Krishna Sastry was the poet laureate during the 20th century.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mahender |first=Adepu |date=2017-03-23 |title=Century-old library lost in time |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/Telangana/2017-03-23/Century-old-library-lost-in-time/288514 |access-date=2024-10-26 |website=www.thehansindia.com |language=en}}</ref>

==== Indonesia ====
In the 14th century, [[Mpu Prapanca]] served as the poet laureate in the royal court of Emperor [[Hayam Wuruk]].<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=E_xRAQAAIAAJ |title=Inter-ocean: A Netherlands East Indian Magazine Devoted to Malaysia and Australasia (Cover Title: Inter-ocean) |date=1928 |publisher=G. Kolff & Company |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uz_cgY-uASkC |title=The Voice of Indonesia |date=1957 |publisher=Broadcasting Service of the Ministry of Information of the Republic of Indonesia |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=P8wLAAAAIAAJ |title=Atma nan Jaya: majalah ilmiah Universitas Katolik Indonesia Atma Jaya |date=1991 |publisher=Universitas Katolik Indonesia Atma Jaya |language=id}}</ref> During the 18th century, [[Yasadipura I]] served as the Poet Laureate of [[Surakarta Sunanate]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Florida |first=Nancy K. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JtXWqGzfzGgC |title=Writing the Past, Inscribing the Future: History as Prophesy in Colonial Java |date=1995 |publisher=Duke University Press |isbn=978-0-8223-1622-0 |language=en}}</ref>

==== Iran ====
[[File:Mohammad-Taqi Bahar-Original.jpg|thumb|Mohammad-Taqi Bahar poet laureate of [[Mozaffar ad-Din Shah Qajar]].]]
In the 11th century, [[Iran]]-born [[Abu-al-Faraj Runi]] became a court poet during the [[Ghaznavids|Ghaznavid period]]. [[Manuchehri]] was another court poet during the aforementioned period. [[Qatran Tabrizi]] was the court poet of the dynasties of the [[Rawadids]] and [[Shaddadids]]. During the 13th century, [[Khwaju Kermani]] was the official court poet of [[Il-Khanid]] rulers [[Abu Sa'id Bahadur Khan]] and [[Arpa Ke'un]], the [[Mozaffarid]] [[Mubariz al-Din Muhammad]], and [[Abu Ishaq Inju]] of the [[Injuids|Inju]] dynasty.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Jr |first=Everett Jenkins |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xBIkCQAAQBAJ |title=The Muslim Diaspora (Volume 1, 570-1500): A Comprehensive Chronology of the Spread of Islam in Asia, Africa, Europe and the Americas |date=2015-05-07 |publisher=McFarland |isbn=978-1-4766-0888-4 |language=en}}</ref> [[Farid Isfarayini]] was the court poet of the [[Salghurids]] in [[Shiraz]].{{sfn|Safa|1999}} In the 14th century, [[Salman Savaji]] was the court poet of the [[Jalayirids]].{{sfn|Wing|2016|p=15}}

During the [[Safavid dynasty|Safavid era]], [[Vahshi Bafqi]] was the poet laureate of Ghiyat al-Din Mir Miran.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Lewisohn |first=Leonard |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Dve7DwAAQBAJ |title=The Heritage of Sufism: Late Classical Persianate Sufism (1501-1750) v. 3 |date=2018-04-30 |publisher=Simon and Schuster |isbn=978-1-78607-527-7 |language=en}}</ref> Sometime during the 15th century, [[Baba Fighani Shirazi]] became the court poet of [[Aq Qoyunlu]] [[Yaqub Aq Qoyunlu|Ya'qub Beg]]. In the 17th century, [[Taleb Amoli]] was made the poet laureate of the [[Mughal emperor]] [[Jahangir]] (1618). Also, in the 17th century, during his travels to [[India]], the Persian poet [[Kalim Kashani]] was made poet laureate by [[Mughal Empire|Mogul]] emperor [[Shah Jahan]] in 1632.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Gandhi |first=Supriya |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zh-_DwAAQBAJ |title=The Emperor Who Never Was: Dara Shukoh in Mughal India |date=2020-01-07 |publisher=Harvard University Press |isbn=978-0-674-24391-0 |language=en}}</ref> During the 18th century, [[Fath-Ali Khan Saba|Saba]] (Fath-Ali Khan Kashani) was the poet laureate of [[Fath-Ali Shah Qajar]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Hillenbrand |first=Robert |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dy4rDwAAQBAJ |title=Shahnama: The Visual Language of the Persian Book of Kings |date=2017-07-05 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-351-54892-2 |language=en}}</ref> In the 19th century, Prince [[Gholam-Hossein Mirza]] was the poet laureate of [[Mozaffar ad-Din Shah Qajar|Mozaffar al-Din Mirza]] in [[Tabriz]].

[[Mohammad-Taqi Bahar]] was the poet laureate of [[Mozaffar ad-Din Shah Qajar]]. He was born in [[Mashhad]] in 1884 (died 1951) and was a conservative figure among the modernists. He was appointed Poet Laureate by royal decree in 1903.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Datta |first=Amaresh |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ObFCT5_taSgC |title=Encyclopaedia of Indian Literature: A-Devo |date=1987 |publisher=Sahitya Akademi |isbn=978-81-260-1803-1 |language=en}}</ref>

==== Iraq ====
In [[Iraq]]'s ancient history, Ibn 'Atiyah Jarir was the court poet of Ibn Yusuf al-Hajjaj during the [[Umayyad Caliphate|Umayyad]] period.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Adamec |first=Ludwig W. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fCYuLWs3ZIEC |title=The A to Z of Islam |date=2009 |publisher=Scarecrow Press |isbn=978-0-8108-7160-1 |language=en}}</ref> Abd al-Malik Burhani was the poet laureate of [[Sanjar]] under [[Malik Shah I|Malik Shāh I]] and [[Sultan Sanjar|Sultān Sanjar]].<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Sc7dNHde4MMC |title=The Persian Manuscripts |date=1889 |publisher=Verlag nicht ermittelbar |language=en}}</ref> Regarding cities, [[Aban al-Lahiqi]] was the court poet of the [[Barmakids]] in [[Baghdad]]. Poets laureate of [[Iraq]] include [[Muhammad Mahdi al-Jawahiri|Muhammed Mahdi al-Jawahiri]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Oron |first=Yitzhak |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0LooyExir7EC |title=Middle East Record Volume 1, 1960 |date=1960 |publisher=The Moshe Dayan Center |language=en}}</ref>

==== Israel ====
Poets laureate of [[Israel]] include [[Avigdor Hameiri]] and [[Haim Gouri]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-04-03 |title=Writer Avigdor Hameiri Dies |url=https://israeled.org/writer-avigdor-hameiri-dies/ |access-date=2024-09-12 |website=CIE |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Gorenberg |first=Gershom |date=2018-02-05 |title=Requiem for a Storm |url=https://prospect.org/culture/requiem-storm/ |access-date=2024-09-12 |website=The American Prospect |language=en-us}}</ref>

==== Japan ====
[[Kakinomoto no Hitomaro]] serve as the court poet of [[Empress Jitō]]. During the [[Heian period|Heien period]], [[Ariwara no Yukihira]], [[Murasaki Shikibu]], [[Fujiwara no Kintō]] and [[Akazome Emon]] were court poets.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4so4AQAAIAAJ&q=%22court+poet%22+%22kongo%22 |title=Musicworks |date=2006 |publisher=Music Gallery. |language=en}}</ref> Poets laureate of Japan include Baron Takasaki Masamitsu. The current Princess of Benin, Damarea Liao was named Japan's first 'National Youth Poet Laureate' in 2024. [https://freshangleng.com/35403/nigeria%27s-liao-becomes-national-youth-poet-laureate-to-japan#google_vignette]

==== Jordan ====
Poets laureate of [[Jordan]] include [[Haider Mahmoud]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=August 2020 |title=عر الأردن "الوزير" يغادر الكثبان وينعى "الجزيرة السعيدة": "نعال الكاوبوي تصفع الجعفي.. والسعف والسيف" |url=https://www.alquds.co.uk/%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B9%D8%B1-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%86-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B2%D9%8A%D8%B1-%D9%8A%D8%BA%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%83%D8%AB%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86-%D9%88%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%B9/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=شاعر البلاط والضفّتين : وصفي التل لو عاد لصاح أعيدوني للكفن والقبر |url=https://www.alhashmiahnews.net/index.php?page=article&id=219802 |access-date=2024-10-16 |website=وكالة الهاشمية الإخبارية}}</ref>

==== Kazakhstan ====
Poets laureate of [[Kazakhstan]] include [[Abdilda Tazhibaev]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Schwab |first=Larry M. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8dgVV8-NN5AC |title=The Illusion of a Conservative Reagan Revolution |date=1991-01-01 |publisher=Transaction Publishers |isbn=978-1-4128-2583-2 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=c9aAAAAAMAAJ |title=Political Anthropology Yearbook |date=1980 |publisher=Transaction Books |isbn=978-0-87855-371-6 |language=en}}</ref>

==== Korea ====
During the 12th century, Jeong Ji-sang was appointed as a court poet of [[Injong of Goryeo|King Injong of Goryeo]].<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fT8sAQAAIAAJ&q='%EA%B6%81%EC%A0%95%EC%8B%9C%EC%9D%B8'+'%ED%95%9C%EA%B5%AD'+%EC%A0%95%EC%A7%80%EC%83%81 |title=한국 고전 문학 작가론 |date=1998 |publisher=소명 출판 |isbn=978-89-88375-02-0 |language=ko}}</ref> During the reign of [[Jungjong of Joseon]] in the 16th century, Yun Kyung was appointed as the court poet to the king.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=P_oRAQAAMAAJ&q=%22%EA%B6%81%EC%A0%95+%EC%8B%9C%EC%9D%B8%22+%22%ED%95%9C%EA%B5%AD%22 |title=韓國古典批評論: 신라, 조선 중기 |date=2006 |publisher=민속원 |isbn=978-89-5638-549-5 |language=ko}}</ref>

Beginning around 1994, [[North Korea]] had 6 active poets laureate who worked in the epic genre.<ref name="sung">{{cite book |author=Jang Jin-sung |title=Dear Leader: Poet, Spy, Escapee--A Look Inside North Korea |publisher=37 Ink |year=2014 |isbn=978-1476766553 |chapter=Chapter 1: Psychological Warfare}}</ref> [[Epic poetry]] was the chief vehicle of political propaganda during the rule of [[Kim Jong-il]], and the poets worked according to the requests and needs of Kim Jong-il.<ref name="sung" /> Some of the poets are [[Jang Jin-sung]] (pseudonym), [[Kim Man-young]] and [[Shin Byung-gang]].<ref name="sung" />

==== Kuwait ====
Poets laureate of [[Kuwait]] include Mulla Abdeen.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Saleh |first=Sherif |date=May 14, 2019 |title=برع في كتابة القصائد الفارسية ومدح العديد من الشيوخ ورجال الدين |url=https://www.annaharkw.com/Annahar/Article.aspx?id=835611&date=14052019 |website=Al Nahar (Kuwaiti Newspaper)}}</ref>

==== Kyrgyzstan ====
Poets laureate of [[Kyrgyzstan]] include [[Chinghiz Aitmatov]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Croix |first=Jeanne Féaux de la |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TE7ZDQAAQBAJ |title=Iconic Places in Central Asia: The Moral Geography of Dams, Pastures and Holy Sites |date=2016-12-31 |publisher=transcript Verlag |isbn=978-3-8394-3630-1 |language=en}}</ref>

==== Laos ====
Poets laureate of [[Laos]] include Nhouy Abhay.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=TIME |date=1961-02-03 |title=Laos: Time for Poets |url=https://time.com/archive/6809678/laos-time-for-poets/ |access-date=2024-09-13 |magazine=TIME |language=en}}</ref>

==== Lebanon ====
During the [[Shihab dynasty]] in [[Lebanon]], Nicola al-Turk was officially appointed as a court poet of [[Bashir Shihab II]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Farshūkh |first=Muḥammad Amīn |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-pQcAAAAMAAJ |title=أدب الفكاهة في لبنان: دراسة وعرض |date=1989 |publisher=Dār al-Fikr al-Lubnānī |language=ar}}</ref>

==== Malaysia ====
Poets laureate of [[Malaysia]] include Muhammad Haji Salleh and Datuk [[Zurinah Hassan]] (upon her becoming a [[Malaysian National Laureate]] in 2015).<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xF0tAQAAIAAJ |title=Anthropologica |date=2005 |publisher=M. Nijhoff |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=AGENCY |title=Malaysia's first female poet laureate started writing because she was not encouraged to speak as a child |url=https://www.thestar.com.my/lifestyle/people/2018/11/07/zurinah-hassan-sasterawan-negara-literary-award-singapore-writers-festival-poetry |access-date=2024-10-18 |website=The Star |language=en}}</ref> In the 20th century, Raja Haji Yahya was designed by the High Commissioner of the [[Monarchies of Malaysia|Malay States]] as the Poet Laureate of [[Perak]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Bosworth |first=C. Edmund |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bkfTKkrBW1wC |title=A Century of British Orientalists, 1902-2001 |date=2001-10-25 |publisher=OUP/British Academy |isbn=978-0-19-726243-6 |language=en}}</ref>

==== Maldives ====
Poets laureate of the [[Maldives]] include Sheikh Mohamed Jamaluddin (c. 1890), who also served as a judge.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Field |first=Garrett |date=November 2022 |title=Poetry for linguistic description: The Maldives inside and outside the Arabic cosmopolis in 1890 |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/modern-asian-studies/article/poetry-for-linguistic-description-the-maldives-inside-and-outside-the-arabic-cosmopolis-in-1890/B794204AAD26BF17E191DE3646F28569 |journal=Modern Asian Studies |language=en |volume=56 |issue=6 |pages=1951–1982 |doi=10.1017/S0026749X21000603 |issn=0026-749X}}</ref>

==== Mongolia ====
Poets laureate of [[Mongolia]] include Ke Ming.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Stimac |first=Tony |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EL7BEAAAQBAJ |title=An Accidental Journey: A Memoir of a Life in the Theater |date=2023-05-25 |publisher=Archway Publishing |isbn=978-1-6657-4444-7 |language=en}}</ref> Saichungga was the Poet Laureate of [[Inner Mongolia]].<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Z4iCcFatytgC |title=Inner Asia |date=1999 |publisher=White Horse Press for the Mongolia and Inner Asia Studies Unit at the University of Cambridge |language=en}}</ref>

==== Myanmar ====
In ancient [[Myanmar|Burma]], there were kings who bestowed the title of ''[[nawade]]'' to the poets laureate. However, according to Kaung (2011), two nawades are often discussed in Burmese literature: Nawadegyi (1498–1588; Prome Nawade) and Dutiya (1756–1840; Wetmasut Nawade).<ref>{{cite book |author=Khin Maung Nyuntt |title=An Outline History of Myanmar Literature: Pagan Period to Kon-baung Period |publisher=Yangon |year=1999 |page=71 |asin=B00398UY4C}}</ref><ref name="ThawKaung">{{cite web |author=Thaw Kaung |year=2011 |title=The Myanmar Poetic Account of Ayutthaya Vanquished: Notes on Its Rediscovery and Significance |url=http://www.siamese-heritage.org/jsspdf/2011/JSS_099_0e_ThawKaung_MyanmarPoeticAccountOfAyutthayaVanquish.pdf |page=27}}</ref><ref name="Toungoo">{{cite news |date=November 1987 |title=Toungoo Period Writers |url=http://www.ibiblio.org/obl/docs3/BPS87-11.pdf |newspaper=Burma Press |page=11 |volume=1 |number=8}}</ref>

Other historical figures include U Shun, who was appointed as a court poet to King [[Bagyidaw]] during the [[Konbaung dynasty]] of [[Burma]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Smyth |first=David |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5T5FAQAAQBAJ |title=The Canon in Southeast Asian Literature: Literatures of Burma, Cambodia, Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia, the Philippines, Thailand and Vietnam |date=2013-10-08 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-136-81612-3 |language=en}}</ref> During the [[Konbaung dynasty]], [[Maung Myat San|Letwe Thondara]] served as the court poet of [[Mahadhammaraza Dipadi]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Letwe Nawrahta (1723-1791), Recorder of Myanmar History |url=http://www.uclmyanmar.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/3-Letwe-Nawrahta.pdf |publisher=UCL Myanmar}}</ref><ref>His specific ministerial title was ''Away-Yauk-Min'', {{langx|my|အဝေးရောက်မင်း}} {{IPA|my|əwéi jaʊʔ mí̃|}} ([http://sealang.net/burmese/ SEAlang Library Burmese Dictionary])</ref> Later, in the country's history, [[Soe Nyunt]] was appointed as the Poet Laureate of [[Myanmar|Burma]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=sū |first=Thī lā Cacʻ |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=j1lkAAAAMAAJ |title=မြန်မာကဗျာဝေဖန်ရေးစာပေ: An Appreciation |date=1998 |publisher=Moe Min Sarpay |language=my}}</ref>

==== Nepal ====
Poets laureate of [[Nepal]] include [[Lekhnath Paudyal]] and [[Laxmi Prasad Devkota]].<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sDvjAAAAMAAJ |title=Nepal To-day |date=1965 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Rde1AAAAIAAJ |title=Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bombay |date=1987 |publisher=Asiatic Society of Bombay |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Rajbhandari |first1=Keshab R. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=C60SAQAAMAAJ |title=Beautiful Orchids of Nepal |last2=Bhattarai |first2=Sushila |date=2001 |publisher=Keshab R. Rajbhandari |isbn=978-99933-51-83-2 |language=en}}</ref>

==== Oman ====
In [[Oman]], Al-Sitali served as the poet laureate during the [[Nabhani dynasty]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Vine |first=Peter |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=K9NtAAAAMAAJ |title=Oman in History |date=1995 |publisher=Ministry of Information |isbn=978-1-898162-11-7 |language=en}}</ref>

==== Pakistan ====
During the 18th century, Jam Durrak was appointed as the poet laureate of the royal court of [[Mir Nasir Khan I]].<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Claus |first1=Peter |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Dg4HEAAAQBAJ |title=South Asian Folklore: An Encyclopedia |last2=Diamond |first2=Sarah |last3=Mills |first3=Margaret |date=2020-10-28 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-000-10122-5 |language=en}}</ref> Later in Pakistan's history, Poets laureate of [[Pakistan]] would include [[Hafeez Jalandhari]].<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8tBKDD7eJEgC |title=Times of India Illustrated Weekly |date=1983 |publisher=Published for the proprietors, Bennett, Coleman & Company, Limited, at the Times of India Press |language=en}}</ref>

==== Philippines ====
Poet Laureate of the [[Philippines]] include [[Cecilio Apóstol]], [[Alberto Segismundo Cruz]] (1945), and [[Amado Yuzon]] (1959).<ref>{{Cite web |date=2008-12-01 |title=111st [sic?] Anniversary of Dr. José P. Rizal's martyrdom |website=[[Manila Bulletin]] |url=http://www.mb.com.ph/issues/2007/12/30/OPED20071230112995.html |access-date=2024-10-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081201205744/http://www.mb.com.ph/issues/2007/12/30/OPED20071230112995.html |archive-date=December 1, 2008 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-10-08 |title=A poet on a motorcycle |url=https://lifestyle.inquirer.net/240069/a-poet-on-a-motorcycle/ |access-date=2024-09-12 |website=Lifestyle.INQ |language=en-US}}</ref> For cities, [[Abdon Balde Jr.]] became the Poet Laureate of [[Albay]] in 2012.

==== Saudi Arabia ====
Poets laureate of [[Saudi Arabia]] include Ahmed Ibrahim al-Ghazzawi'''.'''<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tKVtAAAAMAAJ |title=British Documents on Foreign Affairs--reports and Papers from the Foreign Office Confidential Print: From the First to the Second World War. Series B, Turkey, Iran, and the Middle East, 1918-1939 |date=1985 |publisher=University Publications of America |isbn=978-0-89093-603-0 |language=en}}</ref>

==== Sri Lanka ====
Poets laureate of [[Sri Lanka]] include [[Thotagamuwe Sri Rahula Thera]], who lived during the 15th century.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VTm2AAAAIAAJ |title=Statistical Pocket Book of the Republic of Sri Lanka (Ceylon). |date=1974 |publisher=Department of Census and Statistics |language=en}}</ref>

==== Syria ====
During the 10th century, [[Al-Mutanabbi|Al-Mutannabi]] was the poet laureate at the court of the [[Hamdanid]] emir [[Sayf al-Dawla]] in [[Aleppo]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Darke |first=Diana |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jv2jHT_GRe0C |title=Syria |date=2010 |publisher=Bradt Travel Guides |isbn=978-1-84162-314-6 |language=en}}</ref> In the 12th century, during the [[Nizari Ismaili state|Nizari Ismaili]] era in [[Masyaf]], Mazyad al-Hilli al-Asadi was the poet laureate of [[Rashid ad-Din Sinan]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Mirza |first=Nasseh Ahmad |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Y3l0DwAAQBAJ |title=Syrian Ismailism: The Ever Living Line of the Imamate, A.D. 1100--1260 |date=2018-10-24 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-136-79568-8 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Daftary |first=Farhad |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=37iKDwAAQBAJ |title=Ismaili Literature: A Bibliography of Sources and Studies |date=2005-03-23 |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing |isbn=978-0-85773-994-0 |language=en}}</ref>

==== Taiwan ====
In 1963, Jun-an (Wei Qing-de) was named the poet laureate of [[Taiwan]] by the United Poets Laureate International.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Taiwan's Poet Laureate |url=https://artistsday.nmh.gov.tw/En/art12.html |website=National Museum of History (Taiwan)}}</ref> The organization was founded by Taiwanese poet Zhong Dingwen and Filipino poet [[Amado Yuzon]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=盧國才 |first=張貼者： |title=第687篇：《詩林》 |url=http://www.kokchailu.com/2010/01/687.html |access-date=2024-10-23}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=United Poets Laureate International {{!}} UIA Yearbook Profile {{!}} Union of International Associations |url=https://uia.org/s/or/en/1100000239 |access-date=2024-10-23 |website=uia.org}}</ref> In 2004, Taiwanese [[Yu Hsi]] was awarded Poet Laureate by the Seoul World Academy of Arts and Culture.<ref name="IE_TaiwanScholarThiruvalluvarAward">{{cite news |last=Express News Service |first= |date=16 January 2014 |title=Taiwan-origin Tamil Scholar Gets Thiruvalluvar Award |url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/Taiwan-origin-Tamil-Scholar-Gets-Thiruvalluvar-Award/2014/01/16/article2001716.ece |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141020144212/http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/Taiwan-origin-Tamil-Scholar-Gets-Thiruvalluvar-Award/2014/01/16/article2001716.ece |archive-date=20 October 2014 |access-date=19 August 2016 |newspaper=The New Indian Express |publisher=Express Publications |location= |pages= |language=}}</ref>

==== Tajikistan ====
In ancient times, [[Tajikistan]]-born [[Rudaki]] became the poet laureate in the royal court of [[Ahmad Samani]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Hiro |first=Dilip |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fzuEDwAAQBAJ |title=Inside Central Asia: A Political and Cultural History of Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkey, and Iran |date=2011-11-01 |publisher=Abrams |isbn=978-1-59020-378-1 |language=en}}</ref>

==== Thailand ====
[[Si Prat]] serve as the court poet of [[King Narai]] during the 17th century. Poets laureate of [[Thailand]] include [[Sunthorn Phu]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Taus-Bolstad |first=Stacy |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YMufWH-TUGYC |title=Thailand in Pictures |date=2003-08-01 |publisher=Twenty-First Century Books |isbn=978-0-8225-0939-4 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Peleggi |first=Maurizio |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bAi3FcW_ALAC |title=Thailand: The Worldly Kingdom |date=2007-05-30 |publisher=Reaktion Books |isbn=978-1-86189-314-7 |language=en}}</ref>

==== Turkey ====
During the 12th century, [[Nicholas Kallikles]] was the court poet of the [[Byzantine Empire|Byzantine]] court in [[Constantinople]] during the reigns of [[Alexios I Komnenos]]. In 1302, [[Safi al-Din al-Hilli]] served as the court poet in [[Mardin]] under the [[Artuqids]]. [[Mehmet Akif Ersoy]] (b. 1873–d. December 27, 1936), a famous poet, was the Poet-Laureate of [[Turkey]]. He composed the poem to be the National Anthem of the Turkish Republic that written in 1921. Original name of the poem is "İstiklal Marşı"

==== Turkmenistan ====
In the 12th century, [[Rashid al-Din Vatvat]] became the poet laurete of the court in [[Konye-Urgench|Gurganj]] under [[Il-Arslan]] (in what is now [[Turkmenistan]]).{{sfn|Chalisova|2000}} Poets laureate of [[Turkmenistan]] include [[Gozel Shagulyeva]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=TRUST THROUGH UNDERSTANDING |url=https://www.turkmenistaninfo.ru/?page_id=6&type=article&elem_id=page_6/magazine_298/2465&lang_id=en |access-date=2024-10-03 |website=www.turkmenistaninfo.ru}}</ref>

==== United Arab Emirates ====
Poets laureate of the [[United Arab Emirates]] include Ousha bint Khalifa Al Suwaidi.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Suwaidi (PVT) |first=Dr Hamed Bin Mohamed Khalifa Al |date=2020-08-12 |title=Honouring the Late Poet Laureate of the UAE |url=https://medium.com/@dr.hamedalsuwaidi/honouring-the-late-poet-laureate-of-the-uae-88951b8e87c4 |access-date=2024-09-26 |website=Medium |language=en}}</ref>

==== Uzbekistan ====
In the 14th century, [[Uzbekistan]]-born [[Abu Sulayman Banakati]] was appointed poet laureate of [[Ghazan Khan]] court. In the 14th-15th centuries, [[Uzbekistan]]-born Khoja Fakhriddin Ismatullah ibn Masud Ismat Bukhari was the poet laureate in the royal courts of [[Jalal-ud-Din Khalji]] and [[Ulugh Beg]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Vámbéry |first=Ármin |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=K80rAAAAMAAJ |title=History of Bokhara: From the Earliest Period Down to the Present |date=1873 |publisher=H.S. King |language=en}}</ref> In later history, poets laureate of [[Uzbekistan]] include Muhammad Ali and Śukrullo.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2PgVAQAAMAAJ |title=Kazakh & Kirghiz Studies Bulletin: Newsletter of the Kazakh-Kirghiz Studies Group, University of Washington |date=1993 |publisher=Kazakh-Kirghiz Studies Group, University of Washington |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Mv-wQxalwncC |title=AACAR Bulletin of the Association for the Advancement of Central Asian Research |date=1989 |publisher=The Association |language=en}}</ref>

==== Vietnam ====
During the 16th century, [[Nguyễn Bỉnh Khiêm]] became the first Poet Laureate of [[Vietnam]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Gobron |first=Gabriel |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=19i7DcE6_XAC |title=History and Philosophy of Caodaism |date=2008-03-01 |publisher=Wildside Press LLC |isbn=978-1-4344-6284-8 |language=en}}</ref> [[Tố Hữu]] was the poet laureate of [[North Vietnam]] and the [[Communist Party of Vietnam]], and remained so even after his political decline.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Nguyen-vo |first=Thu-huong |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9dD0EAAAQBAJ |title=Almost Futures: Sovereignty and Refuge at World's End |date=2024-06-11 |publisher=Univ of California Press |isbn=978-0-520-39446-9 |language=en}}</ref>

==== Yemen ====
Ibn 'Aliwa-Ibn Hayyan was the court poet of the [[Banu Hamdan]] in northern [[Yemen]].<ref>{{Citation |last1=Barber |first1=Karin |title=Africa |date=2022-06-06 |work=Literature |pages=542–588 |editor-last=Damrosch |editor-first=David |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/9781119775737.ch18 |access-date=2024-10-04 |edition=1 |publisher=Wiley |language=en |doi=10.1002/9781119775737.ch18 |isbn=978-0-470-67190-0 |last2=Jeyifo |first2=Biodun |last3=Julien |first3=Eileen |last4=Buzi |first4=Paola |last5=Bausi |first5=Alessandro |last6=Idrissi Alami |first6=Ahmed |last7=Holmberg |first7=Bo |last8=El Koulali |first8=Salima |last9=de Moraes-Farias |first9=Paulo F. |editor2-last=Lindberg-Wada |editor2-first=Gunilla|doi-access=free }}</ref> During the 15th century, [[Abu Bakr al-Aydarus]] became the patron saint and Poet Laureate of [[Aden|Aden, Yemen]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=McLaughlin |first=Daniel |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eQvhZaEVzjcC |title=Yemen |date=2007 |publisher=Bradt Travel Guides |isbn=978-1-84162-212-5 |language=en}}</ref>

=== Europe ===

==== Albania ====
During the 15th-16th centuries, [[Albania]]-born [[Mesihi of Prishtina]] was appointed as the court poet of the [[Grand Vizier]] [[Hadım Ali Pasha|Khadim Ali Pasha]].<ref name=":3" /> In 2021, Rudolf Marku became the first Poet Laureate of [[Albania]].<ref>{{Cite web |title="Weared with the sun and covered with the moon" Rudolf Marku brings the Anthology of Albanian poetry |url=https://politiko.al/english/e-tjera/veshun-me-diell-e-mbathur-me-hene-rudolf-marku-sjell-antologjia-e-poezis-i479473 |access-date=2024-09-12 |website=politiko.al}}</ref> He was followed by [[Luljeta Lleshanaku]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Luljeta Lleshanaku is declared 'Poet Laureate': Why has it been difficult to face the Albanian reader |url=https://www.voxnews.al/english/aktualitet/luljeta-lleshanaku-shpallet-poete-laureate-pse-ka-qene-e-veshtire-per-i51537 |access-date=2024-09-16 |website=Vox News}}</ref>

==== Austria ====
Poets laureate of [[Austria]] include [[Franz Grillparzer]], Kurt Wildgans and  [[Franz Werfel]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Harding |first=Bertita |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lWsZAQAAIAAJ |title=Concerto: The Story of Clara Schumann |date=1962 |publisher=G. G. Harrap |language=en}}{{page needed|date=September 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Hacohen |first1=Mordecai |title=Homeland: From Clandestine Immigration to Israeli Independence |date=2008 |publisher=Beaufort Books |isbn=978-0-8253-0590-0}}{{page needed|date=September 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Hacohen |first1=Malachi Haim |title=Jacob & Esau |date=2019 |isbn=978-1-108-22681-3 |doi=10.1017/9781108226813}}{{page needed|date=September 2024}}</ref> For cities, [[Paulus Melissus]] was made Poet Laureate of [[Vienna]] in 1561.<ref>{{Cite web |date=April 22, 1964 |title=Lost Royal Poem Found |url=https://cdnc.ucr.edu/?a=d&d=LHS19640422.2.72&srpos=276&e=-------en--20--261--txt-txIN-%22poet+laureate+of%22------- |website=La Habra Star}}</ref>

==== Belarus ====
Poets Laureate of [[Belarus]] include [[Maksim Tank]] and Pimen Panchenko.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Harlig |first1=Jeffrey |title=When East Met West: Sociolinguistics in the Former Socialist Bloc |last2=Pléh |first2=Csaba |date=1995 |publisher=Walter de Gruyter |isbn=978-3-11-014585-4}}{{page needed|date=September 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite report |title=Soviet Union: Political Affairs |date=7 July 1988 |publisher=[[United States Joint Publications Research Service]] |id={{DTIC|ADA350915}}}}{{page needed|date=September 2024}}</ref>

==== Belgium ====
Around 1914, several sources cited [[Marguerite Coppin]] as the Poet Laureate of [[Belgium]].<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LmCqD3feu6UC |title=World Wide |date=1915 |publisher=J.R. Dougall, F.E. Dougall. |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hfg-AQAAIAAJ&q=marguerite+coppin+poet+laureate+belgium |title=The Nation |date=October 1914 |publisher=Nation Publishing Company Limited |language=en}}</ref> The first Poet Laureate of [[Belgium]], Charles Ducal, was chosen in 2014.<ref name="Belgium2">{{cite web |title=Els Moors: the new Belgian Poet Laureate {{pipe}} Flanders literature |url=https://www.flandersliterature.be/news/whats-going-on/els-moors-the-new-belgian-poet-laureate |website=www.flandersliterature.be}}</ref><ref name="Belgium1">{{cite web |title=Meet Belgium's first Poet Laureate |url=https://www.poetryinternational.org/pi/cou_article/24045/Meet-Belgiums-first-Poet-Laureate/en/nocache |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200207003848/https://www.poetryinternational.org/pi/cou_article/24045/Meet-Belgiums-first-Poet-Laureate/en/nocache |archive-date=February 7, 2020 |access-date=February 6, 2020 |website=Poetry International Archives}}Dutch-language poet Charles Ducal</ref> He was followed by Laurence Vielle,<ref name="Belgium2" /> Els Moors,<ref name="Belgium2" /> Carl Norac,<ref name="Belgium3">{{cite web |title=BERSONG EURO-PINOY A FESTIVAL OF EUROPEAN AND FILIPINO POETRY AIRS LIVE ON 27 MAY {{pipe}} EEAS Website |url=https://www.eeas.europa.eu/delegations/philippines/bersong-euro-pinoy-festival-european-and-filipino-poetry-airs-live-27-may_en?s=176 |website=www.eeas.europa.eu}}</ref> and Mustafa Kör.<ref name="Belgium3" />

==== Bosnia and Herzegovina ====
[[Radovan Karadžić]] was the Poet Laureate of [[Yugoslavia]] (particularly [[Republika Srpska]] of [[Bosnia and Herzegovina]]).<ref>{{Cite book |last=Dojcinovic |first=Predrag |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=X-vGBQAAQBAJ |title=Propaganda, War Crimes Trials and International Law: From Speakers' Corner to War Crimes |date=2013-03-01 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-136-58840-2 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Merrill |first=Christopher |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iQ3qG1s0LSgC |title=Only the Nails Remain: Scenes from the Balkan Wars |date=2001-10-23 |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield |isbn=978-0-7425-1686-1 |language=en}}</ref>

==== Bulgaria ====
Poets laureate of [[Bulgaria]] include [[Venko Markovski]].<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LFlhAAAAMAAJ |title=Harvard Slavic Studies |date=1953 |publisher=Harvard University Press |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CBpXAAAAYAAJ |title=The South Slav Journal |date=1986 |publisher=Dositey Obradovich Circle |language=en}}</ref>

==== Croatia ====
During the 15th-16th century, [[Elio Lampridio Cerva]] (Ilija Crijević) was appointed as the Poet Laureate of the [[Republic of Ragusa]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Fine |first=John V. A. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wEF5oN5erE0C |title=When Ethnicity Did Not Matter in the Balkans: A Study of Identity in Pre-Nationalist Croatia, Dalmatia, and Slavonia in the Medieval and Early-Modern Periods |date=2010-02-05 |publisher=University of Michigan Press |isbn=978-0-472-02560-2 |language=en}}</ref> Poets laureate of [[Croatia]] include [[Vladimir Nazor]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Vuksić |first=Stojan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=B-aEAAAAIAAJ |title=Ipsilonski dnevnik |date=1987 |publisher=S. Vuksić |language=sr}}</ref> For cities, Peter Menčetić was the Poet Laureate of [[Dubrovnik]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Dvornik |first=Francis |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LACpYP-g1y8C |title=The Slavs in European History and Civilization |date=1962 |publisher=Rutgers University Press |isbn=978-0-8135-0799-6 |language=en}}</ref>

==== Czech Republic ====
In 1596, Bartholomaeus Bilovius was made Poet Laureate of [[Prague]] due in part to his royal connections.<ref>{{cite book |title=Czech Lands, Part 1 |date=2020 |isbn=978-3-11-065018-1 |editor-last1=Storchová |editor-first1=Lucie |doi=10.1515/9783110650181}}{{page needed|date=September 2024}}</ref> Johann Christian Alois Mickl was crowned the Poet Laureate of Prague around 1730.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Haase |first1=Wolfgang |title=The Classical Tradition and the Americas: European images of the Americas and the classical tradition |last2=Reinhold |first2=Meyer |date=1994 |publisher=Walter de Gruyter |isbn=978-3-11-011572-7}}{{page needed|date=September 2024}}</ref>

==== Denmark ====
In the 16th century, [[Hieronymus Osius]] was appointed the poet laureate by [[Christian III of Denmark|King Christian III of Denmark]].<ref name=":4">{{Cite book |last=Flood |first=John |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=B1ujbUq3NOcC |title=Poets Laureate in the Holy Roman Empire: A Bio-bibliographical Handbook |date=2011-09-08 |publisher=Walter de Gruyter |isbn=978-3-11-091274-6 |language=en}}</ref> Poets laureate of [[Denmark]] include [[Christian Winther]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=July 31, 1897 |title=A Danish Star |url=https://cdnc.ucr.edu/?a=d&d=SDU18970731.2.44&srpos=242&e=-------en--20--241--txt-txIN-%22poet+laureate+of%22------- |access-date=2024-09-20 |website=Sacramento Daily Union}}</ref>

==== Estonia ====
Poets laureate of [[Estonia]] include [[Jaan Kaplinski]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Salumets |first1=Thomas |title=Unforced Flourishing: Understanding Jaan Kaplinski |date=2014 |publisher=McGill-Queen's Press - MQUP |isbn=978-0-7735-9217-9}}{{page needed|date=September 2024}}</ref>

==== Finland ====
Poets laureate of [[Finland]] include [[Zachris Topelius]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Gammerdinger |first=Harry |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WyK1AAAAIAAJ |title=Folklore on Two Continents: Essays in Honor of Linda Dégh |date=1980 |publisher=Trickster Press |isbn=978-0-915305-01-8 |language=en}}</ref>

==== France ====
Around 1324, [[Arnaut Vidal de Castelnou d'Ari]] became the first Poet Laureate of the [[Consistori del Gay Saber]]. Poets laureate of [[France]] include [[Publio Fausto Andrelini]] (1496), [[Pierre Gringore]], [[Mellin de Saint-Gelais]] (appointed c. 1523 by [[Francis I of France]]), [[François de Malherbe]] (c. 1576), [[Giambattista Marino]] (1615–1623), Charles Dumas (1903), [[André Corthis]] (1906) and [[Paul Fort]] (1921).<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gR2BkbsIWxEC |title=Latin for the New Millennium: Level 3: Student text |publisher=Bolchazy-Carducci Publishers |isbn=978-1-61041-069-4 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Rosenberg |first1=Pierre |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FfrJYXuwZ7wC |title=France in the Golden Age: Seventeenth-century French Paintings in American Collections |last2=N.Y.) |first2=Metropolitan Museum of Art (New York |date=1982 |publisher=Metropolitan Museum of Art |isbn=978-0-87099-295-7 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Humanities |first=National Endowment for the |date=1903-09-23 |title=The Pacific commercial advertiser. [volume] (Honolulu, Hawaiian Islands) 1885-1921, September 23, 1903, Image 6 |url=https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn85047084/1903-09-23/ed-1/seq-6/#date1=1880&index=0&rows=20&words=FRANCE+France+laureate+LAUREATE+POET+poet&searchType=basic&sequence=0&state=&date2=1963&proxtext=%22poet+laureate+of+france%22+&y=0&x=0&dateFilterType=yearRange&page=1 |access-date=2024-09-24 |pages=6 |issn=2375-3137}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Humanities |first=National Endowment for the |date=1907-04-25 |title=The Carlisle independent. (Carlisle, Ark.) 1905-current, April 25, 1907, Image 2 |url=https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn92050006/1907-04-25/ed-1/seq-2/#date1=1880&index=5&rows=20&words=France+laureate+poet&searchType=basic&sequence=0&state=&date2=1963&proxtext=%22poet+laureate+of+france%22+&y=0&x=0&dateFilterType=yearRange&page=1 |access-date=2024-09-24}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Humanities |first=National Endowment for the |date=1921-06-19 |title=The Washington herald. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1906-1939, June 19, 1921, Image 36 |url=https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn83045433/1921-06-19/ed-1/seq-36/#date1=1880&sort=relevance&rows=20&words=France+laureate+poet&searchType=basic&sequence=0&index=10&state=&date2=1963&proxtext=%22poet+laureate+of+france%22+&y=0&x=0&dateFilterType=yearRange&page=4 |access-date=2024-09-24 |issn=1941-0662}}</ref>

==== Germany ====
The first known Poet Laureate of the [[German Empire]] is Conradus Celtes Protuccius (c. 1466). He was succeeded by Matthäus Zuber,  [[Adam Schröter]] (1560), [[Johann Heermann]] (1608), Johannes Paulus Crusius (1616), [[Johann Rist]] (1644), [[Johann Georg Ahle]] (1680), [[Apostolo Zeno]] and [[Pietro Metastasio]] (1729) among others.<ref name=":4" /><ref>{{Cite EB1911|wstitle=Rist, Johann von|volume=23|page=366}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Rogers |first=Charles |url=https://archive.org/stream/transactions08royauoft/transactions08royauoft_djvu.txt |title=TRANSACTIONS OF THE ROYAL HISTORICAL SOCIETY. VOL. VIII. |date=1869 |publisher=Royal Historical Society (Great Britain)}}</ref> [[Georg Christian Lehms]] was the court poet in [[Darmstadt]], and [[Salomon Franck]] was a court poet during the 18th century. Regarding other cities, in the 1700s, [[Sidonia Hedwig Zäunemann]] was appointed as the Poet Laureate of [[Göttingen]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=West |first=Hugh Allen |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9qFEAQAAIAAJ |title=From Tahiti to the Terror: George Forster, the Literature of Travel, and Social Thought in the Late Eighteenth Century |date=1979 |publisher=Stanford University |language=en}}</ref> Poets laureate of [[Nazi Germany]] include [[Hanns Johst]] from 1935 to 1946. {{interlanguage link|Rajvinder Singh|de}} was declared the Stadtschreiber of three different cities in Germany: [[Rheinsberg]] in 1999,<ref name="businessstandard">{{Cite news |date=March 15, 2017 |title=German President-elect has an Indian 'intellectual connection' |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/german-president-elect-has-an-indian-intellectual-connection-117031500352_1.html |newspaper=Business Standard India |via=Business Standard}}</ref> [[Remscheid]] in 2004,<ref name="businessstandard" /> and [[Trier]] in 2007.<ref name="businessstandard" /><ref>{{cite web |last=Service |first=Tribune News |title=Punjab-born German poet laureate Rajvinder Singh dies |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/punjab/german-poet-laureate-rajvinder-dies-351532 |website=Tribuneindia News Service}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=December 18, 2021 |title=Punjab-born German writer Rajvinder Singh passes away in Berlin |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/chandigarh-news/punjabborn-german-writer-rajvinder-singh-passes-away-in-berlin-101639817707905.html |website=Hindustan Times}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Pisharoty |first=Sangeeta Barooah |date=September 1, 2012 |title='East and West meet in me' |url=https://www.thehindu.com/life-and-style/leisure/east-and-west-meet-in-me/article3839442.ece |newspaper=The Hindu |via=www.thehindu.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Pioneer |first=The |title=Indian-origin poet Rajvinder Singh excels in German oeuvre |url=https://www.dailypioneer.com/2015/state-editions/indian-origin-poet-rajvinder-singh-excels-in-german-oeuvre.html |website=The Pioneer}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=May 22, 2021 |title=Acclaimed community theatre artiste Channi succumbs to virus |url=https://www.thestatesman.com/entertainment/theatre/acclaimed-community-theatre-artiste-channi-succumbs-virus-1502968408.html |website=[[The Statesman (India)|The Statesman]]}}</ref>

==== Greece ====
In the 6th century, [[Simonides of Ceos]] was appointed as the poet laureate of the [[Aleuadae#Historical Aleuadae|Scopadae and Aleuadae]].<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Warner |first1=Charles Dudley |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ixEIAQAAIAAJ |title=The Warner Library: The world's best literature |last2=Cunliffe |first2=John William |last3=Thorndike |first3=Ashley Horace |last4=Ayres |first4=Harry Morgan |last5=Keller |first5=Helen Rex |last6=Lomer |first6=Gerhard Richard |date=1917 |publisher=Warner Library Company |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Sacks |first1=David |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yyrao0dadqAC |title=Encyclopedia of the Ancient Greek World |last2=Murray |first2=Oswyn |last3=Brody |first3=Lisa R. |date=2014-05-14 |publisher=Infobase Publishing |isbn=978-1-4381-1020-2 |language=en}}</ref> In the 12th century, [[Theodore Prodromos]] was appointed as the court poet during the reigns of [[John II Komnenos]] (1118–1143) and [[Manuel I Komnenos]] (1143–1180). [[Greece]]'s modern poets laureate include Spyros Matsoukas (c. 1909) and [[Kostis Palamas]].<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MEAeAQAAMAAJ |title=Journal of the Hellenic Diaspora |date=1978 |publisher=Pella Publishing Company |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=September 13, 1909 |title=Writer Seeking Funds to Build Up Big Navy |url=https://cdnc.ucr.edu/?a=d&d=SDU19090913.2.30&srpos=182&e=-------en--20--181--txt-txIN-%22poet+laureate+of%22------- |access-date=2024-09-19 |website=Sacramento Daily Union}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Psoni |first=Anastasia |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GFWCDwAAQBAJ |title=The Image of the Feminine in the Poetry of W.B. Yeats and Angelos Sikelianos |date=2018-12-19 |publisher=Cambridge Scholars Publishing |isbn=978-1-5275-2380-7 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=llloAAAAMAAJ |title=Modern Greek Studies Yearbook |date=1992 |publisher=University of Minnesota |language=en}}</ref>

==== Holy See ====
{{main|Papal poet laureate}}
[[Pope]]s have several times named poets laureate, but the practice has been irregular.

==== Hungary ====
Poets laureate of [[Hungary]] include [[János Arany]] and [[Zsófia Balla]] (2018).<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2wpUAAAAYAAJ |title=Etudes Slaves Et Est-européennes: Slavic and East-European Studies |date=1961 |publisher=Presses de l'Université Laval |language=fr}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-06-23 |title=Zsófia Balla |url=https://jwa.org/encyclopedia/article/balla-zsofia |access-date=2024-09-16 |website=Jewish Women's Archive |language=en}}</ref>

==== Iceland ====
In the 10th century, [[Hallfreðr vandræðaskáld]] was the [[court poet]] (''skald'') first of [[Hákon Sigurðarson]], then of [[Óláfr Tryggvason]] and finally of [[Eiríkr Hákonarson]]. [[Eilífr Goðrúnarson]] was another court poet of [[Hákon Sigurðarson]]. Also, in the 10th century, [[Tindr Hallkelsson]] was the earl [[Hákon Sigurðarson]]. In the 11th century, [[Sigvatr Þórðarson]] was the court poet of King [[Olaf II of Norway]], [[Canute the Great]], [[Magnus I of Norway|Magnus the Good]] and [[Anund Jacob]]. Also, in the 11th century, [[Þórarinn loftunga]] was the court poet of King [[Canute]] and [[Sveinn Knútsson]]. Other 11th century court poets include [[Þjóðólfr Arnórsson]] and [[Arnórr jarlaskáld]]. Poets laureate of [[Iceland]] include [[Einar Benediktsson]] and [[Stephan G. Stephansson]].<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Bédé |first1=Jean Albert |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2_JLL32RzrkC |title=Columbia Dictionary of Modern European Literature |last2=Edgerton |first2=William Benbow |date=1980 |publisher=Columbia University Press |isbn=978-0-231-03717-4 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Marsh |first=James H. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wR_-aSFyvuYC |title=The Canadian Encyclopedia |date=1999 |publisher=The Canadian Encyclopedia |isbn=978-0-7710-2099-5 |language=en}}</ref>

==== Ireland ====
The [[Kingdom of Ireland]] had a poet laureate; the last holder of the title was [[Robert Jephson]], who died in 1803.<ref>[[Hugh Montgomery-Massingberd]], ''Burke's Irish Family Records'' (1976) [http://griffiths.askaboutireland.ie/gv4/nbl/lh_nbl_show5.php?mysession=&choice=&id=051662&pdfpage=670 p. 634] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211023230744/http://griffiths.askaboutireland.ie/gv4/nbl/lh_nbl_show5.php?mysession=&choice=&id=051662&pdfpage=670|date=October 23, 2021}}.</ref>

The closest modern equivalent in [[Republic of Ireland|Ireland]] is the title ''[[Saoi]]'' ["wise one"] held by up to seven members at a time of [[Aosdána]], an official body of those engaged in fine arts, literature, and music. Poets awarded the title include [[Máire Mhac an tSaoi]], [[Anthony Cronin]], and [[Seamus Heaney]]. In terms of districts, [[Rachael Hegarty]] is the Poet Laureate of [[Dublin 1]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Poet Laureate: Rachael Hegarty {{!}} Dublin 1 {{!}} Poetry Town {{!}} Poetry Ireland |url=https://www.poetryireland.ie/poetry-town/dublin-1/town-details/poet-laureate |access-date=2024-10-26 |website=www.poetryireland.ie}}</ref>

==== Italy ====
During the 13th century, [[France]]-born [[Raimbaut de Vaqueiras]] served as the court poet of [[Boniface I of Montferrat]]. Poets laureate of [[Italy]] include [[Albertino Mussato]], [[Petrarch]] (1341), Camillo Querno (1514), [[Torquato Tasso]] (1595), [[Maria Maddalena Morelli|Maria Maddalena Morelli Fernandez]] (1776) and [[Giovanni Prati]] (1849).<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite book |last=Cooper |first=Thompson |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VngLa-RvPfQC |title=Men of the Time: A Dictionary of Contemporaries, Containing Biographical Notices of Eminent Characters of Both Sexes |date=1879 |publisher=G. Routledge |language=en}}</ref><ref>Lindon 2005, n.p.</ref> In 1452, [[Niccolò Perotti]] was made Poet Laureate of [[Bologna]].<ref>Egmont Lee, ''Sixtus IV and men of letters'' (Ed. di Storia e Letteratura, 1970), page 88.</ref> In the 16th century, [[Bernardo Bellincioni]] was appointed as the court poet for [[Lorenzo the Magnificent]] in [[Florence]] and [[Ludovico Sforza]].

==== Latvia ====
[[Jānis Sudrabkalns]] was the Poet Laureate of [[Latvian Soviet Socialist Republic|Latvian SSR]].<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6LAiAQAAIAAJ |title=Latvijas Kara muzeja gadagrāmata |date=2001 |publisher=Latvijas Kara Muzejs |isbn=978-9984-643-40-3 |language=lv}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Neimanis |first=George |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MHrDEAAAQBAJ |title=The Collapse of the Soviet Empire: A View from Riga |date=1997-02-19 |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing USA |isbn=978-0-313-02437-5 |language=en}}</ref>

==== Lithuania ====
Poets laureate of [[Lithuania]] include [[Bernardas Brazdžionis|Bernardas Brazdzionis]] and Kornelijus Platelis.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Dart |first=John |date=1998-01-12 |title=Day for Knights |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1998-jan-12-me-7527-story.html |access-date=2024-09-16 |website=Los Angeles Times |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-04-01 |title=2020 kovas. Prof. dr. Salman Akhtar prisimena Vilnių {{!}} Lietuvos psichoanalizės draugija |url=https://lpad.lt/2020-kovas-prof-dr-salman-akhtar-prisimena-vilniu/ |access-date=2024-09-16 |website=lpad.lt |language=lt-LT}}</ref>

==== Luxembourg ====
In 1555, [[Luxembourg]]-born [[Nicolaus Mameranus]] was crowned poet laureate by [[Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor|Charles V]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Warner |first=J. Christopher |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5361CwAAQBAJ |title=The Making and Marketing of Tottel's Miscellany, 1557: Songs and Sonnets in the Summer of the Martyrs' Fires |date=2016-03-09 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-317-02497-2 |language=en}}</ref>

==== Malta ====
In 2023, [[Maria Grech Ganado]] became the inaugural Poet Laureate of [[Malta]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-07-12 |title=The inauguration of Malta's first Poet Laureate {{!}} Kunsill Nazzjonali Tal-Ktieb |url=https://ktieb.org.mt/en/news/the-inauguration-of-maltas-first-poet-laureate/ |access-date=2024-09-12 |language=en-US}}</ref>

==== Moldova ====
[[Moldova]]-born [[Adrian Păunescu]] was the poet laureate of [[Romanians|Romanian]] politician [[Nicolae Ceaușescu]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Ionescu |first=Dan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ST8iAQAAIAAJ |title=From SSMR to the Republic of Moldova ± Pmr |date=2002 |publisher=Museum |isbn=978-9975-906-70-8 |language=en}}</ref>

==== Montenegro ====
Poets laureate of [[Montenegro]] include Tomo Joshov Vulkichevich.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mxRHAQAAMAAJ |title=Southern Lumberman ... |date=1920 |publisher=J.H. Baird Publishing Company |language=en}}</ref>

==== Netherlands ====
{{Main|Dichter des Vaderlands}}
The unofficial Poet Laureate of [[Netherlands]] is [[Tsead Bruinja]] as ''Dichter des Vaderlands'' (Poet of the Fatherland). The previous laureate was [[Ester Naomi Perquin]]. [[Gerrit Komrij]] was the first ''Dichter des Vaderlands''. The title was created by Dutch media.{{Citation needed|date=August 2011}} In terms of cities, [[Hester Knibbe]] served as the Poet Laureate of [[Rotterdam]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-03-04 |title=Hester Knibbe (poet) - Netherlands - Poetry International |url=http://www.poetryinternationalweb.net/pi/site/poet/item/4014 |access-date=2024-10-26 |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304064528/http://www.poetryinternationalweb.net/pi/site/poet/item/4014 |archive-date=March 4, 2016 }}</ref>

==== Norway ====
During the 9th century, [[Þorbjǫrn hornklofi]] was appointed as a court poet (''skald'') of [[King]] [[Harald I of Norway|Harald Fairhair]]. In the 11th century, [[Valgarðr á Velli]] was the court poet of King [[Harald Hardrada]] of Norway. Poets laureate of [[Norway]] include [[Arnold Eidslott]] (1986–2018).<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kulturdepartementet |date=2011-06-17 |title=Dag Solstad tildelt statens æreslønn |url=https://www.regjeringen.no/nb/dep/kud/pressesenter/pressemeldinger/2011/dag-solstad-tildelt-statens-areslonn.html?id=648405 |access-date=2024-09-21 |website=Regjeringen.no |language=nb-NO}}</ref>

==== Poland ====
Poets laureate of [[Poland]] were appointed so by Popes: [[Klemens Janicki]] ([[Pope Paul III]]; 1540), [[Adam Schröter]] ([[Pope Pius IV]]; 1564), and [[Maciej Kazimierz Sarbiewski]] ([[Pope Urban VIII]], 1622).<ref>{{cite book |author=Jakub Zdzisław Lichański, wybór i wstęp |title=Maciej Kazimierz Sarbiewski poezje wybrane |date=1986 |publisher=Ludowa Spółdzielnia Wydawnicza |isbn=83-205-3961-7 |location=Warszawa |page=104}}<!-- auto-translated from Polish by Module:CS1 translator --></ref> [[Italy]]-born [[Carlo Sigismondo Capece]] was the court poet of Queen [[Maria Casimira of Poland]].

==== Portugal ====
In 1769, [[Italy]]-born [[Gaetano Martinelli]] was appointed as the court poet of [[Joseph I of Portugal]] and his daughter [[Maria I of Portugal|Maria I]]. Poets laureate of [[Portugal]] include [[Gil Vicente]] and [[Garcia de Resende]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gil Vicente summary {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/summary/Gil-Vicente-Portuguese-dramatist#:~:text=Gil%20Vicente,%20(born%20c.,great%20events%20and%20religious%20occasions. |access-date=2024-09-17 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Bell |first=Aubrey Fitz Gerald |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DYoGAQAAIAAJ |title=Portuguese Literature |date=1922 |publisher=Clarendon Press |isbn=978-0-7426-4418-2 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Jayne |first=K. G. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FqCyEAAAQBAJ |title=Vasco da Gama and his Successors, 1460–1580 |date=2023-05-03 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=978-1-000-85804-4 |language=en}}</ref>

==== Romania ====
Poets laureate of [[Romania]] include [[Vasile Alecsandri]] (1848–1881) and [[Octavian Goga]].<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=43NN-TSqgrAC |title=Vasile Alecsandri |publisher=Ardent Media |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5k0rAQAAMAAJ |title=The New Pioneer |date=1945 |publisher=Cultural Association for Americans of Roumanian Descent |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Livezeanu |first=Irina |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6pRlDwAAQBAJ |title=Cultural Politics in Greater Romania: Regionalism, Nation Building, and Ethnic Struggle, 1918–1930 |date=2018-08-06 |publisher=Cornell University Press |isbn=978-1-5017-2771-9 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Lehrer |first=Milton G. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oTlpAAAAMAAJ |title=Transylvania, History and Reality |date=1986 |publisher=Bartleby Press |isbn=978-0-910155-04-5 |language=en}}</ref>

==== Russia ====
In the 18th century, [[Vasily Zhukovsky]] was a court poet during the [[Russian Empire]]. Poets laureate of [[Russia]] include [[Gavrila Derzhavin]] and [[Mikhail Sholokhov]]'''.'''<ref>{{Cite book |last=Magill |first=Frank Northen |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DMM3AAAAMAAJ |title=Critical Survey of Poetry: Foreign Language Series |date=1984 |publisher=Salem Press |isbn=978-0-89356-350-9 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Buckler |first1=Julie |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yeo9AAAAQBAJ |title=Rites of Place: Public Commemoration in Russia and Eastern Europe |last2=Johnson |first2=Emily D. |date=2013-08-31 |publisher=Northwestern University Press |isbn=978-0-8101-6659-2 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Björkegren |first=Hans |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zO8fAAAAMAAJ |title=Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn: A Biography |date=1972 |publisher=Third Press |isbn=978-0-89388-050-7 |language=en}}</ref> In 1923, Mӓjit Nurghӓniulї Ghafuri was appointed the Poet Laureate of [[Bashkir Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic]].<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Klein |first1=Leonard S. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=az3MUpQx2okC |title=Encyclopedia of World Literature in the 20th Century |last2=Serafin |first2=Steven |last3=Glanze |first3=Walter D. |date=1981 |publisher=Ungar |isbn=978-0-8044-3135-4 |language=en}}</ref>

==== San Marino ====
Poets laureate of [[San Marino]] include [[Valery Larbaud]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Huddleston |first=Sisley |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ByQ4AAAAIAAJ |title=Paris Salons, Cafés, Studios |date=1928 |publisher=J.B. Lippincott |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Jolas |first=Eugène |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0ek9VP-2n-MC |title=Eugene Jolas: Critical Writings, 1924-1951 |date=2009 |publisher=Northwestern University Press |isbn=978-0-8101-2581-0 |language=en}}</ref>

==== Serbia ====
Poets laureate of [[Serbia]] include the following:
*[[Matija Bećković]]<ref>{{cite book |author=Marko Živković |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fn_F3uZ7DTEC&pg=PA32 |title=Serbian Dreambook: National Imaginary in the Time of Milošević |publisher=Indiana University Press |year=2011 |isbn=978-0-253-22306-7 |page=32}}</ref>
*[[Charles Simić]]<ref>{{cite book |author=Nicholson Baker |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zB90AwAAQBAJ&pg=PT263 |title=The Paul Chowder Chronicles: The Anthologist and Traveling Sprinkler, Two Novels |date=October 9, 2014 |publisher=Penguin Publishing Group |isbn=978-0-698-18173-1 |page=263}}</ref>
*[[Slobodan Selenić]]<ref>{{cite book |author=Laurence Mitchell |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0-Dd1-Rg4bUC&pg=PA49 |title=Serbia |publisher=Bradt Travel Guides |year=2013 |isbn=978-1-84162-463-1 |page=49}}</ref>
*[[Jovan Dučić]]<ref>{{cite book |author1=Charles A. Ward |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Hrx1AAAAMAAJ |title=Studies in Ethnicity: The East European Experience in America |author2=Shashko, Philip |author3=Donald E. Pienkos |publisher=Boulder : East European Monographs; New York |year=1980 |isbn=978-0-914710-67-7 |page=114}}</ref>

==== Slovakia ====
Poets laureate of [[Slovakia]] include [[Pavol Országh Hviezdoslav]].<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RUMoAQAAMAAJ |title=Almanac |date=1991 |publisher=The Society |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eXEnAQAAMAAJ |title=Souvenir Program ... |date=1946 |language=en}}</ref>

==== Slovenia ====
Poets laureate of [[Slovenia]] include [[France Prešeren]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Wilson |first=Thomas M. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wAvcEAAAQBAJ |title=Europe: An Encyclopedia of Culture and Society [2 volumes] |date=2023-11-30 |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing USA |isbn=979-8-216-17140-9 |language=en}}</ref>

==== Spain ====
Mu'min ibn Said was the court poet of [[Córdoba, Spain|Córdoba]] under [[Muhammad I of Córdoba|Muhammad I]] (d. 886) [an amir of the [[Emirate of Córdoba]]].<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=32PZAAAAMAAJ |title=Rosicrucian Digest |date=1965 |publisher=Supreme Council of the Rosicrucian Order |language=en}}</ref> In the 11th century in [[Spain]], [[Ibn Darraj al-Qastalli]] was appointed as the court poet of [[Almanzor]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=محمد |first=ابن دراج، أحمد بن |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IEwzAQAAMAAJ&q=%22%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B9%D8%B1+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B7%22+%22%D9%82%D8%B7%D8%B1%22 |title=ديوان ابن دراج القسطلي |date=1969 |publisher=المكتب الاسلامي، |language=ar}}</ref> During the 13th century, [[Cerverí de Girona]] was appointed as the court poet of [[James the Conqueror]] and [[Peter III of Aragon|Peter the Great]]. Poets Laureate of [[Spain]] include [[Juan Eugenio Hartzenbusch]] (1869), [[José Zorrilla|José Zorrilla y Moral]] (1889), and [[Carolina Coronado]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Humanities |first=National Endowment for the |date=1869-03-09 |title=The New Orleans crescent. [volume] (New Orleans, La.) 1866-1869, March 09, 1869, Morning, Image 2 |url=https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn82015775/1869-03-09/ed-1/seq-2/#date1=1756&index=5&rows=20&words=laureate+poet+Spain&searchType=basic&sequence=0&state=&date2=1963&proxtext=%22poet+laureate+of+spain%22&y=0&x=0&dateFilterType=yearRange&page=2 |access-date=2024-09-24 |pages=2 |issn=2165-9176}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Price |first=Frank Webster |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4EJVazaoPmIC |title=Collier's Encyclopedia: With Bibliography and Index |date=1950 |publisher=Collier |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=56cmpAjG-tUC |title=The National Cyclopaedia of American Biography: Being the History of United States as Illustrated in the Lives of the Founders, Builders, and Defenders of the Republic, and of the Men and Women who are Doing the Work and Moulding the Thought of the Present Time |date=1900 |publisher=J. T. White |language=en}}</ref> [[José María Pemán]] was designated as the Poet Laureate of the [[Francoist Spain|Franco regime]].<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zs_wc3ipA6YC |title=The Nation |date=1948 |publisher=J.H. Richards |language=en}}</ref>

==== Sweden ====
Poets laureate of [[Sweden]] include [[Pehr Henrik Ling]] and [[Verner von Heidenstam]] (1916).<ref>{{Cite book |last=Hackensmith |first=Charles William |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fJsWAAAAMAAJ |title=History of Physical Education |date=1966 |publisher=Harper & Row |isbn=978-0-06-042572-2 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Weber |first=Olga S. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=b8yf_jlnL30C |title=Literary and Library Prizes |date=1970 |publisher=Bowker |isbn=978-0-8352-0399-9 |language=en}}</ref>

==== Switzerland ====
In 1512, [[Switzerland]]-born [[Heinrich Glarean]] was appointed a poet laureate by [[Emperor Maximilian I]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Schelbert |first=Leo |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XRevAwAAQBAJ |title=Historical Dictionary of Switzerland |date=2014-05-21 |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield |isbn=978-1-4422-3352-2 |language=en}}</ref>

==== Ukraine ====
[[Stanisław Trembecki]] was the poet laureate in the court of [[Tulchyn]] (a region now located in modern-day [[Ukraine]]).<ref>{{Cite book |last=Montalk |first=Stephanie De |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AyWa7ZxPL4wC |title=Unquiet World: The Life of Count Geoffrey Potocki de Montalk |date=2001 |publisher=Victoria University Press |isbn=978-0-86473-414-3 |language=en}}</ref> In the 1940s, [[Oleksandr Korniychuk]] was the Poet Laureate of Soviet-controlled [[Ukraine]].<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CA1MneOaSGAC |title=The Ukrainian Bulletin |date=1948 |publisher=Ukrainian Congress Committee of America |language=en}}</ref> For cities, Sofia Vladimirovna was the Poet Laureate of [[Henichesk]].<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TwTrAAAAMAAJ |title=Dialogue |date=2006 |publisher=Dialogue Foundation |language=en}}</ref>

==== United Kingdom ====
{{Main|Poet Laureate of the United Kingdom}}

===== England =====
[[File:Portrait of Geoffrey Chaucer (4671380) (cropped) 02.jpg|thumb|Portrait of Geoffrey Chaucer of England]]
In England, the term "poet laureate" is restricted to the official office of Poet Laureate, attached to the royal household. However, no authoritative historical record exists of the office of Poet Laureate of [[England]].

The office developed from earlier practice when [[minstrel]]s and [[poetaster|versifier]]s were members of the king's retinue. [[Richard I of England|Richard Cœur-de-Lion]] had a ''[[versificator regis]]'' (English: ''king's poet''), [[Gulielmus Peregrinus]] (William the Pilgrim), and [[Henry III of England|Henry III]] had a ''versificator'' named Master Henry. In the fifteenth century, John Kay, a versifier, described himself as [[Edward IV of England|Edward IV]]'s "humble poet laureate". According to ''Notes and Queries'' (1876), King [[Henry I of England|Henry I]] paid 10 [[Shilling (British coin)|shillings]] a year to a ''versificator regis''.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=25m-T3rtqOsC |title=Notes and Queries |date=1876 |publisher=Oxford University Press |language=en}}</ref>

[[Geoffrey Chaucer]] (1340–1400) was called Poet Laureate, being granted in 1389 an annual allowance of wine. W. Hamilton describes [[Chaucer]], Gower, Kay, Andrew Bernard, [[John Skelton (poet)|John Skelton]], Robert Whittington, Richard Edwards and [[Samuel Daniel]] as "volunteer Laureates".

[[John Skelton (poet)|John Skelton]] studied at the [[University of Oxford]] in the early 1480s and was advanced to the degree of "poet laureate" in 1488, when he joined the court of King [[Henry VII of England|Henry VII]] to tutor the future [[Henry VIII of England|Henry VIII]]. The title of ''laureate'' was also conferred on him by the [[Old University of Leuven|University of Louvain]] in 1492 and by the [[University of Cambridge]] in 1492–3.{{Citation needed|date=August 2011}} He soon became famous for his [[rhetoric]], [[satire]] and [[translation]]s and was held in high esteem by the [[Printer (publisher)|printer]] [[William Caxton]], who wrote, in the [[preface]] to {{lang|enm|The Boke of Eneydos compyled by Vargyle}} ([[Modern English]]: ''The Book of the [[Aeneid]], compiled by [[Virgil]]'') (1490):
<blockquote>But I pray mayster John Skelton, late created poete laureate in the unyversite of Oxenforde, to oversee and correct this sayd booke.</blockquote>

The academic use of the term laureate became associated again with royalty when King [[James I of England|James I]] created a pension for [[Ben Jonson]] in 1617, although there is no formal record extant. He was succeeded by [[William Davenant]].

The royal office Poet Laureate was officially conferred by [[letters patent]] on [[John Dryden]] in 1668, after Davenant's death, and the post became a regular institution. There are other, non-official, laureate titles, such as the commercially sponsored "[[Children's Laureate]]" for an "eminent writer or illustrator of children's books to celebrate outstanding achievement in their field",<ref>{{cite web |title=Children's Laureate |url=https://www.booktrust.org.uk/what-we-do/childrens-laureate/ |access-date=May 4, 2019 |website=[[Book Trust]]}}</ref> and the Poetry Foundation's Young People's Poet Laureate.<ref name="yppl" />

===== Scotland =====
{{Main|Makar (National Poet for Scotland)}}
[[File:Edwin Morgan by Alex Boyd.jpg|thumb|Edwin Morgan, first Makar or National Poet for Scotland]]
[[Scotland]] has a long tradition of [[makar]]s and poetry. [[Iain Lom]], the [[Scottish Gaelic]] [[bard]], was appointed poet laureate in [[Scotland]] by [[King Charles II of England, Scotland and Ireland]] on his [[Stuart Restoration|restoration]] in 1660.<ref>{{Cite book |last=MacDonald |first=John |title=Òrain Iain Luim: Songs of John MacDonald, Bard of Keppoch |publisher=The Scottish Gaelic Texts Society |year=1964 |editor-last=MacKenzie |editor-first=Annie |pages=xxxviii}}</ref> In 2004 the [[Scottish Parliament]] appointed Professor [[Edwin Morgan (poet)|Edwin Morgan]] as the first Makar or National Poet for Scotland. On his death in January 2011 he was succeeded by [[Liz Lochhead]].<ref>{{cite news |date=January 19, 2011 |title=Liz Lochhead confirmed as new Scots Makar |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-scotland-glasgow-west-12227515 |work=BBC News}}</ref> [[Jackie Kay]] followed Lochhead as Makar in 2016,<ref>{{cite news |date=March 15, 2016 | title=Jackie Kay announced as new Scots Makar |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-scotland-35810962 |work=BBC News}}</ref> and was then herself succeeded by [[Kathleen Jamie]], who became Scotland's fourth Makar in 2021.<ref>{{cite web |title=Kathleen Jamie |url=https://www.scottishpoetrylibrary.org.uk/poet/kathleen-jamie/ |access-date=9 May 2022 |website=Scottish Poetry Library}}</ref> In 2024, [[Pàdraig MacAoidh]] (Peter Mackay) became the fifth Makar.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Livingston |first=Eve |date=2024-12-03 |title='Scotland has always been multilingual': new Scottish makar Peter Mackay |url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2024/dec/03/scotland-has-always-been-multilingual-new-scottish-makar-peter-mackay |access-date=2024-12-05 |work=The Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077}}</ref> For cities, in 2014, Jim Carruth was appointed as the Poet Laureate of [[Glasgow]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Jim Carruth |url=https://poetryarchive.org/poet/jim-carruth/ |access-date=2024-10-26 |website=Poetry Archive |language=en-GB}}</ref>

===== Wales =====
{{Main|National Poet for Wales}}
[[Wales]] has had a long tradition of poets and bards under royal patronage, with extant writing from [[Medieval Welsh literature|medieval royal poets]] and earlier. [[Gwalchmai ap Meilyr]] was the court poet of [[Owain Gwynedd]] during the 12th century. [[Y Prydydd Bychan]] was a medieval Welsh court poet in the 13th century.

The office of [[National Poet for Wales]] was established in April 2005. The first holder, [[Gwyneth Lewis]], was followed by [[Gwyn Thomas (poet)|Gwyn Thomas]]. The role of [[Bardd Plant Cymru]], the Welsh-language children's poet laureate was established in 2000.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Previous Bardd Plant Cymru |url=https://www.literaturewales.org/our-projects/bardd-plant-cymru/previous-bardd-plant-cymru/ |access-date=2023-12-09 |website=Literature Wales |language=en-US}}</ref> A corresponding English-language role, [[Children's Laureate Wales]] was established in 2019.<ref name="Libraries Wales">{{Cite web |title=Children's Laureate Wales & Bardd Plant Cymru |url=https://libraries.wales/library-services-activities/children-families/childrens-laureate-wales-bardd-plant-cymru/ |access-date=2023-12-09 |website=Libraries Wales |language=en}}</ref>

===== Territories =====

====== British Virgin Islands ======
[[Richard Georges|Dr. Richard Georges]] became the inaugural Poet Laureate of the [[British Virgin Islands]] in 2020.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dr. Richard Georges Is Territory's First Poet Laureate {{!}} Government of the Virgin Islands |url=https://bvi.gov.vg/media-centre/dr-richard-georges-territory-s-first-poet-laureate#:~:text=This%20announcement%20was%20made%20during,by%20the%20Department%20of%20Culture. |access-date=2024-08-29 |website=bvi.gov.vg}}</ref>

====== Cayman Islands ======
Poets laureate of the [[Cayman Islands]] include Roy Bodden.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Gallego |first=Shanda |date=2024-05-28 |title=Poets move to the beats of freedom |url=https://www.caymancompass.com/2024/05/28/poets-move-to-the-beats-of-freedom/ |access-date=2024-09-13 |website=Cayman Compass |language=en-GB}}</ref>

====== Falkland Islands ======
Poets laureate of the [[Falkland Islands]] include Ron Reeves.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Wigglesworth |first=Angela |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qWV7AAAAMAAJ |title=Falkland People |date=1992 |publisher=P. Owen |isbn=978-0-7206-0850-2 |language=en}}</ref>

====== Isle of Man ======
Referred to as the Manx Bard, the individuals that have served in the position include Zoe Cannell, Michael Manning, Jordanne Kennaugh and Boakesey Closs.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Zoe Cannell named 6th Manx Bard |url=https://www.manxradio.com/news/isle-of-man-news/zoe-cannell-named-6th-manx-bard/ |access-date=2024-09-13 |website=Manx Radio |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Meeting the new Manx Bard |url=https://www.biosphere.im/news/meeting-the-new-manx-bard |access-date=2024-09-13 |website=www.biosphere.im |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=New Manx bard to add to 'rich tapestry' of island's culture |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cvg3188z8lzo |access-date=2024-09-13 |website=www.bbc.com |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=My Biosphere Boakesey Closs |url=https://www.biosphere.im/news/my-biosphere-boakesey-closs |access-date=2024-10-10 |website=www.biosphere.im |language=en}}</ref>

=== North America ===

==== Bahamas ====
Poets laureate of [[The Bahamas]] include Henry Christopher Christie.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Jiménez |first=Doña Luz |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sJk1AAAAIAAJ |title=De Porfirio Díaz a Zapata: memoria náhuatl de Milpa Alta |date=1979 |publisher=UNAM, Instituto de Investigaciones Históricas |language=en}}</ref>

==== Barbados ====
The first Poet Laureate of [[Barbados]] was chosen in 2018. Her name is [[Esther Phillips (poet)|Esther Phillips]].<ref name="EstherPhillips1">{{cite web |last=Shooman |first=Joe |date=2018-07-03 |title='I'd love to see poetry explode' |url=http://www.zingmag.net/id-love-to-see-poetry-explode/ |access-date=2020-09-28 |website=Zing magazine |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name="EstherPhillips2">{{cite web |last=Sealy |first=John |date=2018-03-14 |title=Esther Phillips is Barbados' first ever poet laureate |url=https://www.nationnews.com/nationnews/news/138468/esther-phillips-barbados-poet-laureate |access-date=2020-09-28 |website=Nation News}}</ref>

==== Canada ====
[[File:Toronto's Poet Laureate (19570043996).jpg|thumb|Toronto's Poet Laureate George Elliott Clarke who later became Parliamentary Poet Laureate of Canada]]
{{Main|Canadian Parliamentary Poet Laureate}}

The [[Canadian Parliamentary Poet Laureate]] is appointed as an officer of the [[Library of Parliament]]. The position alternates between an English and French speaking laureate. Candidates must be able to write in both English and French, have a substantial publication history (including poetry) displaying literary excellence and have written work reflecting Canada, among other criteria.<ref name="CPPL">{{cite web |title=THE PARLIAMENTARY POET LAUREATE |url=https://lop.parl.ca/About/Parliament/Poet/index-e.html |access-date=8 August 2022 |website=Parliament of Canada}}</ref>

===== Provincial and municipal poets laureate =====
{{Main|List of Canadian provincial poets laureate}}
Currently, only the provinces of [[Ontario]], [[Prince Edward Island]], [[Saskatchewan]] and [[Yukon]] have appointed a poet laureate.

====== Alberta ======
{{Main|Municipal poets laureate in Alberta}}

====== British Columbia ======
{{Main|Municipal poets laureate in British Columbia}}

====== Manitoba cities ======
* Poets laureate of [[Winnipeg]] include [[Di Brandt]] (2018–2019), [[Duncan Mercredi]] (2020–2022), and [[Chimwemwe Undi]] (2023-2024).<ref>{{cite web |title=Winnipeg Poet Laureate {{pipe}} The Winnipeg Arts Council |url=https://winnipegarts.ca/poetlaureate |website=winnipegarts.ca}}</ref>

====== New Brunswick cities ======
* Poets laureate of [[Fredericton]] include Ian Letourneau (2016–2018), Jenna Lyn Albert (2019–2021) and Jordan Trethewey (2021–present).
* Poets flyé-es (poets laureate) of [[Moncton]] include Kayla Geitzler (English) and Jean-Philippe Raîche (French) (2019–present) <ref>{{cite web |title=Poet Laureates / Poètes lauréats {{pipe}} Poésie Moncton Poetry |url=https://www.poesiemonctonpoetry.com/poets-laureate-po%C3%A8tes-laur%C3%A9at-es |website=poesiemonctonpoetry}}</ref>
* Poets laureate of [[Sackville, New Brunswick|Sackville]] include [[Douglas Lochhead]] (2002–2011), Marilyn Lerch (2013–2017), Shoshanna Wingate (2019–2021) and Laura K. Watson (2021–present).<ref>{{cite web |last=Tower |first=Katie |title=Shoshanna Wingate appointed Sackville's new Poet Laureate {{pipe}} SaltWire |url=https://www.saltwire.com/atlantic-canada/federal-election/shoshanna-wingate-appointed-sackvilles-new-poet-laureate-274605/ |website=www.saltwire.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Poet Laureate Laura K. Watson |url=https://sackville.com/residents/arts-culture/poet-laureate/ |website=Town of Sackville}}</ref>

====== Newfoundland and Labrador cities ======
* Poets laureate of [[St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador|St. John]]'s include [[Agnes Walsh]] (2006–2009), [[Tom Dawe]] (2010–2013), [[George Murray (poet)|George Murray]] (2014–2017), and [[Mary Dalton]] (2019–2022).<ref>{{cite web |title=Poet Laureate {{pipe}} City Of St. John's |url=https://www.stjohns.ca/living-st-johns/arts-and-culture/poet-laureate |website=www.stjohns.ca}}</ref>

====== Nova Scotia cities ======
{{Main|Poet Laureate of Halifax, Nova Scotia}}

* [[Rita Joe]] (1932 – 2007) was appointed Lifetime "Poet Laureate of the Mi'kmaq people" in [[Cape Breton Island|Cape Breton]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Rita Joe |url=http://www.stu-acpa.com/rita-joe.html |website=ATLANTIC CANADIAN POETS' ARCHIVE}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Rita Joe {{pipe}} The Canadian Encyclopedia |url=https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/rita-joe |website=www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca}}</ref>

====== Ontario ======
{{Main|Poet Laureate of Ontario}}
{{Main|Municipal poets laureate in Ontario}}

====== Prince Edward Island ======
[[Prince Edward Island]] appointed its first poet laureate, [[John Smith (Canadian poet)|John Smith]], in 2003.<ref name="PEISmith">{{cite web |last=Toolkit |date=August 18, 2016 |title=John Smith: Poet Laureate 2002-2004 Experience |url=https://www.princeedwardisland.ca/en/information/john-smith-poet-laureate-2002-2004 |website=www.princeedwardisland.ca}}</ref><ref name="PEISmith2">[https://www.cbc.ca/news/entertainment/p-e-i-appoints-poet-laureate-1.350275 CBC.ca Arts - P.E.I. appoints poet laureate]</ref><ref name="PEI">{{cite web |date=April 11, 2016 |title=Poet Laureate |url=https://www.princeedwardisland.ca/en/information/education-and-lifelong-learning/poet-laureate |access-date=8 August 2022 |website=Government of Prince Edward Island}}</ref>

* [[Julie Pellissier-Lush]] (2019–present)
* [[Deirdre Kessler]] (2016–2019)
* [[Diane Hicks Morrow]] (2013–2016)
* [[Hugh MacDonald (poet)|Hugh MacDonald]] (2009–2013)
* [[David Helwig]] (2008–2009)
* [[Frank Ledwell]] (2004–2007)
* [[John Smith (Canadian poet)|John Smith]] (2002–2004)

====== Saskatchewan ======
[[Saskatchewan]] appointed its first poet laureate, [[Glen Sorestad]], in 2000.<ref name="LCP">{{cite web |title=Canada's Poets Laureate |url=https://poets.ca/resources/poetslaureate/ |access-date=8 August 2022 |website=League of Canadian Poets}}</ref>

* [[Carol Rose GoldenEagle]] (2021–present)
* [[Bruce Rice]] (2019 - 2021)
* [[Brenda Schmidt]] (2017 - 2018)
* [[Gerry Hill (poet)|Gerry Hill]] (2016 - 2017)
* [[Judith Krause]] (2014 - 2015)
* [[Don Kerr (poet)|Don Kerr]] (2011 - 2013)
* [[Robert Currie (poet)|Robert Currie]] (2007 - 2010)
* [[Louise Bernice Halfe|Louise B. Halfe]] (Sky Dancer) (2005 - 2006)
* [[Glen Sorestad]] (2000 - 2004)

====== Yukon ======
Inaugural [[Yukon]] Provincial Poet Laureate [[PJ Yukon]] has held the office since 1994.<ref name="YPL">{{cite web |title=Yukon Poet Laureate |url=https://www.yukonpoetlaureate.com |access-date=8 August 2022 |website=Yukon Poet Laureate}}</ref><ref name="LCP" />

The Commissioner of Yukon established the Story Laureate of Yukon role in 2020.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-10-16 |title=Commissioner introduces first Story Laureate of Yukon |url=https://yukon.ca/en/news/commissioner-introduces-first-story-laureate-yukon |access-date=2022-10-22 |website=yukon.ca}}</ref> The inaugural position was held by [https://harbourpublishing.com/collections/michael-gates Michael Gates].

==== Costa Rica ====
Poets laureate of [[Costa Rica]] include [[Laureano Albán]].<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1l9NAQAAMAAJ |title=Library of Congress Information Bulletin |date=1984 |publisher=The Library |language=en}}</ref>

==== Cuba ====
[[National poet]]s are mainly celebrated in [[Cuba]], but there are poets laureate in the country's history. In 1860, [[Gertrudis Gómez de Avellaneda]] was made the Poet Laureate of [[Havana]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Albin |first1=María C. |last2=Corbin |first2=Megan |last3=Marrero-Fente |first3=Raul |date=Spring 2017 |title=A Transnational Figure: Gertrudis Gómez de Avellaneda and the American Press |journal=Hispanic Issues on Line}}</ref> [[Nicolás Guillén]], who is mainly considered a national poet, became the Poet Laureate of [[Havana]] in 1913.<ref>{{cite thesis |last1=Addison |first1=Ennis Phillip |title=From Harlem to Havana and Back Again: Ruin, the Performative Politics of Survival, and the Ambivalent, State-Sponsored Detective in Chester Himes' Harlem Domestic and Leonardo Padura's Cuatro Estaciones |date=2021 |id={{ProQuest|2634857050}}}}{{page needed|date=September 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Versón |first1=Salvador Díaz |title=One Man, One Battle |date=1980 |publisher=World Wide Publishing Company |oclc=7173461}}{{page needed|date=September 2024}}</ref>

==== Dominican Republic ====
Poets laureate of [[Dominican Republic]] include [[Pedro Mir]] (1984).

==== El Salvador ====
Poets laureate of [[El Salvador]] include Alberto Rivas Bonilla.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pvcxAAAAYAAJ |title=Ateneo de El Salvador: órgano del Centro del mismo nombre |date=1921 |publisher=El Ateneo |language=es}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Ulloa |first=Juan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=i1pTAAAAMAAJ |title=Ventanas al azul |date=1957 |publisher=Editorial Ahora |language=es}}</ref>

==== Guatemala ====
Poets laureate of [[Guatemala]] include Osmundo Arriola and [[Máximo Soto Hall]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Stewart |first=Iain |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YP4427jS-5AC |title=The Rough Guide to Guatemala |date=2009-02-16 |publisher=Penguin |isbn=978-1-84836-808-8 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Jones |first=Willis Knapp |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cInAEAAAQBAJ |title=Behind Spanish American Footlights |date=2014-07-29 |publisher=University of Texas Press |isbn=978-1-4773-0015-2 |language=en}}</ref>

==== Haiti ====
Poets laureate of [[Haiti]] include [[Jean-Fernand Brierre]].<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SfVpAAAAIAAJ |title=CLA Journal |date=1984 |publisher=College Language Association. |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Herdeck |first1=Donald E. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jexkAAAAMAAJ |title=Caribbean Writers: A Bio-bibliographical-critical Encyclopedia |last2=Lubin |first2=Maurice Alcibiade |last3=Laniak-Herdeck |first3=Margaret |date=1979 |publisher=Three Continents Press |isbn=978-0-914478-74-4 |language=en}}</ref>

==== Honduras ====
In 1846, [[José Trinidad Reyes]] was appointed the Poet Laureate of [[Honduras]].<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Wehner |first1=Lauren |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dPOCDwAAQBAJ |title=Honduras |last2=Mcgaffey |first2=Leta |last3=Spilling |first3=Michael |date=2018-12-15 |publisher=Cavendish Square Publishing, LLC |isbn=978-1-5026-4102-1 |language=en}}</ref> His successors include [[Froylán Turcios]] (c. 1922).<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_WMvAQAAMAAJ |title=Revista de derecho, historia y letras |date=1922 |publisher=J. Peuser |language=es}}</ref>

==== Jamaica ====
[[Thomas MacDermot]] was the first poet laureate of [[Jamaica]] during colonial times, followed by [[J. E. Clare McFarlane]].<ref name="Jamaica">{{cite web |title=Former Poets Laureate |url=https://nlj.gov.jm/poetlaureate/formerpoetslaureate/ |access-date=7 August 2022 |website=National Library of Jamaica}}</ref> [[Mervyn Morris]] was the first poet laureate of Jamaica upon its independence (2014–2017), followed by [[Lorna Goodison]] (2017–2020)<ref name="Jamaica" /> and [[Olive Senior]] (2021–2024).<ref name="Jamaica2">{{cite web |title=poet laureate of Jamaica |url=https://nlj.gov.jm/poetlaureate/ |access-date=7 August 2022 |website=National Library of Jamaica}}</ref> The current poet laureate is [[Kwame Dawes]] (2024–2027).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ghanaian Author Kwame Dawes Honored as the Poet Laureate of Jamaica |url=https://brittlepaper.com/2024/04/ghanaian-author-kwame-dawes-honored-as-the-poet-laureate-of-jamaica/ |access-date=2024-08-29 |website=brittlepaper.com}}</ref>

==== Martinique ====
Poets laureate of [[Martinique]] include Daniel Thaly.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Hez0fk7AmwsC |title=Chronicle |date=1939 |publisher=West Indian Committee |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Thompson |first=Charles Henry |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WTPQAAAAMAAJ |title=The Journal of Negro Education |date=1942 |publisher=Bureau of Educational Research |language=en}}</ref>

==== Mexico ====
In the 15th century, [[Nezahualcoyotl (tlatoani)|Nezahualcoyotl]] was the Poet Laureate of the [[Aztecs]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Edwards |first=Chris |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zafTCgAAQBAJ |title=Connecting the Dots in World History, A Teacher's Literacy Based Curriculum: From the Mongol Empire to the Reformation |date=2015-11-10 |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield |isbn=978-1-4758-2319-6 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Day |first=Arthur Grove |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=X337XBWEDQ0C |title=The Sky Clears: Poetry of the American Indians |date=1964-01-01 |publisher=U of Nebraska Press |isbn=978-0-8032-5047-5 |language=en}}</ref> Poets laureate of [[Mexico]] include [[Guillermo Prieto]] (1890), Juan de Dios Peza, and [[George de Zayas|Rafael de Zayas Enriquez]].<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=k9FkAAAAMAAJ |title=Central America and Mexico |date=1953 |publisher=James C. Parish, Jr. |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BubQAAAAMAAJ |title=Sports Afield |date=1898 |publisher=Hearst Corporation |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bWkWFuiGPS4C |title=The Independent |date=1909 |publisher=S. W. Benedict |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Kroiz |first=Lauren |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HwQlDQAAQBAJ |title=Creative Composites: Modernism, Race, and the Stieglitz Circle |date=2012-09-06 |publisher=Univ of California Press |isbn=978-0-520-27249-1 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ia06AQAAMAAJ |title=The Christian Advocate |date=1901 |publisher=T. Carlton & J. Porter |language=en}}</ref> Ramón Modesto López Velarde Berumen was the Poet Laureate of [[Jerez de García Salinas]], [[Zacatecas]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Fernando Fernández presenta un retrato nítido y completo de la obra de López Velarde |url=https://www.proceso.com.mx/cultura/2021/12/29/fernando-fernandez-presenta-un-retrato-nitido-completo-de-la-obra-de-lopez-velarde-278267.html |access-date=2024-10-10 |website=www.proceso.com.mx |language=spanish}}</ref> [[Enrique González Martínez]] was the Poet Laureate of [[Mexico City]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Tenorio-Trillo |first=Mauricio |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4-aEDwAAQBAJ |title=I Speak of the City: Mexico City at the Turn of the Twentieth Century |date=2015-02-24 |publisher=University of Chicago Press |isbn=978-0-226-79273-6 |language=en}}</ref> Félix Martínez Dolz was the Poet Laureate of [[Oaxaca]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Plancarte |first=Gabriel Méndez |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=b8YnAAAAMAAJ |title=Ábside |date=1943 |language=es}}</ref> In 2019, Gerardo de Jesús Monroy became the Poet Laureate of [[Torreón Municipality|Torreón]], [[Coahuila]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Welch |first=William |date=February 23, 2019 |title=Gerardo de Jesús Monroy es el poeta laureado |url=https://www.pressreader.com/mexico/el-debate-de-guamuchil/20190223/282213717105789?srsltid=AfmBOopPv6BxI9FmDqSgz0qVD1IfPap_QbVNJk4QCxBUzcGdpNGC_IbP |access-date=2024-10-11 |via=PressReader}}</ref>

==== Nicaragua ====
Poets laureate of [[Nicaragua]] include Agenor Argüello and Juan de Dios Vanegas.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Intelectual |first=Honduras Oficina de Cooperación |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_exqAAAAMAAJ |title=La sucesión presidencial en Honduras |date=1949 |publisher=Talleres Tipo-Litográficos "Aristón" |language=es}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Rodríguez |first=Rubén Leyton |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=n1tqAAAAMAAJ |title=Belice es tierra de Guatemala |date=1953 |publisher=Ediciones R. Leyton Prado |language=es}}</ref>

==== Panama ====
Poets laureate of [[Panama]] include [[Enrique Geenzier]].<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Kunitz |first1=Stanley |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0BRQAAAAIAAJ |title=Wilson Library Bulletin |last2=Loizeaux |first2=Marie Duvernoy |date=1943 |publisher=H.W. Wilson Company |language=en}}</ref>

==== Saint Lucia ====
[[File:Derek Walcott.jpg|thumb|Derek Walcott of Saint Lucia]]Poets laureate of [[Saint Lucia]] include [[Derek Walcott]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Derek Walcott, St. Lucian Poet and Nobel Laureate, Wrote Frequently About USVI {{!}} St. Thomas Source |url=https://stthomassource.com/content/2017/03/20/derek-walcott-st-lucian-poet-and-nobel-laureate-wrote-frequently-about-usvi/ |access-date=2024-08-29 |website=stthomassource.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Wroe |first=Nicholas |date=2000-09-01 |title=The laureate of St Lucia |url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2000/sep/02/poetry |access-date=2024-08-29 |work=The Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077}}</ref>

==== Trinidad and Tobago ====
Paul-Keens Douglas became the inaugural Poet Laureate of [[Trinidad and Tobago]] in 2017.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Poet Laureate of Trinidad and Tobago |url=https://circleofpoetstt.wixsite.com/circleofpoetstt/poet-laureate-of-trinidad-and-tobag |access-date=2024-09-13 |website=Circle of Poets TT |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-03-18 |title=You never know who's listening |url=https://newsday.co.tt/2018/03/18/you-never-know-whos-listening/ |access-date=2024-09-13 |website=Trinidad and Tobago Newsday |language=en-US}}</ref> In 2002, [[Eintou Pearl Springer]] was named the Poet Laureate of [[Port of Spain]], [[Trinidad and Tobago]].<ref>Emrit, Ronald C., [http://www.bestoftrinidad.com/profiles/springer.html "Pearl Eintou Springer"], Best of Trinidad.</ref> The inaugural Poet Laureate of the [[Port of Spain]] was Anson Gonzalez.<ref name=":2" />

==== United States ====
[[File:Joy Harjo, Poet Laureate, close-up.jpg|thumb|Joy Harjo, Poet Laureate of the United States]]
[[File:Amanda Gorman with Tracy K Smith - 2017 crop.jpeg|thumb|Librarian of Congress Carla Hayden, Poet Laureate Tracy K. Smith, and National Youth Poet Laureate Amanda Gorman.]]
{{Main|United States Poet Laureate}}
{{Further|List of U.S. state poets laureate}}

The [[Library of Congress|United States Library of Congress]] appointed a [[Poet Laureate Consultant in Poetry to the Library of Congress|Consultant in Poetry to the Library of Congress]] from 1937 to 1984. An Act of Congress changed the name in 1985 to ''[[Poet Laureate Consultant in Poetry to the Library of Congress]]''.

Poets laureate receive a US$35,000 stipend and are given the responsibility of overseeing an ongoing series of poetry readings and lectures at the library, and a charge to promote poetry. No other duties are specified, and laureates are not required to compose for government events or in praise of government officials. However, after the [[September 11 terrorist attacks]], then poet laureate Billy Collins was asked to write a poem to be read in front of a special joint session of Congress. Collins wrote "The Names", which he read on September 6, 2002, and which is available in streaming audio and video.<ref name="pbs">{{cite web |date=September 6, 2002 |title=POETRY: THE NAMES |url=https://www.pbs.org/newshour/bb/poems/july-dec02/names_9-06.html# |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20021002182454/https://www.pbs.org/newshour/bb/poems/july-dec02/names_9-06.html |archive-date=2 October 2002 |access-date=28 December 2019 |publisher=pbs.org}}</ref>  The original intent of the stipend was to provide poets laureate with a full income, so that they could devote their time entirely to writing poetry. The amount has not been adjusted for [[inflation]] and is now considered a moderate bonus intended to supplement a poet's already existing income.

Poets laureate of the United States include [[Ada Limón]], [[Joy Harjo]], [[Tracy K. Smith]] and [[Juan Felipe Herrera]]. [[Amanda Gorman]] was the United States's first [[National Youth Poet Laureate]] appointed in 2017.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Hawgood |first=Alex |date=2017-11-03 |title=Meet Amanda Gorman, America's First Youth Poet Laureate (Published 2017) |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/11/03/style/amanda-gorman-first-youth-poet-laureate.html |access-date=2021-01-20 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref>

A number of American state legislatures have also created an office of poet laureate. The holders may be locally or nationally prominent. The U.S. states of [[New Jersey]], [[Massachusetts]], and [[Pennsylvania]] do not have positions, while [[South Dakota]] and [[South Carolina]]'s positions are currently vacant.<ref name="usstateplrgloc">{{cite web |title=State Poets Laureate A Resource Guide |url=https://guides.loc.gov/united-states-state-poets-laureate/current |access-date=14 February 2025 |website=Library of Congress}}</ref>

=== Oceania ===

==== Australia ====
On January 30, 2023, at the launch of 'Revive', [[Australia]]'s new cultural policy, Prime Minister Anthony Albanese announced "the establishment of a poet laureate for Australia".<ref>{{cite web |last=Gosetti |first=Valentina |date=30 January 2023 |title=Australia is to have a poet laureate – how will the first appointment define us as a nation?' |url=https://theconversation.com/australia-is-to-have-a-poet-laureate-how-will-the-first-appointment-define-us-as-a-nation-198769 |access-date=1 April 2024 |website=The Conversation}}</ref> Before 2023, Australia had not had an official poet laureate scheme, despite past suggestions.<ref>{{cite news |date=3 May 1945 |title=Australian poet laureate |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article1091045 |access-date=21 June 2020 |newspaper=[[The Argus (Melbourne)]] |location=Victoria, Australia |page=5 |via=Trove}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Noonan |first1=Kathleen |date=12 October 2009 |title=Australia needs a poet laureate |url=https://www.news.com.au/news/australia-needs-a-laureate/news-story/c0f0f33e4996bb83b569583c697163d5?sv=91375cad4ac443e28dd414b63da7569b |access-date=21 June 2020 |agency=news.com.au}}</ref>  In 1818, former convict [[Michael Massey Robinson]] was paid by colony governor [[Lachlan Macquarie]] for services as poet laureate.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Schwartz |first1=Steven |date=28 February 2018 |title=Australia needs a Poet Laureate |url=https://www.cis.org.au/commentary/articles/australia-needs-a-poet-laureate/ |access-date=21 June 2020 |website=The Centre for Independent Studies}}</ref>  Over the years, other poets have been nominated as worthy of such a title, including [[James Brunton Stephens]] (1835–1902),<ref>{{cite news |date=6 July 1894 |title=Brunton Stephens. Australian Poet Laureate |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article181830291 |access-date=21 June 2020 |newspaper=[[The Week (Brisbane)|The Week]] |location=Queensland, Australia |page=10 |via=Trove}}</ref> [[Banjo Paterson|Andrew Barton 'Banjo' Paterson]] (1864–1941),<ref>{{cite news |date=15 April 1933 |title=Gallery of Australian authors. 'Banjo' Paterson, Poet Laureate. |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article113453960 |access-date=21 June 2020 |newspaper=[[Queensland Times]] |location=Queensland, Australia |page=10 (Daily.) |via=Trove}}</ref> and [[Les Murray (poet)|Les Murray]] (1938–2019).<ref>{{cite news |last1=McNab |first1=Heather |date=12 June 2019 |title=Australia's unofficial poet laureate Les Murray farewelled |url=https://www.afr.com/life-and-luxury/arts-and-culture/australia-s-unofficial-poet-laureate-les-murray-farewelled-20190612-p51x3m |access-date=21 June 2020 |publisher=Australian Financial Review}}</ref>

==== Fiji ====
Poets laureate of [[Fiji]] include [[Kamla Prasad Mishra]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Lal |first=Brij V. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_uS3DwAAQBAJ |title=Levelling Wind: Remembering Fiji |date=2019-10-15 |publisher=ANU Press |isbn=978-1-76046-267-3 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AftyBgAAQBAJ |title=Indian Diaspora: Socio-Cultural and Religious Worlds |date=2015-02-04 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=978-90-04-28806-5 |language=en}}</ref>

==== Kiribati ====
Poets laureate of [[Kiribati]] include [[Danny Wilson (poet)|Danny Wilson]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=What In The World ...? -- Verse Case: A Little Doggerel Goes A Long Way In Kiribati {{!}} The Seattle Times |url=https://archive.seattletimes.com/archive/?date=19961224&slug=2366568 |access-date=2024-09-13 |website=archive.seattletimes.com}}</ref>

==== New Zealand ====
{{Main|New Zealand Poet Laureate}}
[[New Zealand]] has had an official poet laureate since 1998. Originally sponsored by Te Mata vineyards and known as the Te Mata Estate Poet Laureate, the award is now administered by the [[National Library of New Zealand]] and the holder is called New Zealand Poet Laureate. The term of office is two years. The symbol of office is a [[Tokotoko]], a carved wooden ceremonial orator's staff.

The first holder was [[Bill Manhire]], in 1998–99, then [[Hone Tuwhare]] (2000–01), [[Elizabeth Smither]] (2002–03), [[Brian Turner (New Zealand poet)|Brian Turner]] (2004–05), [[Jenny Bornholdt]] (2006–07), [[Michele Leggott]] (2008–09), [[Cilla McQueen]] (2009–11), [[Ian Wedde]] (2011–13), [[Vincent O'Sullivan (New Zealand poet)|Vincent O'Sullivan]] (2013–15), [[C. K. Stead]] (2015–2017), [[Selina Tusitala Marsh]] (2017–2019), [[David Eggleton]] (2019–2021) and [[Chris Tse (New Zealand writer)|Chris Tse]] (2022–2024).<ref name="NZ_Herald_10480540">{{cite news |date=December 5, 2007 |title=Auckland professor named NZ Poet Laureate |url=http://www.nzherald.co.nz/category/story.cfm?c_id=18&objectid=10480540 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130223015403/http://www.nzherald.co.nz/category/story.cfm?c_id=18&objectid=10480540 |archive-date=February 23, 2013 |access-date=September 12, 2011 |work=[[The New Zealand Herald]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=New Zealand Poet Laureate |url=http://nzpoetlaureate.natlib.govt.nz/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120106012654/http://nzpoetlaureate.natlib.govt.nz/ |archive-date=January 6, 2012 |access-date=January 5, 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Poet Laureate Award |url=http://www.poetlaureate.org.nz/p/award.html |access-date=March 14, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Chumko |first=André |date=2022-08-25 |title=Chris Tse is New Zealand's next poet laureate |url=https://www.stuff.co.nz/entertainment/books/129671879/chris-tse-is-new-zealands-next-poet-laureate |access-date=2023-04-25 |website=Stuff |language=en}}</ref>

==== Papua New Guinea ====
[[Allan Natachee]] was proclaimed the Poet Laureate of [[Papua New Guinea]] by the United Poets Laureate International.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Vol. 44, No. 9 ( Sep. 1, 1973) |url=https://nla.gov.au/nla.obj-337039292/view?sectionId=nla.obj-340982241&partId=nla.obj-337113529#page/n78/mode/1up |access-date=2024-09-26 |website=Trove |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Beier |first=Ulli |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iph0AAAAMAAJ |title=Decolonising the Mind: The Impact of the University of Culture and Identity in Papua New Guinea, 1971-1974 |date=2005 |publisher=Pandanus |isbn=978-1-74076-137-6 |language=en}}</ref>

==== Tonga ====
Poets laureate of [[Tonga]] include Noble [[Tu'ivakano|Tu'ivakanō]] (Siaosi Kiu Ngalumoetutulu Kiutau{{fakau'a}}ivailahi Kao).<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=u0PjAAAAMAAJ |title=Pacific Islands Monthly |date=1968 |publisher=Pacific Publications. |language=en}}</ref>

=== South America ===

==== Argentina ====
Poets laureate of [[Argentina]] include [[Olegario Víctor Andrade|Olegario Victor Andrade]] and Carlos Guido y Spano.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Suzzallo |first1=Henry |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ahRGAQAAIAAJ |title=The National Encyclopedia |last2=Beardsley |first2=William Waite |date=1932 |publisher=P.F. Collier & Son Company |language=en}}{{page needed|date=September 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Smith |first=Verity |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NcCnAgAAQBAJ |title=Concise Encyclopedia of Latin American Literature |date=2014-01-14 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-135-96033-9 |language=en}}</ref>

==== Bolivia ====
Poets laureate of [[Bolivia]] include [[Javier del Granado]].<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VBYrAQAAIAAJ |title=Higginson Journal |date=1974 |publisher=Higginson Press |language=en}}{{page needed|date=September 2024}}</ref>

==== Brazil ====
Poets laureate of [[Brazil]] include [[Guilherme de Almeida]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Holston |first=James |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Syc2y5QhgQgC |title=The Modernist City: An Anthropological Critique of Brasilia |date=1989-09-08 |publisher=University of Chicago Press |isbn=978-0-226-34979-4 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Camayd-Freixas |first=Erik |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=X-YzEAAAQBAJ |title=Orientalism and Identity in Latin America: Fashioning Self and Other from the (Post)Colonial Margin |date=2013-03-14 |publisher=University of Arizona Press |isbn=978-0-8165-2953-7 |language=en}}</ref>

==== Chile ====
Poets laureate of [[Chile]] include Galvarino Merino Duarte (c. 1983).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Galvarino Merino Duarte poeta laureado. [artículo] |url=https://www.bibliotecanacionaldigital.gob.cl/bnd/628/w3-article-228524.html |access-date=2024-10-01 |website=BND: Archivo de referencias críticas}}</ref>

==== Colombia ====
Poets laureate of [[Colombia]] include Antonio José Restrepo.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Corcoran |first1=James Andrew |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IbHPAAAAMAAJ |title=The American Catholic Quarterly Review |last2=Ryan |first2=Patrick John |last3=Prendergast |first3=Edmond Francis |date=1920 |publisher=Hardy and Mahony. |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Warner |first=Charles Dudley |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zw8-uxIWPdQC |title=A Library of the World's Best Literature - Ancient and Modern - Vol.XXII (Forty-Five Volumes); Kingsley-Le Sage |date=2008-06-01 |publisher=Cosimo, Inc. |isbn=978-1-60520-209-9 |language=en}}</ref>

==== Ecuador ====
Poets laureate of [[Ecuador]] include [[Remigio Crespo Toral]] (1917), Pablo Hannibal Vela (1951), and [[José María Egas]] (1976).<ref>{{cite book |last1=Lauderbaugh |first1=George M. |title=Historical Dictionary of Ecuador |date=2019 |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield |isbn=978-1-5381-0246-6}}{{page needed|date=September 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oCQRAQAAMAAJ |title=Poesía ecuatoriana |date=1969 |publisher=Editorial "Fray Jodoco Ricke" |language=es}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hmu1AAAAMAAJ |title=Inter-America |date=1919 |publisher=Doubleday, Page |language=en}}</ref>

==== Guyana ====
Poets laureate of [[Guyana]] include [[A. J. Seymour|A.J. Seymour]].<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tQYyAAAAYAAJ |title=Guyana Review |date=1995 |publisher=Cosmopolitan Communications Corporation |language=en}}</ref>

==== Paraguay ====
Poets laureate of [[Paraguay]] include [[Alejandro Guanes]].<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=41QrEAAAQBAJ |title=Some Spanish-American Poets |date=2016-11-11 |publisher=University of Pennsylvania Press |isbn=978-1-5128-0052-4 |language=es}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Vitis |first=Michael Angelo De |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0pVEAAAAIAAJ |title=Parnaso paraguayo: selectas composiciones poéticas, coleccionadas |date=1910 |publisher=Maucci |language=es}}</ref>

==== Peru ====
Poets laureate of [[Peru]] include [[Pedro Peralta y Barnuevo]], [[José Santos Chocano]] (1922), and Dennis Siluk.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Bros |first=Maggs |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WCkjAQAAIAAJ |title=Bibliotheca Americana Et Philippina |date=1927 |publisher=Maggs Bros. |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Bros |first=Maggs |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gE4vAQAAIAAJ |title=Catalogue |date=1926 |publisher=Maggs Bros. Limited |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=October 7, 1920 |title=Poet Liberated |url=https://cdnc.ucr.edu/?a=d&d=SDU19201007.2.191&srpos=65&e=-------en--20--61--txt-txIN-%22poet+laureate+of%22------- |access-date=2024-09-19 |website=Sacramento Daily Union}}</ref>

==== Suriname ====
Poets laureate of [[Suriname]] include Robin "Dobru" Ravales.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Payne |first1=Anthony |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1KXKAgAAQBAJ |title=Size and Survival: The Politics of Security in the Caribbean and the Pacific |last2=Sutton |first2=Paul |date=2014-02-04 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-135-23681-6 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Studies |first=Southeastern Council on Latin American |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kZxoAAAAMAAJ |title=S.E.C.O.L.A.S. |date=1993 |publisher=Kennesaw Junior College |language=en}}</ref>

==== Uruguay ====
In 1929, the [[Legislative Palace of Uruguay|Palacio Legislativo]] of [[Montevideo]] consecrated [[Juana de Ibarbourou]] as the "Poet Laureate of [[Spanish America]]".<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-yBPAAAAYAAJ&q=%22montevideo%22+Juana+de+Ibarbourou+1929 |title=Poet Lore |date=1948 |publisher=Writer's Center |language=en}}</ref>

==== Venezuela ====
Poets laureate of [[Venezuela]] include Heraclio Martín de la Guardia (c. 1878).<ref>{{Cite book |last=Spence |first=James Mudie |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=f-VfDpJqInUC |title=The Land of Bolivar: Or, War, Peace, and Adventure in the Republic of Venezuela |date=1878 |publisher=AMS Press |isbn=978-0-404-06177-7 |language=en}}</ref>

==See also==

* [[National poet]]
* [[Griot]]
* [[Imbongi]]
* [[Skald]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://www.parl.gc.ca/information/about/people/poet/index.asp?lang=e Poet Laureate of Canada] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081007132337/http://www.parl.gc.ca/information/about/people/poet/index.asp?lang=e |date=October 7, 2008 }}
*[http://www.poetrymap.ca/ Map of Canadian Poets Laureate]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20050215050422/http://www.und.ac.za/und/carts/pa2001bios10.html#Mazisi%20Kunene%20(SA) Poets Laureate of South Africa]
* [https://guides.loc.gov/united-states-state-poets-laureate/introduction List of U.S. Poets Laureate at the Library of Congress]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110726101332/http://www.poetrysocietyofvirginia.org/poetlaureate.htm Poets Laureate for the Commonwealth (state) of VIRGINIA, United States of America via The Poetry Society of Virginia]
* [http://www.winonadailynews.com/news/article_f1f6ef90-bad8-11de-9472-001cc4c002e0.html Poet Laureate of Winona, Minnesota (2009 -)]

[[Category:Poets laureate| ]]
[[Category:Poets]]