Editing Pohl trial

{{Infobox court case
|name               = {{noitalic|Pohl trial}}
|full name          = The United States of America vs. Oswald Pohl, et al
|court              = [[Nuremberg]] 
|image              = Pohl Death Sentence.jpg
|imagesize          = 300px
|imagelink          = 
|imagealt           = 
|caption            = SS-''Obergruppenführer'' [[Oswald Pohl]] receives his sentence of death by hanging 
|indictment         = January 13, 1947
|date decided       = {{start date|1948|08|11}}
|citations          = 
|ECLI               = 
|transcripts        = 
|judges             = {{Plainlist|
* [[Robert M. Toms]] (presiding) 
* Fitzroy Donald Phillips 
* [[Michael A. Musmanno]] 
* John J. Speight (alternate)}}
|number of judges   = 3
|decision by        = 
|concurring         = 
|dissenting         = 
|concur/dissent     = 
|prior actions      = 
|appealed from      = 
|appealed to        = 
|subsequent actions = 
|related actions    = 
|opinions           = 
|italic title = no
|keywords           = <!-- {{hlist | }} -->
}}
'''''The United States of America vs. Oswald Pohl, et al.''''', commonly known as the '''Pohl trial''', was the fourth of the twelve "[[subsequent Nuremberg trials]]" for [[war crimes]] and [[crimes against humanity]] after the end of [[World War II]] between 1947 and 1948. The accused were [[Schutzstaffel|SS]]-''[[Obergruppenführer]]'' [[Oswald Pohl]] and 17 other SS officers employed by the [[SS Main Economic and Administrative Office]] charged for their administration of, and active involvement in, the [[Nazi concentration camp]] system.

The Pohl trial was held by [[United States]] authorities at the [[Palace of Justice, Nuremberg|Palace of Justice]] in [[Nuremberg]] in the [[American occupation zone in Germany|American occupation zone]] before US [[military court]]s, not before the [[International Military Tribunal]].<ref name="ushmm">USHMM, [https://web.archive.org/web/20050220114734/http://www.ushmm.org/uia-cgi/uia_doc/photos/1173?hr=null Description of the trial] from the [[U.S. Holocaust Memorial Museum]] archives. Retrieved February 7, 2015.</ref> Four of the accused, including Pohl, were sentenced to [[death by hanging]], three to [[life imprisonment]], eight to prison sentences from 10 to 25 years, and three were [[Acquittal|acquitted]].<ref name="nmt">[http://www.loc.gov/rr/frd/Military_Law/pdf/NT_war-criminals_Vol-V.pdf NMT Trial Proceedings]</ref>

The judges in this case, heard before Military Tribunal II, were [[Robert M. Toms]] (presiding judge), Fitzroy Donald Phillips, [[Michael A. Musmanno]], and John J. Speight as an alternate judge. The chief of counsel for the prosecution was [[Telford Taylor]]; James M. McHaney and [[Jack W. Robbins]] were the principal prosecutors. The [[indictment]] was presented on January 13, 1947; the trial began on April 8, and sentences were handed down on November 3, 1947. At the request of the judges, the court reconvened on July 14, 1948, to consider additional material presented by the defense. On August 11, 1948, the tribunal issued its final sentences, confirming most of its earlier sentences, but slightly reducing some of the prison sentences and changing the death sentence of [[Georg Lörner]] into a sentence of life imprisonment.<ref name="nmt"/>

==Case==
[[Schutzstaffel|SS]]-''[[Obergruppenführer]]'' [[Oswald Pohl]] was chief of the [[SS Main Economic and Administrative Office]] (WVHA), the organization responsible for managing the finances, supply systems and business projects of the [[Allgemeine SS|Allgemeine-SS]], and procurement for the [[Waffen-SS]]. The WHVA was responsible for administration of the [[Nazi concentration camps]], the [[Concentration Camps Inspectorate]], and the ''[[SS-Totenkopfverbände]]'' in the implementation of the [[Final Solution]].<ref name="ushmm"/> Pohl, as chief of the WHVA, was technically the top administrator of the Nazi system of concentration camps and [[extermination camp]]s. Seventeen WHVA officials were also charged for their involvement in the concentration camp system, including three of Pohl's deputy chiefs.

==Indictment==
The indictment presented by a grand jury charged the defendants with the following. 
# Participating in a common plan or conspiracy to commit war crimes and crimes against humanity.
# War crimes through the administration of [[concentration camp]]s and [[extermination camp]]s, and the [[mass murder]]s and atrocities committed there.
# Crimes against humanity on the same grounds, including [[slave labor]] charges.
# Membership in a criminal organization, the SS. ''Note:'' The [[SS]] had been found a criminal organization previously by the [[Nuremberg Trials|IMT]]. 

All defendants were charged on all counts of the indictment, except Hohberg, who was not charged on count 4. Charge 1 (conspiracy) was largely disregarded by the tribunal and no judgments on this count were passed.

== Defendants ==
All convicts were found guilty on charges 2, 3, and 4, except Hohberg (who was not charged on count 4, but found guilty on counts 2 and 3). Three defendants were acquitted on all charges: Vogt, Scheide, and Klein.

{| class="wikitable"
!align="left"|Defendant
!align="left"|Function
!align="left"|Sentence of<br>Nov 3, 1947
!align="left"|Sentence of<br>Aug 11, 1948
!align="left"|Outcome of 1951 Amnesty
|-
|valign="top"|[[File:O. Pohl.png|85px]]<br />[[Oswald Pohl]]
|valign="top"|Head of the [[SS-Wirtschafts-Verwaltungshauptamt|WVHA]], General of the ''Waffen-SS''
|valign="top"|Death by hanging
|valign="top"|Confirmed
|valign="top"|Executed on June 7, 1951
|-
|valign="top"|[[File:August Frank.png|75px]]<br />[[August Frank]]
|valign="top"|Deputy chief of the WVHA, Lt. General of the ''Waffen-SS''
|valign="top"|Life imprisonment
|valign="top"|Confirmed
|valign="top"|Commuted to 15 years; released in May 1954; died in 1984
|-
|valign="top"|[[File:Georg Lörner.png|75px]]<br />[[Georg Lörner]]
|valign="top"|Deputy chief of the WVHA, Lt. General of the ''Waffen-SS''
|valign="top"|Death by hanging
|valign="top"|Reduced to life imprisonment
|valign="top"|Commuted to 15 years; released in March 1954; died in 1959
|-
|valign="top"|[[File:Heinz Fanslau.png|75px]]<br />{{Interlanguage link multi|Heinz Karl Fanslau|2=de|3=Heinz Fanslau|4=pl|preserve=1}}
|valign="top"|Deputy chief of the WVHA, Brigadier Maj. general of the ''Waffen-SS''
|valign="top"|25 years
|valign="top"|Reduced to 20 years
|valign="top"|Commuted to 15 years; released in March 1954; died in 1987
|-
|valign="top"|[[File:Hans Lörner.png|75px]]<br />{{Interlanguage link multi|Hans Lörner|de}}
|valign="top"|SS-''[[Oberführer]]''
|valign="top"|10 years
|valign="top"|Confirmed
|valign="top"|Released; died in 1983
|-
|valign="top"|[[File:Josef Vogt.png|75px]]<br />{{Interlanguage link multi|Josef Vogt|2=de|3=Josef Vogt (SS-Mitglied, 1884)|preserve=1}}
|valign="top"|SS-''[[Standartenführer]]''
|valign="top"|Acquitted
|&nbsp;
|valign="top"|Died in 1967
|-
|valign="top"|[[File:Erwin Tschentscher.png|75px]]<br />{{Interlanguage link multi|Erwin Tschentscher|de}}
|valign="top"|SS-''Standartenführer''
|valign="top"|10 years
|valign="top"|Confirmed
|valign="top"|Released; died in 1972
|-
|valign="top"|[[File:Rudolf Scheide.png|75px]]<br />{{Interlanguage link multi|Rudolf Scheide|de}}
|valign="top"|SS-''Standartenführer''
|valign="top"|Acquitted
|&nbsp;
|valign="top"|Died in 1981
|-
|valign="top"|[[File:Max Kiefer.png|75px]]<br />{{Interlanguage link multi|Max Kiefer|de}}
|valign="top"|SS-''[[Obersturmbannführer]]''
|valign="top"|Life imprisonment
|valign="top"|Reduced to 20 years
|valign="top"|Released; died in 1974
|-
|valign="top"|[[File:Franz Eirenschmalz.png|75px]]<br />{{Interlanguage link multi|Franz Eirenschmalz|de}}
|valign="top"|SS-''Standartenführer''
|valign="top"|Death by hanging
|valign="top"|Confirmed
|valign="top"|Commuted to 9 years; released in May 1951; died in 1995
|-
|valign="top"|[[File:Karl sommer.png|75px]]<br />{{Interlanguage link multi|Karl Sommer|2=de|3=Karl Sommer (SS-Mitglied)|preserve=1}}
|valign="top"|SS-''[[Sturmbannführer]]''
|valign="top"|Death by hanging
|valign="top"|Confirmed
|valign="top"|Commuted to life imprisonment in 1949; commuted to 20 years in 1951; released in December 1953
|-
|valign="top"|[[File:Hermann Pook.png|75px]]<br />{{Interlanguage link multi|Hermann Pook|de}}
|valign="top"|SS-''Obersturmbannführer'' of the ''Waffen-SS'', chief dentist of the WVHA
|valign="top"|10 years
|valign="top"|Confirmed
|valign="top"|Released; died in 1983
|-
|valign="top"|[[File:Johannes Baier.png|75px]]<br />{{Interlanguage link multi|Hans Baier|2=de|3=Johannes Baier (Offizier)|preserve=1}}
|valign="top"|SS-''Oberführer''
|valign="top"|10 years
|valign="top"|Confirmed
|valign="top"|Released; died in 1969
|-
|valign="top"|[[File:Hans Hohberg.png|75px]]<br />{{Interlanguage link multi|Hans Hohberg|de}}
|valign="top"|Executive officer
|valign="top"|10 years
|valign="top"|Confirmed
|valign="top"|Released; died in 1968
|-
|valign="top"|[[File:Leo Volk-1.png|75px]]<br />{{Interlanguage link multi|Leo Volk|de}}
|valign="top"|SS-''[[Hauptsturmführer]]'', personal advisor of Pohl, head of legal department of the WVHA
|valign="top"|10 years
|valign="top"|Confirmed
|valign="top"|Commuted to 8 years; released in February 1951; died in 1973
|-
|valign="top"|[[File:Karl Mummenthey.jpg|75px]]<br />{{Interlanguage link multi|Karl Mummenthey|de}}
|valign="top"|SS-''Obersturmbannführer''
|valign="top"|Life imprisonment
|valign="top"|Confirmed
|valign="top"|Commuted to 20 years; released in December 1953; died in 1968
|-
|valign="top"|[[File:Hanns Bobermin.png|75px]]<br />{{Interlanguage link multi|Hanns Bobermin|de}}
|valign="top"|SS-''Obersturmbannführer''
|valign="top"|20 years
|valign="top"|Reduced to 15 years
|valign="top"|Released; died in 1960
|-
|valign="top"|[[File:Horst Klein.jpg|75px]]<br />{{Interlanguage link multi|Horst Klein|de}}
|valign="top"|SS-''Obersturmbannführer''
|valign="top"|Acquitted
|&nbsp;
|valign="top"|Died in 1977
|}

Hohberg's sentence of 10 years included time already served&mdash;he was imprisoned on October 22, 1945&mdash;because he was not a member of the SS. The defense counsel for [[Karl Sommer]] filed a petition to modify the sentence to General [[Lucius D. Clay]], the [[Commander-in-chief|Commander-in-Chief]] for the [[American occupation zone in Germany]]. In response to this appeal, Clay ordered Sommer's death sentence to be [[Commutation (law)|commuted]] into a lifetime imprisonment on May 11, 1949.<ref name="nmt-p1255">Nuremberg Military Tribunal 11 (May 11 1949), [http://www.loc.gov/rr/frd/Military_Law/pdf/NT_war-criminals_Vol-V.pdf  Volume V. Page 1255.]</ref> Pohl kept proclaiming his innocence, saying he had been only a lower functionary. He was hanged on June 7, 1951, at [[Landsberg Prison]].

[[Richard Glücks]], the head of ''Amt D: Konzentrationslagerwesen'' (the WVHA department for concentration camps), had been the direct superior of all commanding officers at concentration camps and, as such directly responsible for all the atrocities committed there, was not tried. On May 10, 1945, two days after the [[Surrender of Germany|unconditional surrender of Germany]], Glücks had committed suicide in the navy hospital of [[Flensburg]].<ref>{{cite book | last = Hamilton | first = Charles | title = Leaders & Personalities of the Third Reich, Vol. 2 | year = 1996 | page = 146 | publisher = R. James Bender Publishing | isbn = 0-912138-66-1 }}</ref>

==See also==
*[[August Frank memorandum]]
*[[Deutsche Wirtschaftsbetriebe]]

* [[DEST]]
* [[Nuremberg trials]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://werle.rewi.hu-berlin.de/POHL-Case.pdf '''Pohl et al.''' : ''US Military Tribunal Nuremberg, Judgement of 3 November 1947''] (PDF)

{{Nuremberg Trials}}
{{The Holocaust}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:1947 in Germany]]
[[Category:1940s trials]]
[[Category:Holocaust trials]]
[[Category:United States Nuremberg Military Tribunals]]