Editing Pointe-Noire

{{short description|City, department and commune of the Republic of the Congo}}
{{About|the city in the Republic of the Congo|the village in Guadeloupe|Pointe-Noire, Guadeloupe|the port in Canada|Pointe-Noire, Quebec}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2020}}
{{Infobox settlement
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| motto              = [[Labor omnia vincit|Labor improbus omnia vincit]]
<!-- images and maps  ----------->| image_skyline      = Pointe-Noire downtown.jpg
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| subdivision_name4  = <!-- Politics ----------------->
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| leader_title       = Mayor
| leader_name        = [[Jean-François Kando]] ([[Congolese Labour Party|PCT]])
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| population_total   = 1420612 <ref>{{Cite web |last=BOKOLO |first=Guilesse |date=2024-01-08 |title=RESULTATS PRELIMINAIRES |url=https://ins-congo.cg/download/resultats-preliminaires/ |access-date=2024-06-16 |website=INS-CONGO BRAZZAVILLE |language=fr-FR}}</ref>
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| elevation_m        = 14
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<!-- Area/postal codes & others -------->| postal_code_type   = <!-- enter ZIP code, Postcode, Post code, Postal code... -->
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| blank_name_sec1    = [[Human Development Index|HDI]] (2021)
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'''Pointe-Noire''' ({{IPA|fr|pwɛ̃t.nwaʁ}}; {{langx|kg|Njinji}}, {{langx|fr|Ndjindji}} with the letter d following French spelling standards<ref name=PNCongo >{{cite web|url= https://horizon.documentation.ird.fr/exl-doc/pleins_textes/pleins_textes_5/b_fdi_18-19/25882.pdf |language=fr|title=Toponymie sur la ville de Pointe Noire |work= Institut Français de Recherche Scientifique Pour Le Développement en Coopération |author=Jean Dello |year=1988 |page=11 |access-date=15 December 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.jeuneafrique.com/141620/societe/pointe-noire-il-tait-une-fois-ndji-ndji/ |language=fr|title= Pointe-Noire : il était une fois Ndji-Ndji |work= JeuneAfrique |author=Cécile Manciaux |year=2012 |access-date=12 January 2021}}</ref><ref>Marcel Poaty et Paulin Roch Beapami et l’Alliance biblique du Congo (ABC), ''Kutaangë i Kusonikë Civili : Lire et écrire le Civili'', SIL-Congo (Société internationale de linguistique, antenne Congo), 2018, p. 37</ref>) is the second largest city in the [[Republic of the Congo]], following the capital of [[Brazzaville]], and an autonomous [[Departments of the Republic of the Congo|department]] and a [[Communes of the Republic of the Congo|commune]] since the 2002 Constitution.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.sgg.cg/JO/2002/congo-jo-2002-01-sp.pdf |title=Constitution du 20 janvier 2002 |date=2002-02-01 |format=PDF |page=20 |publisher={{lang|fr|Secrétariat Général du Gouvernement, Journal Officiel}} |website=sgg.cg |access-date=2023-08-21 |language=fr }}</ref> Before this date it was the capital of the [[Kouilou Department|Kouilou]] region (now a separate department). It is situated on a headland between [[Pointe-Noire Bay]] and the [[Atlantic Ocean]]. Pointe-Noire is the main commercial centre of the country and had a population of 1,420,612 inhabitants in 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Congo (Rep.): Departments, Major Cities & Urban Localities - Population Statistics, Maps, Charts, Weather and Web Information |url=https://www.citypopulation.de/en/congo/ |access-date=2024-01-16 |website=www.citypopulation.de}}</ref>

== The coat of arms ==
The coat of arms of the city of Pointe-Noire is:

''"Gold at the point of sand accompanied by two silver oars, the handle gules, laid in chevron poured, the tip and oars moving from a sea of azure wavy three streams of silver"''<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://dmcarc.com/debut-des-annees-50-un-petit-historique-de-pointe-noire/|title=Début des années 50 – Un petit historique de Pointe-Noire|last=Sanz|first=Lionel|date=2017-12-05|work=DMCARC|access-date=2017-12-21|language=fr-FR}}</ref>

==Administration==
{{see also|List of mayors of Pointe-Noire (Republic of the Congo)}}

Pointe-Noire is a commune divided into six urban boroughs (''arrondissements''):<ref>{{cite web |url=https://ins-congo.cg/download/chapitre-3-organisation-administrative/ |title=Annuaire Statistique du Congo 2018, chapitre 3 : organisation administrative |date=2021-03-23 |format=PDF |page=13 |publisher={{lang|fr|Institut National de la Statistique}} |website=ins-congo.cg |access-date=2023-08-18|language=fr }}</ref>

*[[Lumumba, Pointe-Noire|Lumumba]], the oldest area.  It is the administrative and commercial centre.
*[[Mvoumvou]]
*[[Tié-Tié]]
*[[Loandjili]]
*[[Mongo-Mpoukou]]
*[[Ngoyo, Pointe-Noire|Ngoyo]]

Pointe-Noire is also a department which include the area of the commune and, since 2011, the district of [[Tchiamba-Nzassi]], formerly part of the Kouilou department.<ref>Laws n° 17 to 19-2011 {{cite web |url=https://www.sgg.cg/JO/2011/congo-jo-2011-21.pdf |title=JO n° 21-2011 |date=2011-05-26 |format=PDF |pages=581, 589–590 |publisher={{lang|fr|Secrétariat Général du Gouvernement - Journal Officiel}} |website=sgg.cg |access-date=2023-09-02|language=fr }}</ref>

==History==
The name Pointe-Noire ("Black Point") originated with [[Portuguese navigators]] who saw a block of black rocks on the headland in 1484. From then on, Pointe-Noire, called in Portuguese ''Ponta Negra'', became a maritime point of reference, and then a small fishing village starting in 1883, after the French signed a treaty with local people, the [[Kingdom of Loango|Loangos]].

In 1910, [[French Equatorial Africa]] (''Afrique équatoriale française'', AEF) was created, and French companies were allowed to exploit the [[Middle Congo]] (modern-day Congo Brazzaville). It soon became necessary to build a railroad that would connect [[Brazzaville]], the terminus of the river navigation on the [[Congo River]] and the [[Ubangui River]], with the Atlantic coast. As [[rapids]] make it impossible to navigate on the Congo River past Brazzaville, and the coastal railroad terminus site had to allow for the construction of a deep-sea port, authorities chose the site of Ponta Negra instead of [[Libreville]] as originally envisaged. In 1923, it was chosen to be the terminus of the [[Congo-Ocean Railway]] (CFCO).<ref>John Frank Clark, Samuel Decalo, ''Historical Dictionary of Republic of the Congo'', Scarecrow Press, USA, 2012, p. 365</ref>

[[File:US Navy 100118-N-2468S-001 The guided-missile frigate USS Samuel B. Roberts (FFG 58) prepares to moor for a port visit at Pointe Noire, Republic of Congo as part of Africa Partnership Station (APS) West. While in port, Samuel.jpg|thumb|right|[[USS Samuel B. Roberts (FFG-58)|USS ''Samuel B. Roberts'']] visiting the Port of Pointe Noire]]
In 1927, drinking water became available in the city, which had about 3,000 inhabitants. The airport was built in 1932. In 1934, Governor [[Raphael Antonetti]] inaugurated the [[Congo-Ocean Railway]]. The first hospital was built in 1936. That same year, Paris-based [[Banque de l'Afrique Occidentale]] opened its first branch in the city. In 1942, the [[Pointe-Noire Harbour]] welcomed its first ship, and made the city the AEF's [[seaport]].

In 1950, Pointe-Noire had 20,000 inhabitants, and became the capital of the [[Middle Congo]], while Brazzaville was the [[capital (political)|capital city]] of the AEF.  In 1957, the Middle-Congo became the Republic of Congo, although it was still not independent. Incidents which occurred during 1958 legislative elections led the leaders of the [[Democratic Union for the Defence of African Interests]] (''Union démocratique pour la défense des interets africains'', UDDIA) to transfer the capital to Brazzaville, since Pointe-Noire was under the influence of the political opposition.

Pointe-Noire continued growing, and was the most modern city in 1960, when Congo gained independence. Then, the oil discovery around 1980 re-attracted people and [[Elf Aquitaine|Elf-Aquitaine]] facilities. The population doubled by 1982, and reached 360,000 in 1994.

Civil wars in 1997 and 1999 caused an influx of refugees from the surrounding provinces ([[Lékoumou Department|Lékoumou]], [[Niari Region|Niari]], [[Bouenza]], [[Pool Region|Pool]]) towards Pointe-Noire, causing the population to climb to over 1 million inhabitants.

Recently [[Politics of the Republic of the Congo|the Government]] has proposed the development of a new bulk resource port to be constructed at [[Point Indienne]], {{convert|30|km}} to the north of the Port of Pointe-Noire. A meeting was held on 18 December 2012 with a collective of 10 Congo government ministries and invited mining companies to discuss future development opportunities.

==Economy==
[[File:Timber for export at the Port of Pointe-Noire, Republic of Congo.jpg|thumb|Timber for export at the Port of Pointe-Noire]]
Pointe-Noire is the essential centre of the oil industry of the [[Republic of Congo]], one of the main oil producers in [[Central Africa]]. Congolese [[oil]] has been largely exploited by the French company [[Elf Aquitaine]] since its discovery around 1980.

Pointe-Noire is also known for its [[fishing industry]], which is often at odds with the oil development.<ref>{{cite book|title=Reconsidering informality: perspectives from urban Africa|year=2004|publisher=Nordic Africa Institute, 2004|isbn=91-7106-518-0|pages=235|author=Tati, Gabriel|chapter=Sharing Public Space in Pointe-Noire, Congo-Brazzaville: Immigrant Fishermen and a Multinational Oil Company|editor=Hansen, Karen Tranberg}}</ref> Local waters are reportedly getting overfished.<ref>{{Cite web |title=In Pictures: The rise of shark fishing off the Congolese coast |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/gallery/2021/11/22/in-pictures-sharks-and-artisanal-fishermen-struggle-to-survive |access-date=2023-07-05 |website=www.aljazeera.com |language=en}}</ref>

Formerly, Pointe-Noire was home to a [[potash]] exploitation which led to the construction of a [[wharf]], currently closed to the public.

==Education==
[[Lycée Français Charlemagne]], a French international school for primary and secondary school children, is in Pointe-Noire. It also hosts a British international school for children aged 0 to 18 years, called Connie's Academy.<ref>{{cite web |title=Connie's Academy |url=http://www.conniesacademy.co.uk/ |publisher=Connie's Academy |access-date=23 August 2023}}</ref>

The city is home to the École Supérieure de Technologie du Littoral (technology) the École supérieure de commerce et de gestion (Business), Institut UCAC-ICAM (Engineering) and the Centre d’éducation, de formation et d’apprentissage en mécanique auto (Automotive Engineering).<ref>News of Bolloré Africa Logistics, Partnering schools in Congo Brazzaville: Congo Terminal commits to sandwich course education schemes., Congo Brazzaville. 7 August 2014, http://www.bollore-africa-logistics.com/en/media/news/partenariats-entreprise-ecoles-congo-brazzaville.html</ref> The [[Higher Institute of Technology of Central Africa]] has a campus in the city. There are also several other institutions of higher education in the city.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pagesclaires.com/eng/Activities/Higher-education-universities-institutes-campuses/%28v%29/Pointe-Noire-311/%28c%29/Pointe-Noire-520|title=Higher education, universities, institutes, campuses in Pointe-Noire, Pointe-Noire|author=Tikdem Technologies|work=PagesClaires.com|access-date=24 May 2016}}</ref>

== University establishments ==
As a result of the decentralisation policy put in place by the Congolese government, Pointe-Noire has seen the emergence of some young universities. The city has several private institutes and universities:

* The University of Loango,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Universite-Loango |url=https://universite-loango.com/ |access-date=2024-02-04 |website=universite-loango.com}}</ref> which offers programmes in law, [[management]] and [[commerce]]
* The Ecole Africaine de Développement<ref>{{Cite web |last=Congo |first=Le Pratique du |title=EAD (École Africaine de Developpement) {{!}} Le Pratique du Congo |url=https://www.lepratiqueducongo.com/annuaire/ead-ecole-africaine-de-developpement-2/ |access-date=2024-02-04 |language=fr-FR}}</ref> in Pointe-Noire offers programmes in science and [[technology]]
* Ecole Superieure of Commerce and Industry of Congo<ref>{{Cite web |title=ESCIC |url=https://www.escic-cg.com/}}</ref> of Congo offers Bachelor's degree courses in partnership with Ecole SupdeV Paris

==Transport==
[[File:Pointe-Noire Railway Station.jpg|thumb|left|160px|Pointe-Noire railway station]]
[[File:Pointe-Noire_Public_Transport.jpg|thumb|right|160px|Public transport in Point-Noire]]

Pointe-Noire is home to [[Agostinho-Neto International Airport]] which as of August 2023 had direct flights to [[Port Bouet Airport|Abidjan]], [[Bole International Airport|Addis Ababa]], [[Maya-Maya Airport|Brazzaville]],  [[Cadjehoun Airport|Cotonou]], [[Douala International Airport|Douala]], [[Istanbul Airport|Istanbul]], [[Libreville International Airport|Libreville]], [[Quatro de Fevereiro Airport|Luanda]] and [[Charles de Gaulle Airport|Paris]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Pointe Noire routes and destinations |url=https://www.flightradar24.com/data/airports/pnr/routes |website=Flightradar24 |access-date=23 August 2023}}</ref> and was the second busiest airport in the country.

Pointe-Noire is also the terminus of the [[Congo-Ocean Railway]], the [[railway station]] being a notable building. {{As of|2014}} the railway was operating the [[La Gazelle train|''La Gazelle'']] train service every other day to [[Brazzaville]] and intermediate destinations.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Republic of Congo travel |url=https://www.lonelyplanet.com/congo |access-date=2023-07-05 |website=Lonely Planet |language=en}}</ref>

Thanks to its rapid growth, the city now includes [[Tié-Tié Railway Station]] and [[Ngondji Railway Station]], the next railway stations after the Pointe Noire terminus.{{citation needed|date=May 2015}}

On 22 June 2010 a train departing from Pointe-Noire derailed resulting in the deaths of many passengers.<ref name="aljazeera">{{cite web|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2010/6/23/scores-dead-in-congo-train-crash|title=Scores dead in Congo train crash|access-date=23 August 2023}}</ref> The railway was built by the [[France|French]] between 1921 and 1934 during the French colonial rule in Congo.

Pointe-Noire has a taxi-bus [[Transport network|network]] that runs throughout the entire city.

== Places of worship ==
Among the [[places of worship]], they are predominantly [[Christianity|Christian]] churches and temples: [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Pointe-Noire]] ([[Catholic Church]]), [[Evangelical Church of Congo]] ([[World Communion of Reformed Churches]]) and [[Assemblies of God]].<ref>J. Gordon Melton, Martin Baumann, ''Religions of the World: A Comprehensive Encyclopedia of Beliefs and Practices'', ABC-CLIO, USA, 2010, p. 773</ref>

==Climate==
Pointe-Noire has a [[tropical savanna climate]] under the [[Köppen climate classification]]. The city has a [[wet season]] that spans from October through April, while the remaining 5 months form the [[dry season]]. Pointe-Noire receives roughly {{convert|1000|mm|in}} of precipitation annually. Temperatures are somewhat cooler during the dry season with average temperatures roughly at 24 degrees Celsius. During the wet season, average temperatures hover around 28 degrees Celsius.
{{Weather box
| width = auto
| location = Pointe-Noire (1991-2020)
| single line = Yes
| metric first = Yes
| Jan high C = 30.3
| Feb high C = 31.0
| Mar high C = 31.4
| Apr high C = 31.1
| May high C = 29.7
| Jun high C = 27.4
| Jul high C = 26.0
| Aug high C = 26.1
| Sep high C = 27.1
| Oct high C = 28.7
| Nov high C = 29.5
| Dec high C = 29.7
| Jan mean C = 26.9
| Feb mean C = 27.3
| Mar mean C = 27.6
| Apr mean C = 27.3
| May mean C = 26.4
| Jun mean C = 24.1
| Jul mean C = 22.5
| Aug mean C = 22.7
| Sep mean C = 24.1
| Oct mean C = 25.8
| Nov mean C = 26.4
| Dec mean C = 26.5
| year mean C = 
| Jan low C = 24.0
| Feb low C = 24.1
| Mar low C = 24.3
| Apr low C = 24.2
| May low C = 23.7
| Jun low C = 21.0
| Jul low C = 20.1
| Aug low C = 20.4
| Sep low C = 22.1
| Oct low C = 23.1
| Nov low C = 23.9
| Dec low C = 23.8
| year low C = 23.4
| precipitation colour = green
| Jan precipitation mm = 180.3
| Feb precipitation mm = 225.4
| Mar precipitation mm = 193.4
| Apr precipitation mm = 134.1
| May precipitation mm = 55.5
| Jun precipitation mm = 2.2
| Jul precipitation mm = 1.0
| Aug precipitation mm = 4.2
| Sep precipitation mm = 16.7
| Oct precipitation mm = 104.5
| Nov precipitation mm = 201.6
| Dec precipitation mm = 185.5
| source 1 = NOAA<ref name="WMONormals">{{cite web
|url = https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/data/oceans/archive/arc0216/0253808/4.4/data/0-data/Region-1-WMO-Normals-9120/RepublicOfCongo/CSV/POINTENOIRE_64400.csv
|title = World Meteorological Organization Climate Normals for 1991-2020
|publisher = National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
|access-date = January 4, 2024}}</ref>
| source = 
}}

==Sport==
[[File:Stade de Pointe Noire.jpg|thumb|right|[[Stade Municipal (Pointe-Noire)]]]]
Football teams include [[Association Sportive des Cheminots]] and [[Jeunesse Sportive les Bougainvillées]].

==Twin towns – sister cities==
{{See also|List_of_twin_towns_and_sister_cities_in_Africa#Congo|l1=List of twin towns and sister cities in the Republic of the Congo}}
Pointe-Noire is [[Sister city|twinned]] with:
*{{flagicon|CHN}} [[Dalian]], China<ref>{{cite web |title=大连市友好城市及友好合作关系城市一览|url=http://www.wb.dl.gov.cn/index.php/Home/Index/news_list/id/890/column_id/2.html|website=dl.gov.cn|publisher=Dalian|language=zh|access-date=2020-11-04}}</ref>
*{{flagicon|USA}} [[New Orleans]], United States<ref>{{cite web |title=New Orleans becomes sister city with namesake|url=https://www.kplctv.com/story/37219911/new-orleans-becomes-sister-cities-with-namesake/|website=kplctv.com|publisher=KPLC News|date=2018-01-08|access-date=2020-11-04}}</ref>
*{{flagicon|CHN}} [[Suzhou, Jiangsu|Suzhou]], China<ref name=suzhou>{{cite web |title=苏州友好城市一览表|url=https://m.suzhouhui.com/article/1894.html|website=suzhouhui.com|publisher=Suzhou Hui|language=zh|date=2020-03-06|access-date=2020-11-04}}</ref>

== Notable people ==
* [[Delvin N'Dinga]], footballer
* [[Junior Etou]] (born 1994), Congolese basketball player for [[Hapoel Be'er Sheva B.C.|Hapoel Be'er Sheva]] of the [[Israeli Basketball Premier League]]
*[[Alain Mabanckou]] (born 1966), writer
*[[Sardoine Mia]] (born 1998), artist
*[[Ghislaine Sathoud]], feminist writer

== See also ==
* [[Railway stations in Congo]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
{{Wikivoyage|Pointe-Noire}}
{{commons category|Pointe-Noire (Congo)}}
* Decalo S., Thompson V. & Adloff R. 1984. ''Historical dictionary of Congo'' pp.&nbsp;244–245. USA: The Scarecrow Press, Inc.

{{Districts of the Republic of the Congo}}{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Pointe-Noire| ]]
[[Category:Departments of the Republic of the Congo]]
[[Category:Populated places in the Republic of the Congo]]
[[Category:Populated coastal places in the Republic of the Congo]]
[[Category:Populated places established in 1883]]
[[Category:1883 establishments in French Congo]]