Editing Polygonaceae

{{Short description|Knotweed family of flowering plants}}
{{automatic taxobox
| image = Polygonum persicaria bgiu.jpg
| image_caption = ''[[Persicaria maculosa]]''
| taxon = Polygonaceae
| authority = [[Antoine Laurent de Jussieu|Juss.]]<ref name="apgiii"/>
| subdivision_ranks = Subfamilies
| subdivision = {{unbulleted list
|[[Polygonoideae]]
|[[Eriogonoideae]]
 }}
}}
The '''Polygonaceae''' are a [[Family (biology)|family]] of [[flowering plant]]s known [[Common name|informally]] as the '''knotweed family''' or '''smartweed—buckwheat family''' in the United States. The [[Botanical name|name]] is [[Basionym|based]] on the [[genus]] ''[[Polygonum]]'', and was first used by [[Antoine Laurent de Jussieu]] in 1789 in his book, ''Genera Plantarum''.<ref name="Jussieu1789">Antoine Laurent de Jussieu. 1789. ''Genera plantarum: secundum ordines naturales disposita, juxta methodum in Horto regio parisiensi exaratam''. page 82. Herrisant and Barrois: Paris, France. (see ''External links'' below)</ref> The name may refer to the many swollen [[Node (botany)|nodes]] the stems of some species have, being [[Etymology|derived]] from [[Ancient Greek|Greek]] [''poly'' meaning 'many' and ''gony'' meaning 'knee' or 'joint']. Alternatively, it may have a different origin, meaning 'many seeds'.<ref name="FNA">{{cite book |first1=Mihai |last1=Costea |first2=François J. |last2=Tardif |first3=Harold R. |last3=Hinds |contribution=Polygonum |contribution-url=http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=126398 |access-date=2019-05-10 |name-list-style=amp |editor-last=Flora of North America Editorial Committee <!-- |year=1982 onwards --> |title=Flora of North America ''(online)'' |publisher=eFloras.org |archive-date=2021-05-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210506031259/http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=126398 |url-status=live }}</ref>

The Polygonaceae comprise about 1200 [[species]]<ref name="mabberley2008">David J. Mabberley. 2008. ''Mabberley's Plant-Book'' third edition (2008). Cambridge University Press: UK. {{ISBN|978-0-521-82071-4}}</ref> distributed into about 48 genera.<ref name="Christenhusz-Byng2016">{{cite journal |author1=Christenhusz, M. J. M. |author2=Byng, J. W. |year=2016 |title=The number of known plants species in the world and its annual increase |journal=Phytotaxa |volume=261 |pages=201–217 |url=http://biotaxa.org/Phytotaxa/article/download/phytotaxa.261.3.1/20598 |doi=10.11646/phytotaxa.261.3.1 |issue=3 |publisher=Magnolia Press |doi-access=free |access-date=2016-07-14 |archive-date=2016-07-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160729085754/http://biotaxa.org/Phytotaxa/article/download/phytotaxa.261.3.1/20598 |url-status=live }}</ref> The largest genera are ''[[Eriogonum]]'' (240 species), ''[[Rumex]]'' (200 species), ''[[Coccoloba]]'' (120 species), ''[[Persicaria]]'' (100 species) and ''[[Calligonum]]'' (80 species).<ref name="freeman2005">Craig C. Freeman and James L. Reveal. 2005. "Polygonaceae" pages 216-601. In: Flora of North America Editorial Committee (editors).  ''Flora of North America'' vol. 5. Oxford University Press: New York, NY, USA. {{ISBN|978-0-19-522211-1}} (see ''External links'' below)</ref><ref name="brandbyge1993">John Brandbyge. 1993. "Polygonaceae". pages 531-544. In: Klaus Kubitzki (editor); Jens G. Rohwer, and Volker Bittrich (volume editors). ''The Families and Genera of Vascular Plants'' volume II. Springer-Verlag: Berlin; Heidelberg, Germany {{ISBN|978-3-540-55509-4}} (Berlin) {{ISBN|978-0-387-55509-6}} (New York)</ref> The family is present worldwide, but is most [[Biodiversity|diverse]] in the [[North Temperate Zone]].

Several species are [[Horticulture|cultivated]] as [[Ornamental plant|ornamentals]].<ref name="rhs">[[Anthony Huxley]], Mark Griffiths, and Margot Levy (1992). ''The New Royal Horticultural Society Dictionary of Gardening''. The Macmillan Press,Limited: London. The Stockton Press: New York. {{ISBN|978-0-333-47494-5}} (set).</ref> A few species of ''[[Triplaris]]'' provide [[lumber]].<ref name="mabberley2008"/> The fruit of the sea grape (''[[Coccoloba uvifera]]'') is eaten, and in [[Florida]], [[Fruit preserves|jelly]] is made from it and sold commercially.<ref name="staples2005">George W. Staples and Derral R. Herbst "A Tropical Garden Flora" Bishop Museum Press: Honolulu, Hawaii, USA. (2005)</ref> The seeds of two species of ''[[Fagopyrum]]'', known as [[buckwheat]], are eaten in the form of [[groats]] or used to make flour. The [[Petiole (botany)|petioles]] of [[rhubarb]] (''[[Rheum rhabarbarum]]'' and hybrids) are a food item. The leaves of the common [[sorrel]] (''[[Rumex acetosa]]'') are eaten in [[salad]]s or as a [[leaf vegetable]].<ref name="heywood2007">Vernon H. Heywood, Richard K. Brummitt, Ole Seberg, and Alastair Culham. ''Flowering Plant Families of the World''. Firefly Books: Ontario, Canada. (2007). {{ISBN|978-1-55407-206-4}}.</ref>

Polygonaceae contain some of the most prolific [[Ruderal species|weeds]], including species of ''Persicaria, Rumex'' and ''Polygonum'', as well as [[Japanese knotweed]].<ref name="mabberley2008"/>

==Taxonomy==
Polygonaceae are very well-defined and have long been universally recognized. In the [[APG III system]], the family is placed in the [[Order (biology)|order]] [[Caryophyllales]].<ref name="apgiii">{{Citation |last=Angiosperm Phylogeny Group |year=2009 |title=An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG III |journal=Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society |volume=161 |issue=2 |pages=105–121 |doi=10.1111/j.1095-8339.2009.00996.x |doi-access=free|hdl=10654/18083 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> Within the order, it lies outside of the large [[clade]] known as the core Caryophyllales.<ref name="Brockington2009">{{cite journal |last1=Brockington |first1=Samuel F. |last2=Alexandre |first2=Roolse |last3=Ramdial |first3=Jeremy |last4=Moore |first4=Michael J. |last5=Crawley |first5=Sunny |last6=Dhingra |first6=Amit |last7=Hilu |first7=Khidir |last8=Soltis |first8=Douglas E. |last9=Soltis |first9=Pamela S. |year=2009 |title=Phylogeny of the Caryophyllales sensu lato: Revisiting hypotheses on pollination biology and perianth differentiation in the core Caryophyllales |url=http://hdl.handle.net/10919/49132 |journal=International Journal of Plant Sciences |volume=170 |issue=5 |pages=627–643 |doi=10.1086/597785 |hdl=10919/49132 |s2cid=58921387 |hdl-access=free |access-date=2020-09-15 |archive-date=2023-01-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230120084848/https://vtechworks.lib.vt.edu/handle/10919/49132 |url-status=live }}</ref> It is a [[sister taxon|sister]] to the family [[Plumbaginaceae]], which it does not resemble [[Plant morphology|morphologically]].<ref name="apweb">Peter F. Stevens. 2001 onwards. Angiosperm Phylogeny Website At: Missouri Botanical Garden Website. (see ''External links'' below).</ref>
[[File:Polygonum plebeium W IMG 0462.jpg|thumb|250px|''[[Polygonum plebeium]]'' or small knotweed]]

The last comprehensive revision of the family was published in 1993 by John Brandbyge as part of [[Kubitzki system|''The Families and Genera of Vascular Plants'']].<ref name="brandbyge1993"/> Brandbyge followed [[List of systems of plant taxonomy|earlier systems]] of [[History of plant systematics|plant classification]] in dividing Polygonaceae into two [[subfamilies]], [[Eriogonoideae]] and [[Polygonoideae]]. Since 1993, the [[Circumscription (taxonomy)|circumscriptions]] of these two subfamilies have been changed in light of [[phylogenetic]] [[Research|studies]] of [[DNA sequence]]s.<ref name="sanchez2009">{{cite journal |last1=Sanchez |first1=Adriana |last2=Schuster |first2=Tanja M. |last3=Kron |first3=Kathleen A. |year=2009 |title=A large-scale phylogeny of Polygonaceae based on molecular data |journal=International Journal of Plant Sciences |volume=170 |issue=8 |pages=1044–1055 |doi=10.1086/605121 |s2cid=84694521}}</ref> Genera related to ''Coccoloba'' and ''Triplaris'' were moved from Polygonoideae to Eriogonoideae. The genus ''Symmeria'' does not belong to either of these subfamilies because it is a sister to the rest of the family.<ref name="burke2010">{{cite journal |last1=Burke |first1=Janelle M. |last2=Sanchez |first2=Adriana |last3=Kron |first3=Kathleen |last4=Luckow |first4=Melissa |year=2010 |title=Placing the woody tropical genera of Polygonaceae: A hypothesis of character evolution and phylogeny |journal=American Journal of Botany |volume=97 |issue=8 |pages=1377–1390 |doi=10.3732/ajb.1000022 |pmid=21616890}}</ref> ''Afrobrunnichia'' might constitute a new subfamily as well.<ref name="sanchez&kron2009">{{cite journal |last1=Sanchez |first1=Adriana |last2=Kron |first2=Kathleen A. |year=2009 |title=Phylogenetic relationships of ''Afrobrunnichia'' Hutch. & Dalziel (Polygonaceae) based on three chloroplast genes and ITS |journal=Taxon |volume=58 |issue=3 |pages=781–792 |doi=10.1002/tax.583008}}</ref>

Brandbyge wrote descriptions for 43 genera of Polygonaceae in 1993.<ref name="brandbyge1993"/> Since then, a few more genera have been erected, and some [[Segregate (taxonomy)|segregates]] of ''Brunnichia'', ''Eriogonum'', and ''Persicaria'' have been given generic [[Taxonomic rank|status]] in major works.<ref name="freeman2005"/><ref name="burke2010"/><ref name="li2003">Anjen Li, Bojian Bao, Alisa E. Grabovskaya-Borodina, Suk-pyo Hong, John McNeill, Sergei L. Mosyakin, Hideaki Ohba, and Chong-wook Park. 2003. "Polygonaceae" pages 277-350. In: Zhengyi Wu, Peter H. Raven, and Deyuan Hong (editors). ''Flora of China'' volume 5. Science Press: Beijing, China; Missouri Botanical Garden Press: St. Louis, Missouri, USA.</ref> Some of the genera were found not to be [[monophyletic]] and their limits have been revised. These include ''Ruprechtia'', ''Eriogonum'', ''Chorizanthe'', ''Persicaria'', ''Aconogonon'', ''Polygonum'', ''Fallopia'', and ''Muehlenbeckia''.

==Description==
[[Image:Ocreae of a Persicaria maculosa 2006-aug-10 Gothenburg Sweden.jpg|thumb|right|Ochrea of ''[[Persicaria maculosa]]'']]

Most Polygonaceae are [[Perennial plant|perennial]] [[Herbaceous plant|herbaceous]] plants with swollen [[Glossary of botanical terms#N|nodes]], but [[tree]]s, [[shrub]]s and [[vine]]s are also present. The [[leaves]] of Polygonaceae are [[Leaf#Divisions of the blade|simple]], and arranged [[Phyllotaxis|alternately]] on the [[Plant stem|stems]]. Each leaf has a peculiar pair of fused, sheathing [[stipule]]s, known as an [[ochrea]]. Those species that do not have the nodal ochrea can be identified by their possession of [[Involucral bract|involucrate]] [[Head (botany)|flower heads]]. The [[flower]]s are normally [[Plant sexuality#Terminology|bisexual]], small, and [[Floral symmetry|actinomorphic]], with a perianth of three to six [[sepal]]s.  After [[Anthesis|flowering]], the sepals often become thickened and enlarged around the developing [[fruit]]. Flowers lack a [[Glossary of botanical terms#C|corolla]] and in some, the sepals are petal-like and colorful. The [[androecium]] is composed of three to eight [[stamen]]s that are normally free or [[Connation|united]] at the base. The [[Ovary (plants)|ovary]] consists of three united [[carpel]]s that form a single [[locule]], which produces only one [[ovule]]. The ovary is [[superior ovary|superior]] with basal or free-central [[Placentation#Placentation in plants|placentation]]. The [[gynoecium]] terminates in 1 to 3 [[style (botany)|styles]], each of which ends in a single [[Stigma (botany)|stigma]].<ref name="jones1979">Samuel B. Jones and Arlene E. Luchsinger. 1979. ''Plant systematics''. McGraw-Hill series in organismic biology. New York: McGraw-Hill. Page 254. {{ISBN|0-07-032795-5}}</ref><ref name="judd2008">Walter S. Judd, Christopher S. Campbell, Elizabeth A. Kellogg, Peter F. Stevens, and Michael J. Donoghue. 2008. ''Plant Systematics: A Phylogenetic Approach'', Third Edition. Sinauer Associates: Sunderland, MA, USA. {{ISBN|978-0-87893-407-2}}</ref><ref name="takhtajan2009">Armen L. Takhtajan (Takhtadzhian). ''Flowering Plants'' second edition (2009), pages 155-156. Springer Science+Business Media. {{ISBN|978-1-4020-9608-2}}. (see ''External links'' below)</ref>
[[File:Persicaria capitata AF crop.jpg|250px|thumb|''[[Persicaria capitata]]'' or pink knotweed]]

==Genera==
{{As of|2019|March}}, [[Plants of the World Online]] accepted 56 genera:<ref name="POWO_30000532-2">{{cite web |title=''Polygonaceae'' <small>Juss.</small> |work=Plants of the World Online |publisher=Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew |url=https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:30000532-2 |access-date=17 April 2024}}</ref>
{{Div col|colwidth=20em}}
*''[[Acanthoscyphus]]'' <small>Small</small>
*''[[Afrobrunnichia]]'' <small>Hutch. & Dalziel</small>
*''[[Antigonon]]'' <small>Endl.</small>
*''[[Aristocapsa]]'' <small>Reveal & Hardham</small>
*''[[Atraphaxis]]'' <small>L.</small>
*''[[Bactria (plant)|Bactria]]'' <small>Yurtseva & Mavrodiev</small>
*''[[Bistorta]]'' <small>(L.) Scop.</small>
*''[[Brunnichia]]'' <small>Banks ex Gaertn.</small>
*''[[Caelestium]]'' {{small|Yurtseva & Mavrodiev}}
*''[[Calligonum]]'' <small>L.</small>
*''[[Centrostegia]]'' <small>A.Gray</small>
*''[[Chorizanthe]]'' <small>R.Br. ex Benth.</small>
*''[[Coccoloba]]'' <small>P.Browne</small>
*''[[Dedeckera]]'' <small>Reveal & J.T.Howell</small>
*''[[Dodecahema]]'' <small>Reveal & C.B.Hardham</small>
*''[[Duma (plant)|Duma]]'' <small>T.M.Schust.</small>
*''[[Enneatypus]]'' <small>Herzog</small>
*''[[Eriogonum]]'' <small>Michx.</small>
*''[[Eskemukerjea]]'' <small>Malick & Sengupta</small>
*''[[Fagopyrum]]'' <small>Mill.</small>
*''[[Fallopia]]'' <small>Adans.</small>
*''[[Gilmania]]'' <small>Coville</small>
*''[[Goodmania]]'' <small>Reveal & Ertter</small>
*''[[Gymnopodium]]'' <small>Rolfe</small>
*''[[Harfordia (plant)|Harfordia]]'' <small>Greene & Parry</small>
*''[[Hollisteria]]'' <small>S.Watson</small>
*''[[Johanneshowellia]]'' <small>Reveal</small>
*''[[Knorringia]]'' <small>(Czukav.) Tzvelev</small>
*''[[Koenigia]]'' <small>L.</small>
*''[[Lastarriaea]]'' <small>Remy</small>
*''[[Leptogonum]]'' <small>Benth.</small>
*''[[Magoniella]]'' <small>Adr.Sanchez</small>
*''[[Mucronea]]'' <small>Benth.</small>
*''[[Muehlenbeckia]]'' <small>Meisn.</small>
*''[[Nemacaulis]]'' <small>Nutt.</small>
*''[[Neomillspaughia]]'' <small>S.F.Blake</small>
*''[[Oxygonum]]'' <small>Burch.</small>
*''[[Oxyria]]'' <small>Hill</small>
*''[[Oxytheca]]'' <small>Nutt.</small>
*''[[Parogonum]]'' {{small|(Haraldson) Desjardins & J.P.Bailey}}
*''[[Persicaria]]'' <small>Mill.</small>
*''[[Podopterus]]'' <small>Bonpl.</small>
*''[[Polygonum]]'' <small>L.</small>
*''[[Pteropyrum]]'' <small>Jaub. & Spach</small>
*''[[Pterostegia]]'' <small>Fisch. & C.A.Mey.</small>
*''[[Pteroxygonum]]'' <small>Dammer & Diels</small>
*''[[× Reyllopia]]'' {{small|Holub}}
*''[[Reynoutria]]'' <small>Houtt.</small>
*''[[Rheum (plant)|Rheum]]'' <small>L.</small>
*''[[Rumex]]'' <small>L.</small>
*''[[Ruprechtia]]'' <small>C.A.Mey.</small>
*''[[Salta (plant)|Salta]]'' <small>Adr.Sanchez</small>
*''[[Sidotheca]]'' <small>Reveal</small>
*''[[Stenogonum]]'' <small>Nutt.</small>
*''[[Symmeria]]'' <small>Benth.</small>
*''[[Systenotheca]]'' <small>Reveal & Hardham</small>
*''[[Triplaris]]'' <small>Loefl.</small>
{{Div col end}}

===Former genera===
*''Aconogonon'' <small>(Meisn.) Rchb.</small> – now included in ''[[Koenigia]]''
*''[[Harpagocarpus]]'' <small>Hutch. & Dandy</small> - synonym of ''[[Fagopyrum]]''
*''Homalocladium'' <small>(F.Muell.) L.H.Bailey</small> – now included in ''[[Muehlenbeckia]]''
*''Parapteropyrum'' <small>A.J.Li</small> – now included in ''[[Fagopyrum]]''
*''Peutalis'' <small>Raf.</small> – synonym of ''[[Persicaria]]''
*''Polygonella'' <small>Michx.</small> – now included in ''[[Polygonum]]''
*''Rubrivena'' <small>M.Král</small> – now included in ''[[Koenigia]]''

==Phylogeny==
The following [[phylogenetic tree]] is based on two [[Academic publishing#Scholarly paper|papers]] on the [[molecular phylogenetics]] of Polygonaceae.<ref name="sanchez2009"/><ref name="burke2010"/>
{{clade|style=font-size:100%;line-height:120%
|label1='''Polygonaceae'''
|1={{clade
   |1=''[[Symmeria]]''
   |2={{clade
      |1=''[[Afrobrunnichia]]''
      |label2=[[Eriogonoideae]]
      |2={{clade
         |1={{clade
            |1=''[[Brunnichia]]''
            |2=''[[Antigonon]]''
            }}
         |2={{clade
            |1={{clade
               |1=''[[Neomillspaughia]]''
               |2=''[[Coccoloba]]''
               }}
            |2=''[[Podopterus]]''
            |3=''[[Leptogonum]]''
            |4={{clade
               |1=''[[Ruprechtia]]''
               |2=''[[Triplaris]]''
               }}
            |5={{clade
               |1=''[[Gymnopodium]]''
               |2={{clade
                  |1=''[[Gilmania]]''
                  |2={{clade
                     |1=''[[Pterostegia]]''
                     |2={{clade
                        |1=''[[Eriogonum]]''
                        |2=''[[Chorizanthe]]''
                        }}
                     }}
                  }}
               }}
            }}
         }}
      |label3=[[Polygonoideae]]
      |3={{clade
         |1={{clade
            |1=''[[Persicaria]]''
            |2={{clade
               |1={{clade
                  |1=''[[Bistorta]]''
                  |2=''[[Rubrivena]]''
                  }}
               |2={{clade
                  |1=''[[Aconogonon]]''
                  |2=''[[Koenigia]]''
                  }}
               }}
            }}
         |2={{clade
            |1=''[[Fagopyrum]]'' (including ''Parapteropyrum'')
            |2={{clade
               |1=''[[Calligonum]]''
               |2=''[[Pteropyrum]]''
               |3=''[[Pteroxygonum]]''
               }}
            |3={{clade
               |1=''[[Oxyria]]''
               |2=''[[Rheum (plant)|Rheum]]''
               |3=''[[Rumex]]'' (including ''Emex'')
               }}
            |4={{clade
               |1=''[[Knorringia]]''
               |2={{clade
                  |1={{clade
                     |1=''[[Atraphaxis]]''
                     |2=''[[Polygonella]]''
                     |3=''[[Polygonum]]''
                     }}
                  |2={{clade
                     |1=''[[Reynoutria]]''
                     |2=''[[Fallopia]]''
                     |3=''[[Muehlenbeckia]]''
                     }}
                  }}
               }}
            }}
         }}
      }}
   }}
}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commonscat}}
{{Wikispecies}}
*[http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=10717 Polygonaceae] In: [http://www.efloras.org/volume_page.aspx?volume_id=1005&flora_id=1 FNA volume 5] In: [http://www.efloras.org/browse.aspx?flora_id=1 Family List] In: [http://www.efloras.org/flora_page.aspx?flora_id=1 ''Flora of North America''] At: [http://www.efloras.org/index.aspx eFloras]
*[http://www.botanicus.org/title/b11904549 Polygonaceae] In: [http://www.botanicus.org/title/b11904549 ''Genera Plantarum'' (Jussieu)] At: [http://www.botanicus.org/Search.aspx?searchTerm=Genera%20Plantarum Genera Plantarum] At: [http://www.botanicus.org/Search.aspx?searchTerm=Search%20Botanicus Search] At: [[Botanicus.org]]
*[http://www.mobot.org/mobot/research/apweb/genera/polygonaceaegen.html List of Genera in Polygonaceae] At: [http://www.mobot.org/MOBOT/Research/APweb/orders/caryophyllalesweb.htm#Polygonaceae Polygonaceae] At: [http://www.mobot.org/MOBOT/Research/APweb/orders/caryophyllalesweb.htm#Caryophyllales Caryophyllales] At: [http://www.mobot.org/MOBOT/Research/APweb/welcome.html Angiosperm Phylogeny Website] At: [http://www.mobot.org Missoure Botanical Garden Website]
*[http://data.kew.org/cgi-bin/vpfg1992/genlist.pl?POLYGONACEAE List of genera in family Polygonaceae] At: [http://data.kew.org/vpfg1992/genlist.html#D Dicotyledons] At: [http://data.kew.org/vpfg1992/genlist.html List Genera within a Family] At: [http://data.kew.org/vpfg1992/vascplnt.html Vascular Plant Families and Genera] At: [http://apps.kew.org/wcsp/about.do About the Checklist] At: [http://apps.kew.org/wcsp/home.do World Checklist of Selected Plant Families] At: [http://epic.kew.org/datasources.htm Data Sources] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120910162710/http://epic.kew.org/datasources.htm |date=2012-09-10 }} At: [http://epic.kew.org/index.htm ePIC] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120910161005/http://epic.kew.org/index.htm |date=2012-09-10 }} At: [http://www.kew.org/data/ Scientific Databases] At: [http://www.kew.org/ Kew Gardens]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20081005115701/http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/gnlist.pl?905 List of genera] At: [https://web.archive.org/web/20120915112332/http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/family.pl?905 Polygonaceae] At: [http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/famlist.pl List of families] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20000816163915/http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/famlist.pl |date=2000-08-16 }} At: [http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/taxfam.pl?language=en Families and Genera in GRIN] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130227004053/http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/taxfam.pl?language=en |date=2013-02-27 }} At: [http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/queries.pl?language=en Queries] At: [http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/index.pl GRIN taxonomy for plants]
*[http://www.tolweb.org/non-core_Caryophyllales/20968 non-core Caryophyllales] At: [http://www.tolweb.org/Caryophyllales/20703 Caryophyllales] At: [http://www.tolweb.org/Life_on_Earth/1 Root of the Tree (Life on Earth)] At: [http://www.tolweb.org/tree/ Tree of Life web project]
*[https://books.google.com/books?id=oumyfO-NHuUC&dq=Polygonaceae+Takhtajan&pg=PA155 Polygonaceae] In: [https://books.google.com/books?id=oumyfO-NHuUC&q=Flowering+Plants+Takhtajan ''Flowering Plants'' (Takhtajan)]
*[http://delta-intkey.com/angio/www/polygona.htm Polygonaceae] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070103200438/http://delta-intkey.com/ |date=2007-01-03 }} in [http://delta-intkey.com/angio/ L. Watson and M.J. Dallwitz (1992 onwards). The families of flowering plants: descriptions, illustrations, identification, information retrieval.] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070103200438/http://delta-intkey.com/angio/ |date=2007-01-03 }} http://delta-intkey.com {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070103200438/http://delta-intkey.com/ |date=2007-01-03 }}
*[http://flowersinisrael.com/FamPolygonaceae.html Family Polygonaceae] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121011053239/http://flowersinisrael.com/FamPolygonaceae.html |date=2012-10-11 }} Flowers in Israel
*[http://greif.uni-greifswald.de/floragreif/?fam=Polygonaceae&gen=&spec=&flora_search=taxon Polygonaceae of Mongolia in FloraGREIF]

{{Angiosperm families}}
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[[Category:Polygonaceae| ]]
[[Category:Caryophyllales families]]