Editing Pont Neuf

{{Short description|Bridge across the Seine in Paris, France}}
{{For|the bridge in [[Toulouse]]|Pont Neuf, Toulouse}}
{{more citations needed|date=May 2019}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2021}}
{{Infobox bridge
|bridge_name   = Le Pont Neuf
|image         = The western sides of the Île de la Cité and the Pont Neuf, 14 July 2008.jpg
|image_size    = 265px
|caption       = The bridge as seen from the [[Pont des Arts]]
|official_name =
|carries       =
|crosses       = River [[Seine]]
|locale        = Paris, France
|maint         =
|id            =
|designer      =Believed to be [[Androuet du Cerceau|Baptiste Androuet du Cerceau]] and Guillaume Marchand<br/>maintenance engineering by Soufflot, Perronet, Lagalisserie and Résal<ref name="whitney" />
|design        =[[Arch bridge]]
|material      =[[Masonry|stone]]
|spans         =7 + 5
|pierswater    =
|mainspan      =
|length        = {{convert|232|m}}<ref name="structurae" />
|width         = {{convert|22|m}}<ref name="structurae" />
|height        =
|load          =
|clearance     =
|below         =
|traffic       =
|begin         = 1578<ref name="structurae">{{Structurae|id=20000220|title=Pont-Neuf}}</ref>
|complete      = 1607<ref name="structurae" />
|open          =
|closed        =
|toll          =
|map_cue       =
|map_image     =
|map_text      =
|map_width     =
|coordinates   = {{coord|48|51|27|N|2|20|30|E|region:FR-IDF_type:landmark|display=inline,title}}
|lat           =
|long          =
| downstream = [[Pont des Arts]]
| upstream = [[Pont au Change]]<br/>[[Pont Saint-Michel]]
}}

The '''Pont Neuf''' ({{IPA|fr|pɔ̃ nœf}}, "New Bridge"<!--<ref>"Neuf" when used as a NOUN is a number (nine or 9). When describing a noun (adjective) it means new or unused. (http://translate.google.com/translate_t#fr|en|Neuf)</ref>-->) is the oldest standing [[List of crossings of the River Seine|bridge across the river Seine]] in [[Paris]], [[France]]. It stands by the western (downstream) point of the [[Île de la Cité]], the island in the middle of the river that was, between 250 and 225 BC, the birthplace of Paris, then known as [[Lutetia]] and, during the [[History of Paris|medieval period]], the heart of the city.

The bridge is composed of two separate spans, one of five arches joining the left bank to the ''Île de la Cité'', another of seven joining the island to the right bank. Old engraved maps of Paris show that the newly built bridge just grazed the downstream tip of the ''Île de la Cité''; since then, the natural sandbar building of a [[Ait|mid-river island]], aided by stone-faced embankments called ''[[quai]]s'', has extended the island. Today the tip of the island is the location of the ''Square du Vert-Galant'', a small public park named in honour of [[Henry IV of France|Henry IV]], nicknamed the "Green Gallant".

The name ''Pont Neuf'' was given to distinguish it from older bridges that were lined on both sides with houses, and has remained after all of those were replaced. Its name notwithstanding, it has long been the oldest bridge in Paris crossing the Seine. It has been listed since 1889 as a ''[[monument historique]]'' by the [[French Ministry of Culture]].<ref name="merimee">{{Base Mérimée|PA00085999}} Pont-Neuf</ref>

==Construction==
[[File:P1140241 Carnavalet Ecole française Projet Pont-Neuf vers 1577 rwk.JPG|thumb|right|300px|Painting of the ''Pont Neuf'' project as approved by [[Henry III of France|King Henry III]] in 1578. The bridge was completed in 1607 with a less ornate design.]] 
As early as 1550, [[Henry II of France|Henry II]] considered building a new bridge at the Ile de la Cite because the existing [[Pont Notre-Dame]] was congested and needed repair. The idea was not advanced for lack of funds. By 1577, however, Henry III released funds from the national treasury for a new bridge and appointed a building commission for its designing and planning. Henry rejected the first design proposed by the committee, which included monumental arches, but no plan for buildings along the sides. The commission proceeded in 1578 with modifications to its initial plan, perhaps devised by the royal architect, [[Androuet de Cerceau]]. While Henry had already allowed for piers to be driven for the northern arm of bridge, the first construction under the 1579 design indicated a wider deck in preparation of buildings to be constructed on the side. The houses were never built, but the wide bridge deck was retained.<ref name="whitney"/>

In February 1578,<ref>Ballon 1991, p. 117. A surveyor's report of 3 March 1578 is described and reproduced in Lasteyrie 1882, pp. [http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k6322850r/f31.image.langEN 25–34]. The ''[[lettres patentes]]'' were signed on 16 March 1578 (Lasteyrie 1882, [http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k6322850r/f15.image.langEN p. 9]).</ref> the decision to build the bridge was made by [[Henry III of France|Henry III]] who laid its first stone in on 31 May 1578,<ref>Lasteyrie 1882, [https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k6322850r/f53.image.langEN p. 47]</ref> the same year when the foundations of four piers and one abutment were completed.<ref name="whitney" /> Pierre des Isles, one of the builders, convinced the supervisory commission that the bridge, which was originally planned straight, would be more resistant to the river currents if its two sections were built at a slight angle. The change was adopted in May 1578.<ref>Ballon 1991, pp. 117–118.</ref>

Further design changes were made during the summer of 1579. First, the number of arches was changed from eight and four to seven and five. This was not a problem on the north side, where nothing had been built, but on the south, where the four piles and the abutment on the Left Bank were already laid, the addition of the fifth arch necessitated reducing the length of the platform on the island, the ''terre-plein'', from 28.5 [[toise]]s to about 19. Second, it was decided to allow houses to be built on the bridge (though they never were). This required the widening of the bridge.<ref>Ballon 1991, p. 118 and p. 324 (note 11).</ref> The remaining piers were built over the next nine years.<ref name="whitney" /> After a long delay beginning in 1588, due to political unrest and to the [[French Wars of Religion|Wars of Religion]], construction was resumed in 1599 under the reign of Henry IV.<ref name="whitney" /> The bridge was opened to traffic in 1604 and completed in July 1606.<ref>Ballon 1991, p. 122.</ref> It was inaugurated by Henry IV in 1607.

Like most bridges of its time, the ''Pont Neuf'' is constructed as a series of many short [[arch bridge]]s, following [[Roman bridge|Roman precedents]]. It was the first stone bridge in Paris not to support houses in addition to a thoroughfare, and was also fitted with pavements protecting pedestrians from mud and horses; pedestrians could also step aside into its [[bastion]]s to let a bulky carriage pass. The decision not to include houses on the bridge can be traced back directly to Henry IV, who decided against their inclusion on the grounds that houses would impede a clear view of the [[Louvre]],<ref>Strohmayer 2007.</ref> which the newly built ''galerie du bord de l'eau'' linked to the [[Tuileries Palace]].

Pont Neuf was for a long time the widest bridge in Paris. It has undergone much repair and renovation work, including rebuilding of seven spans in the long arm and lowering of the roadway by changing the arches from an almost semi-circular to elliptical form (1848–1855), lowering of sidewalks and faces of the [[Pier (architecture)|piers]], [[spandrels]], [[cornice]]s and replacing crumbled [[corbel]]s as closely to the originals as possible.<ref name="whitney" /> In 1885, one of the piers of the short arm was undermined, removing the two adjacent arches, requiring them to be rebuilt and all the foundations strengthened.<ref name="whitney" />

A major restoration of the ''Pont Neuf'' was begun in 1994 and was completed in 2007, the year of its 400th anniversary.

==''Mascarons''==
[[File:Macaron du pont-Neuf.jpg|thumb|left|200px|The mascarons, 381 in number, are copies of the Renaissance originals]]
The ''mascarons'' are the stone masks, 381 in number, each being different and which decorate the sides of the bridge. They represent the heads of forest and field divinities from ancient mythology, as well as [[satyrs]] and [[Silvanus (mythology)|sylvains]]. They are copies of the originals attributed to the French Renaissance sculptor [[Germain Pilon]] (1525–1590), who also sculpted the tomb of King [[Henry II of France]] and Queen [[Catherine de'Medici]] in the [[Basilica of St Denis]], five kilometers north of Paris. The ''mascarons'' remained in place until 1851–1854, when the bridge was completely rebuilt. At that time six of the original ''mascarons'' from the 16th century were placed in the [[Musée Carnavalet]], along with eight molds of other originals. Eight other originals were first placed in the [[Musée de Cluny – Musée national du Moyen Âge]], and are now in the French National Museum of the Renaissance in the ''[[Château d'Écouen]]''. During their reconstruction, the Renaissance masks were replaced with copies made by noted 19th-century sculptors, including Hippolyte Maindron, Hubert Lavigne, [[Antoine-Louis Barye]] and Fontenelle. Fontenelle made 61 masks, which are found on the upstream side of the bridge between the right bank and the ''Île de la Cité''.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mascaron-du-pont-neuf |url=http://www.carnavalet.paris.fr/fr/collections/mascaron-du-pont-neuf |access-date=13 October 2015 |publisher=Carnavalet Museum}}</ref>

==Equestrian statue of Henry IV==

[[File:PA250316 Paris Ier place du Pont-Neuf-statue Henri IV-reductwk.JPG|thumb|right|200px|Statue of Henry IV on the ''Pont Neuf'' (1618, destroyed 1792, replaced 1818)]]
At the point where the bridge crosses the [[Île de la Cité]], there stands a bronze [[Equestrian Statue of Henry IV|equestrian statue of king Henry IV]], originally commissioned from [[Giambologna]] under the orders of [[Marie de Médicis]], Henri's widow and Regent of France. After his death, Giambologna's assistant [[Pietro Tacca]] completed the statue, which was erected on its pedestal by [[Pietro Francavilla]], in 1614.<ref>Ballon 1991, p. 124.</ref> It was destroyed in 1792 during the [[French Revolution]], but was rebuilt in 1818, following the restoration of the [[House of Bourbon|Bourbon]] monarchy. Commissioned from public donations, bronze for the new statue was obtained from a statue of [[Louis Charles Antoine Desaix]] and melted down.<ref>Thompson 2012, pp. 4, 29.</ref> The new statue was cast from a mold made using a surviving cast of the original. Inside the statue, the new sculptor [[François-Frédéric Lemot]] put four boxes, containing a history of the life of Henry IV, a 17th-century parchment certifying the original statue, a document describing how the new statue was commissioned, and a list of people who contributed to a public subscription.
{{clear left}}

==La Samaritaine==

[[File:Paris - Le Pont Neuf Henri IV.jpg|right|thumb]]
Between 1712 and 1719, replacing an earlier one, a large pump house was built on the bridge. It was decorated with an image of the [[Samaritan woman at the well]]. As a result, the structure (which included a carillon) was named ''La Samaritaine''. Years after it was torn down (in 1813), Ernest Cognacq, a 19th-century merchant, set up a stand on the site and gradually grew his business to what became, in 1869, the department store [[La Samaritaine]].

==As the centre of Paris==

[[File:Plan de Mérian 1615 Palais de la Cité.jpg|thumb|right|350px|The ''Pont Neuf'' in 1615, (Map of Paris by [[Matthäus Merian]])]]
[[File:Nicolas-Jean-Baptiste Raguenet, A View of Paris from the Pont Neuf - Getty Museum.jpg|thumb|right|350px|The ''Pont Neuf'' in 1763, by [[Nicolas-Jean-Baptiste Raguenet]]]]
[[File:Auguste Renoir - Pont Neuf, Paris - Google Art Project.jpg|thumb|350px|''[[Le Pont-Neuf (Renoir)|Le Pont-Neuf]]'', [[Pierre-Auguste Renoir]]'s 1872 painting of Parisians crossing the bridge]]
Upon completion, Pont Neuf attracted throngs of visitors, many of whom used the bridge as a public square, conducting business, socializing, and taking in the view. One contemporary writer repeated a proverb about Pont Neuf to illustrate the variety of people who frequented the bridge, "one never crossed the Pont Neuf without meeting three things: a monk, a girl and a white horse."<ref name="whitney">Whitney 1929, pp. 137–141.</ref> 

All through the 18th century, the ''Pont Neuf'' was the center of Paris, lively with both crime and commerce: <blockquote>Czar Peter the Great, who came to study French civilization under the regency of the Duke d'Orleans, declared that he had found nothing more curious in Paris than the Pont Neuf; and, sixty years later, the philosopher Franklin wrote to his friends in America that he had not understood the Parisian character except in crossing the Pont Neuf.<ref>Lacroix 1858, [https://books.google.com/books?id=kvRAAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA337 p. 337].</ref></blockquote>

In 1862, [[Édouard Fournier]] traced its history in his lively two-volume ''Histoire du Pont-Neuf''.<ref>Fournier 1862, [https://books.google.com/books?id=w3jG6Xy1rHUC&pg=PR3 vol. 1] and [https://books.google.com/books?id=Urm2Cv1o_jYC&pg=PR9 vol. 2] at [[Google Books]].</ref> He describes how, even before it was completed (in 1607), gangs hid out in and around it, robbing and murdering people. It remained a dangerous place even as it became busier. For a long time, the bridge even had its own gallows.

This did not prevent people from congregating there, drawn by various stands and street performers (acrobats, fire-eaters, musicians, etc.). Charlatans and quacks of various sorts were also common, as well as the hustlers ([[shell game]] hucksters, etc.) and pickpockets often found in crowds – not to mention a lively trade in prostitution. Among the many businesses which, however, unofficially set up there, were several famous tooth pullers.

In 1701, Cotolendi quoted a letter supposedly written by a Sicilian tourist:

<blockquote>One finds on the Pont-Neuf an infinity of people who give tickets, some put fallen teeth back in, and others make crystal eyes; there are those who cure incurable illnesses; those who claim to have discovered the virtues of some powdered stones to white and to beautify the face. This one claims he makes old men young; there are those who remove wrinkles from the forehead and the eyes, who make wooden legs to repair the violence of bombs; finally everybody is so applied to work, so strongly and continually, that the devil can tempt no one but on Holidays and Sundays.<ref>Cotolendi 1701, [https://books.google.com/books?id=QN4TAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA292 p. 292].</ref></blockquote>

With its numerous sellers of pamphlets and satirical performers, it was also a center for social commentary:

<blockquote>In the 16th cent. the Pont-Neuf was the scene of the recitals of Tabarin, a famous satirist of the day, and it was long afterwards the favourite rendezvous of news-vendors, jugglers, showmen, loungers, and thieves. Any popular witticism in verse was long known as ''un Pont-Neuf''.<ref>Baedeker 1884, [https://books.google.com/books?id=cOkNAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA208 p. 208].</ref></blockquote>

In the seventeenth century, that bridge of memories, the old ''Pont Neuf'' of Paris, was the rendezvous of quacksalvers and mountebanks. Booths for the sale of various articles lined the sides of the bridge. People flocked there to see the sights, laugh, chat, make love and enjoy life as only Parisians can. Students and ''grisettes'' of the [[Latin Quarter, Paris|''Quartier latin'']] elbowed ladies and gentlemen of the court. Bourgeois families came to study the flippant manners of the [[Aristocracy (class)|aristocrats]]. [[Poodle]] clippers plied their trade; jugglers amused the ''quid nuncs'' with feats of dexterity; traveling dentists pulled teeth and sold balsams; clowns tumbled; and last, but not least, pickpockets lifted purses and silk handkerchiefs with impunity. Says Augustus J. C. Hare (Walks in Paris): "So central an artery is the Pont Neuf, that it used to be a saying with the Parisian police, that if, after watching three days, they did not see a man cross the bridge, he must have left Paris."  One of the principal vendors of quack nostrums of the ''Pont Neuf'' was Montdor. He was aided by a buffoon named [[Tabarin]], who made facetious replies to questions asked by his master, accompanied with laughable grimaces and grotesque gestures. The modern ringmaster and clown of the circus have similar scenes together, minus the selling of medicines.<ref>Evans 1909, [https://books.google.com/books?id=YzouAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA342 p. 342].</ref>

[[File:Seine - Pont Neuf, Tour Eiffel, Vedettes de Paris et Institut de France.jpg|right|thumb|325px|The ''Pont Neuf'' with the [[Eiffel Tower]] and the ''[[Institut de France]]'' in the background. A ''[[bateau-mouche]]'' sails on the [[Seine]]]]

Under [[Louis XV of France|Louis XV]], thieves and entertainers were joined by recruiters, or "sellers of human flesh", who did their best to lure newcomers to Paris and others "with as much violence as the sale of Negros in the Congo".<ref>Lacroix 1858, [https://books.google.com/books?id=kvRAAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA346 p. 346].</ref> Silversmiths and other luxury businesses nearby (which gave their name to the ''Quai des Orfèvres'') drew visitors as well.

One yearly event, held on the nearby ''[[Place Dauphine]]'', prefigured the ''[[Salon des Refusés]]'' which would give rise to the [[Impressionism|Impressionists]]. During the celebration of the [[Corpus Christi (feast)|Corpus Christi]] (''Fête-Dieu''), the ''Place Dauphine'' hosted one of the most magnificent ''reposoirs'' (portable altars for the Host).

Along with all the rich silverwork and tapestries placed on it, some local silversmiths ordered paintings for these. This led to art dealers being asked to participate and, ultimately, to the newest talents being shown at the ''Petite Fête-Dieu'' (the Small Corpus Christi), a reduced version of the Corpus Christi holiday which took place eight days later. Though their canvases were only shown from six in the morning to noon, this became an important opportunity for unknown artists to draw attention. Among other things, this led to the painters there signing their work, as was not frequent in the Salon – which was not always an advantage when the work was publicly and loudly critiqued.

Showing works, which often had no pretense of a religious subject, they might then be noticed and find an entree into the official Academy. Chardin is one of the most famous painters to have started this way.

<blockquote>In 1720, a young man of about twenty-two, son of the man who maintained the king's billiards, displayed a canvas here showing an antique bas-relief. J.-B. Vanloo passed by, looked at the canvas for a long time, found great qualities there, and bought it. He wanted afterwards to know the young painter, encouraged him, gave him advice, of which the latter perhaps had no need, got him work, which was more useful, and eight years later, the unknown of the ''place Dauphine'' was his colleague at the Academy of Painting.... he was called [[Jean-Baptiste-Siméon Chardin]].<ref>Fournier 1862, [https://books.google.com/books?id=w3jG6Xy1rHUC&pg=PA299 vol. 1, pp. 299–300].</ref></blockquote>

The slow decline of the bridge's central role began in 1754: "Starting in 1754, the first year of the vogue, the madness of the boulevards, it was no longer the thing to talk about the ''Cours'' [the Champs-Elysées], and still less of this poor Pont-Neuf. To the Boulevard, at once, long live the Boulevard!".<ref>Fournier 1862, [https://books.google.com/books?id=Urm2Cv1o_jYC&pg=PA345 vol. 2, p. 345].</ref> Still the bridge remained a lively place through the end of the century. With time, people became wary of its reputation and other changes subdued its atmosphere. In 1840, Lacroix wrote:  "Once the pont Neuf was a perpetual fair; at present, it is just a bridge to be crossed without stopping."<ref>Lacroix 1858, [https://books.google.com/books?id=kvRAAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA347 p. 347].</ref>

==Possible first photograph of human being==

[[File:1836 39 Pont Neuf - Daguerre and Fordos.jpg|right|thumb|300px|Pont Neuf photographed by Louis Daguerre, 1836-39. Like most daguerreotypes, the image is mirrored. Two people can be seen lying in the shade.]] In 1838, [[Louis Daguerre]] produced his famous [[daguerreotype]] portrait of the ''[[Boulevard du Temple (photograph)|View of the Boulevard du Temple]]'', widely considered the first photograph where a [[human]] can be seen. However, between 1836 and 1837, Daguerre made several tests, in order to experiment with and perfect the new technique in an outdoor environment. 

One surviving example is an image of the Pont Neuf and the equestrian statue of [[Henry IV of France|Henry IV]], made possibly as early as 1836. On the lower-left side of the image, what appears to be a worker, or perhaps two, can be seen lying against the fence, in the shadow of the statue.<ref>[http://www.niepce-daguerre.com/boulevard_du_Temple_de_dag.html "Boulevard du Temple en 1838 (1837?) par Daguerre"] (search for "Pont Neuf") at Niepce-daguerre.com. Retrieved 11 February 2013.</ref>

==Christo's project==
In 1985, after years of negotiation with the [[mayor of Paris]], the art duo [[Christo and Jeanne-Claude]] wrapped the Pont Neuf.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Christo site page on the Pont Neuf |url=http://www.christojeanneclaude.net/pn.shtml |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070904001533/http://www.christojeanneclaude.net/pn.shtml |archive-date=4 September 2007 |access-date=2010-05-15}}.</ref>

==Access==
[[Image:Paris-Ponts-Neuf.png|thumb|Location on the Seine]]
{{station paris metro|Pont Neuf}}

==See also==
* ''[[Les Amants du Pont-Neuf]]'' (''The Lovers on the Bridge''), a film by [[Leos Carax]], released in 1991
* [[List of crossings of the River Seine]]
* [[List of bridges in France]]

==Notes==
{{Reflist}}

==Bibliography==
* {{cite book | last=Baedeker | first=Karl | year=1900 | title=Paris and Environs: With Routes from London to Paris and from Paris | place=Leipzig | publisher=Karl Baedeker | url=https://archive.org/details/parisenvi00karl/page/n3/mode/2up | access-date=11 January 2025}}
* {{cite book | last=Ballon | first=Hilary | year=1991 | title=The Paris of Henri IV: Architecture and Urbanism | place=Cambridge, Massachusetts | publisher=The MIT Press | isbn=978-0262023092 | url=https://archive.org/details/parisofhenriivar0000ball/page/n9/mode/2up | access-date=January 11, 2025}}
* {{cite book | last=Cotolendi | first=Charles | year=1701  | title=Saint-Evremoniana: Ou Receuil de Diverses Piéces Curieuses | place=Amsterdam | publisher=Pierre Mortier | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QN4TAAAAQAAJ&pg=PP7 | access-date=11 January 2025 | language=fr}}
* {{cite book | last=DeJean | first=Joan | title=How Paris Became Paris: The Invention of the Modern City | place=New York | publisher=Bloomsbury | year=2014 | isbn=978-1608195916}}. 
* {{cite book | last=Evans | first=Henry Ridgely | year=1909 | title=The Old and the New Magic | place=Chicago | publisher=The Open Court Publishing Co. | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YzouAAAAYAAJ&pg=PR3 | access-date=11 January 2025}}
* {{cite book | last=Fournier | first=Édouard | year=1862 | title=Histoire du Pont-Neuf | place=Paris | editor=Dentu, E. | publisher=Libraire de la Société des Gens de Lettres | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=w3jG6Xy1rHUC&pg=PR3 | language=fr | access-date=11 January 2025}}
* {{cite book | last=Lacroix |  first=Paul | year=1858 | title=Curiosités de l'Histoire du Vieux Paris | place=Paris | publisher=Adolphe Delahays | language=fr | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kvRAAAAAcAAJ&pg=PP7 | access-date=11 January 2025}}
* {{cite book | publisher=Libraire de la Société de l’Histoire de Paris | place=Paris | title=Mémoires de la Société de l'Histoire de Paris et de l'Ile de France | volume= 9 | year=1883 | url=http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k6322850r/f7.image.langEN | language=fr | access-date=11 January 2025}}
* {{cite book | editor=Metman, Yves | year=1987 | title=Le Registre ou plumitif de la construction du Pont Neuf: archives nationales Z1f 1065 | place=Paris | publisher=Service des travaux historiques de la Ville de Paris | oclc=21504748 | language=fr}}
* {{cite book | last=Strohmayer | first=Ulf | year=2007 | chapter=Engineering Vision: the Pont-Neuf in Paris and Modernity | pages=75–92 | title=The City and the Senses: Urban Culture since 1500 | editor1= Cowan, A. | editor2=Steward, J. | place=Basingstoke | publisher=Ashgate | isbn=978-0754684237}}.
* {{cite journal | last=Thompson | first=Victoria E. | title=The Creation, Destruction and Recreation of Henri IV: ''Seeing Popular Sovereignty in the Statue of a King'' | journal=History and Memory | volume=24 | issue=2 | year=2012 | pages=5–40}} 
* {{cite book | last=Whitney | first=Charles S. | year=2003 | title=Bridges of the World: Their Design and Construction 
| place=Mineola, New York | publisher=Dover Publications | isbn=978-0486429953 | edition=Reprint | url=https://archive.org/details/bridgesofworldth0000whit | access-date=12 January 2025}}

==External links==
{{commons|Pont Neuf|Pont Neuf}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20080124145724/http://realtravel.com/paris-reviews-a1872598.html Tourist review]
* [http://www.parisattractions.org/paris-bridges-pont-alexandre-iii-pont-neuf/ About Pont Neuf Bridge in Paris]
* [http://www.france-pittoresque.com/lieux/11.htm France Pittoresque: Histoire du Pont Neuf] {{in lang|fr}}

{{Bridges in Paris}}
{{Visitor attractions in Paris}}
{{1st arrondissement of Paris}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Deck arch bridges|Neuf, Pont Neuf]]
[[Category:Bridges over the River Seine in Paris|Neuf, Pont Neuf]]
[[Category:Bridges completed in the 17th century]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures completed in 1607]]
[[Category:Transport infrastructure completed in the 1600s]]
[[Category:Monuments historiques of Paris]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Paris]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in the 1st arrondissement of Paris]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in the 6th arrondissement of Paris]]
[[Category:Stone bridges in France|Neuf, Pont Neuf]]