Editing Poodle

{{Short description|Dog breed}}
{{about|the dog breed}}
{{Redirect|Caniche|the archaeological site in Peru|Kanichi, Peru}}
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{{Use British English|date=March 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2015}}
{{Infobox dog breed
| name           = Poodle
| image          = Full attention (8067543690).jpg
| image_alt      = A black poodle with curly hair and a raised tail looks at the camera
| image_caption  = 
| image2         = 
| image_alt2     = 
| image_caption2 = 
| altname        = {{unbulleted list|{{langx|de|Pudel}}|{{langx|fr|Caniche}}}}
| nickname       = 
| stock          = 
| country        = [[Germany]] or [[France]] <small>(see [[Poodle#History|history]])</small>
<!-----Traits----->
| height         = {{unbulleted list|Standard: {{cvt|45|–|62|cm|in}}|Medium: {{cvt|35|–|45|cm|in}}|Miniature: {{cvt|28|–|35|cm|in}}|Toy: {{cvt|24|–|28|cm|in}}}}
| maleheight     = 
| femaleheight   = 
| weight         = {{unbulleted list|Standard: {{cvt|20|–|32|kg|lb}}|Medium: {{cvt|9|–|13|kg|lb}}|Miniature: {{cvt|4.5|–|7|kg|lb}}|Toy: {{cvt|2|–|3|kg|lb}}}}
| maleweight     = 
| femaleweight   = 
| coat           = Curly
| colour         = White, fawn, brown, grey, black, brindle, black&fawn, brown&fawn, bicolor and tricolor
| litter_size    = 
| life_span      = 
<!-----Kennel club standards----->
| kc_name        = [[Société Centrale Canine]]
| kc_std         = https://www.centrale-canine.fr/le-chien-de-race/caniche
| kc2_name       = [[The Royal Kennel Club]]
| kc2_std        = https://www.thekennelclub.org.uk/breed-standards/utility/poodle-standard/
| fcistd         = http://www.fci.be/Nomenclature/Standards/172g09-en.pdf
<!-----Notes----->
| note           = 
}}

The '''Poodle''', called the {{lang|de|Pudel}} in German ({{IPA|de|ˈpuːdl̩|lang|De-Pudel.ogg}}) and the {{lang|fr|Caniche}} in French, is a [[Dog breed|breed]] of [[water dog]]. The breed is divided into four varieties based on size, the '''Standard Poodle''', '''Medium Poodle''', '''Miniature Poodle''' and '''Toy Poodle''', although the Medium Poodle is not universally recognised. They have a distinctive thick, curly coat that comes in many colors and patterns, with only solid colors recognized by breed registries. Poodles are active and intelligent, and are particularly able to learn from humans. Poodles tend to live 10–18 years, with smaller varieties tending to live longer than larger ones.

The Poodle likely originated in [[Germany]], although the [[Fédération Cynologique Internationale]] (FCI, International Canine Federation) and a minority of [[cynology|cynologists]] believe it originated in [[France]]. Similar dogs date back to at least the 17th century. Larger Poodles were originally used by [[wildfowl]] hunters to retrieve game from water, while smaller varieties were once commonly used as circus performers. Poodles were recognized by both the [[Kennel Club of the United Kingdom]] and the [[American Kennel Club]] (AKC) soon after the clubs' founding. Since the mid-20th century, Poodles have enjoyed enormous popularity as pets and [[dog show|show dogs]] – Poodles were the AKC's most registered breed from 1960 to 1982, and are now the FCI's third most registered breed. Poodles are also common at dog shows, where they often sport the popularly recognized Continental clip, with face and rear clipped close, and tufts of hair on the hocks and tail tip.

== History ==
[[File:Wenceslas Hollar - A poodle, after Matham.jpg|thumb|right|A 17th-century engraving of a Poodle]]
Most cynologists believe the Poodle originated in Germany in the [[Middle Ages]], from a dog similar to today's Standard Poodle. The Poodle was Germany's [[water dog]], just as England had the [[English Water Spaniel]], France the [[Barbet (dog)|Barbet]], Ireland the [[Irish Water Spaniel]] and the Netherlands the [[Wetterhoun]].{{r|Alderton-87|Alderton-08|Fogle|Hancock|Morris}} Among the evidence used to support this theory is the Germanic name for the breed, Poodle or "Pudel" in German, which is derived from the [[Low German]] word "puddeln", meaning "to splash". Numerous works by various German artists from as early as the 17th century depict dogs of recognisably Poodle type.{{r|Alderton-87|Alderton-08|Fogle|Morris}} Some cynologists believe the Poodle originated in [[France]], where it is known as the "Caniche" and that the breed descends from the Barbet. This view is shared by the [[Fédération Cynologique Internationale]] (FCI, International Canine Federation).{{r|FCI|Fiorone}} Others argue that the breed originated in [[Russia]], [[Piedmont]] or [[Northwest Africa]].{{r|Hancock|Fiorone}}

Whatever the Poodle's country of origin, both their German and French breed names indicate the modern Poodle's ancestors were widely used by waterfowlers both to retrieve shot game and to recover lost [[arrow]]s and [[Crossbow bolt|bolts]] that had missed their mark.{{r|Fogle|Hancock}}

=== Size variants {{anchor|Size varieties}} ===
Due to their intelligence, obedient nature, athleticism and looks poodles were frequently employed in circuses, particularly in France.{{r|Alderton-08|Fogle|Morris|Fiorone}} In French circuses poodles were selectively bred down in size to create what is now known as the miniature poodle, which was known as the toy poodle until 1907, as a smaller sized dog is easier to handle and transport in a travelling circus.{{r|Morris}} As circus performers the variety was frequently seen performing all manner of tricks including walking tightropes, acting out comedies and even performing magic and card tricks.{{r|Alderton-08|Fogle|Morris}}

The Toy Poodle was created at the beginning of the 20th century when breeders again bred Miniature Poodles down in size to create a popular companion dog.{{r|Alderton-08|Fogle|Morris}} Initially, these efforts resulted in disfigured or misshapen pups, as well as pups with behavioural problems, as a result of irresponsible breeding for dwarfed size only. As new breeding practices were adopted, the variety became set as a toy-sized replica of the original.{{r|Alderton-08|Fogle|Morris}} Later attempts to create an even smaller variety, the Teacup Poodle, were unable to overcome serious genetic abnormalities and were abandoned.{{r|Morris}}

The last of the Poodle varieties to be recognised was the Medium Poodle, which in size is mid way in between the Standard and the Miniature Poodle. Not universally recognised by the world's [[kennel club]]s, the Medium Poodle is recognised by the FCI and most Continental European kennel clubs.{{r|Fogle|Morris|FCI}} One of the reasons for creating this fourth size variety may have been a desire to reduce the number of entries of Poodles by variety at [[conformation show]]s.{{r|Morris}}

=== Recent history ===
The Poodle was recognised by the Kennel Club of the United Kingdom in 1874, and by the American Kennel Club (AKC) in 1886, soon after the founding of both clubs.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last1=Pedersen |first1=N. C. |last2=Liu |first2=H. |last3=McLaughlin |first3=B. |last4=Sacks |first4=B. N. |date=2012-04-18 |title=Genetic characterization of healthy and sebaceous adenitis affected Standard Poodles from the United States and the United Kingdom |journal=Tissue Antigens |volume=80 |issue=1 |pages=46–57 |doi=10.1111/j.1399-0039.2012.01876.x |pmid=22512808 |issn=0001-2815|doi-access=free }}</ref> In the United States, poodles were unpopular until 1935, when the Poodle Nunsoe Duc de la Terrace won best in show at [[Westminster]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.akc.org/expert-advice/news/hayes-blake-hoyt-poodle-breeder-handler-and-icon/ |accessdate=31 January 2023 |title=Madame Poodle: Hayes Blake Hoyt Helped Create the Modern Sculpted Show Dog |publisher=American Kennel Club |first=Denise |last=Flaim |date=15 October 2019}}</ref> Afterwards, they rapidly gained prominence, becoming the AKC's most registered breed from 1960 to 1982.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.akc.org/press_center/facts_stats.cfm?page=popular_pooches |title = AKC Registration Statistics Fact Sheet |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110413210331/http://www.akc.org/press_center/facts_stats.cfm?page=popular_pooches |archive-date = April 13, 2011}}</ref> Since 1935, Poodles have won best in show at Westminster 10 times, the second-most of any breed.<ref name="Flaim">{{Cite web |first=Denise |last=Flaim |title=The Poodle Paradox: History Behind a Haircut |url=https://www.akc.org/expert-advice/dog-breeds/the-poodle-paradox-historical-haircut/ |access-date=2022-04-03 |website=American Kennel Club |language=en}}</ref> As of 2012, the Poodle was the third-most popular FCI registered breed worldwide, after the [[Labrador Retriever]] and [[German Shepherd]], with 118,653 new dogs registered per year from the 25 countries surveyed.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Registration figures worldwide – from top thirty to endangered breeds|url=https://dogwellnet.com/content/population-statistics/general-breeds-specific-disease-inform/information-on-breeding-animals/registries-health-information/registration-figures-worldwide-%E2%80%93-from-top-thirty-to-endangered-breeds-r292/|access-date=2022-02-20|website=DogWellNet|date=14 April 2017|language=en-US|archive-date=17 June 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240617080200/https://dogwellnet.com/content/population-statistics/general-breeds-specific-disease-inform/information-on-breeding-animals/registries-health-information/registration-figures-worldwide-%E2%80%93-from-top-thirty-to-endangered-breeds-r292/|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Description==
===Appearance===
[[File:Pudel Grossschwarz.jpg|thumb|Black Standard Poodle|193x193px]]
The Poodle is an active, athletic breed with the varieties differing mostly by size.{{r|Alderton-87|Alderton-08|Fogle}} The FCI's [[breed standard]] states the Standard Poodle stands between {{convert|45|and|62|cm|in}}, the Medium Poodle between {{convert|35|and|45|cm|in}}, the Miniature Poodle between {{convert|28|and|35|cm|in}} and the Toy Poodle {{convert|24|and|28|cm|in}}.{{r|FCI}}

The kennel clubs which do not recognise the Medium Poodle variety typically have the Standard Poodle between {{convert|38|and|60|cm|in}} and Miniature Poodle between {{convert|28|and|38|cm|in}}, with the toy variety remaining unchanged.{{r|Fogle|Morris}}

A healthy adult Standard Poodle typically weighs between {{convert|20|and|32|kg|lb}}, a Medium Poodle between {{convert|15|and|19|kg|lb}}, a Miniature Poodle between {{convert|12|and|14|kg|lb}} and a Toy Poodle between {{convert|6.5|and|7.5|kg|lb}}.{{r|Fogle}}

==== Coat ====
Poodles have thick, curly coats with harsh fur. A pet owner can anticipate grooming a Poodle every four to eight weeks.<ref name=":2">{{Cite book |last=Guidry |first=Virginia Parker |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ug0JzeJ0zK8C&dq=poodle+temperament&pg=PT20 |title=Your Poodle's Life: Your Complete Guide to Raising Your Pet from Puppy to Companion |date=2010-05-05 |publisher=Crown |isbn=978-0-307-54998-3 |language=en}}</ref>

Poodles are often cited as a [[hypoallergenic dog breed]]. Their individual hair follicles have an active growth period that is longer than that of many other breeds; combined with the tightly curled coat, which slows the loss of [[dander]] and dead hair by trapping it in the curls, an individual Poodle may release less dander and hair into the environment. However, researchers have generally not found a difference in allergens across breeds.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Nicholas|first1=Charlotte E.|last2=Wegienka|first2=Ganesa R.|last3=Havstad|first3=Suzanne L.|last4=Zoratti|first4=Edward M.|last5=Ownby|first5=Dennis R.|last6=Johnson|first6=Christine Cole|date=2011|title=Dog allergen levels in homes with hypoallergenic compared with nonhypoallergenic dogs|journal=American Journal of Rhinology & Allergy|volume=25|issue=4|pages=252–256|doi=10.2500/ajra.2011.25.3606|issn=1945-8924|pmc=3680143|pmid=21819763}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Grady|first=Denise|date=5 February 1997|title=Nonallergenic Dog? Not Really|work=The New York Times|url=https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9B07E0D61E3DF936A35751C0A961958260&n=Top/News/Science/Topics/Animals|url-status=live|access-date=21 April 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090130075706/http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9B07E0D61E3DF936A35751C0A961958260&n=Top%2FNews%2FScience%2FTopics%2FAnimals|archive-date=30 January 2009|df=dmy-all}} How hypoallergenic the dog is may vary with the individual dog and the individual person.</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Bakalar|first=Nicholas|date=2011-07-11|title=The Myth of the Allergy-Free Dog|url=https://well.blogs.nytimes.com/2011/07/11/the-myth-of-the-allergy-free-dog/|access-date=2022-02-20|website=[[New York Times]]|language=en-US|archive-date=23 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220223160231/https://well.blogs.nytimes.com/2011/07/11/the-myth-of-the-allergy-free-dog/|url-status=live}}</ref>

====Clips and grooming ====
[[File:CH Renaissance Hopeful Impulse.jpg|thumb|150px|Miniature Poodle with a Continental clip]]
The FCI and AKC allows Poodles to be shown in the Puppy, Continental (Lion in the FCI standard), English Saddle, or Sporting (Modern) clip. The FCI additionally recognizes the Scandinavian clip.<ref name=":4" /><ref name="FCI_Standard" /> The most popular in the show ring is the Continental clip, where the face and rear end of the body are clipped, leaving tufts on the hocks and tip of the tail and rosettes on the hips.<ref name="AKC">{{cite web |title=Poodle |url=http://www.akc.org/dog-breeds/poodle/ |access-date=7 February 2021 |publisher=American Kennel Club |archive-date=20 February 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170220212429/http://www.akc.org/dog-breeds/poodle/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=":4"/> A similar clip was historically used to prevent the poodle from getting weighted down by their fur when swimming to retrieve a bird, while still leaving their joints and vital organs covered.<ref name="Flaim" /> Pet poodles are most often clipped similarly to the Sporting clip —evenly over their entire body, with the face and paws cut shorter.<ref name="AKC" />

In most cases, whether a Poodle is in a pet or show clip, the hair is completely brushed out. Poodle hair can also be "corded" with rope-like mats similar to those of a [[Komondor]] or human [[dreadlocks]]. Though once as common as the curly Poodle, corded Poodles are now rare. [[Cording (dog grooming)|Corded coats]] are difficult to keep clean and take a long time to dry after washing.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Zsolt |date=2015-07-09 |title=How to Cord a Poodle Coat |url=https://www.doggroomingtutorial.com/how-to-cord-a-poodle-coat/ |access-date=2022-11-24 |website=Dog Grooming Tutorial |language=en-US |archive-date=24 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221124014835/https://www.doggroomingtutorial.com/how-to-cord-a-poodle-coat/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Corded Poodles may be shown in all major kennel club shows.<ref name="FCI"/><ref name="UKC">{{cite web|url=http://mail.ukcdogs.com/UKCweb.nsf/80de88211ee3f2dc8525703f004ccb1e/77cc12b9230c0541852570490044c05a?OpenDocument|title=United Kennel Club: Standard Poodle Breed Standard. Retrieved May 12, 2007|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061111073111/http://mail.ukcdogs.com/UKCweb.nsf/80de88211ee3f2dc8525703f004ccb1e/77cc12b9230c0541852570490044c05a?OpenDocument|archive-date=11 November 2006|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

==== Colours ====
The Poodle has a wide variety of colouring, including white, black, brown, blue, gray, silver, [[Café au Lait|café au lait]], silver beige, cream, apricot, and red, and patterns such as parti-, abstract, [[Sable (dog)|sable]], [[brindle]] and phantom.<ref name="AKCInfo">{{Cite web|title=Poodle Dog Breed Information|url=https://www.akc.org/dog-breeds/poodle-standard/|access-date=2022-02-20|website=American Kennel Club|language=en|archive-date=6 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201206092406/https://www.akc.org/dog-breeds/poodle-standard/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=":5">{{Cite web |title=Breed Standards : Multi-Colored Standard Poodle {{!}} United Kennel Club (UKC) |url=https://www.ukcdogs.com/multi-colored-standard-poodle |access-date=2022-11-22 |website=www.ukcdogs.com}}</ref> Recognized FCI colourations are black, white, brown, gray, fawn, brindle, black&fawn, brown&fawn, bicolor and tricolor.<ref name="FCI_Standard">{{Cite web|orig-date=January 23, 2015|title=FCI-Standard N° 172 - Poodle (Caniche)|url=http://www.fci.be/Nomenclature/Standards/172g09-en.pdf|website=[[Fédération Cynologique Internationale]]|access-date=10 December 2014|archive-date=3 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303220147/http://www.fci.be/Nomenclature/Standards/172g09-en.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> Recognition of multi-colored Poodles varies by registry. They were common historically, but became less popular in the early 1900s, and are excluded from many registries.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-03-29 |title=Multi-Colored Poodle History |url=https://unitedpoodleassociation.org/poodle-info/multi-colored-poodle-history/ |access-date=2022-04-09 |website=United Poodle Association |language=en-US |archive-date=9 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220409162128/https://unitedpoodleassociation.org/poodle-info/multi-colored-poodle-history/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The [[American Kennel Club]] (AKC) recognizes Poodles in either solid-coloured and multi-colored coats; however, only solid-colored poodles may compete in [[Conformation show|conformation]].<ref name=":4" /><ref>{{Cite web | url=https://poodlehq.com/parti-poodle/| title=Parti Poodles: Full Breed Guide | date= 2021-01-04| accessdate=2023-11-07 }}</ref>

A parti-Poodle has patches of any other solid colour over a primarily white coat.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Ewing |first=Susan M. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QEf_kvw53fgC&dq=phantom+poodle&pg=PA28 |title=Poodles For Dummies |date=2011-05-04 |publisher=John Wiley & Sons |isbn=978-1-118-06812-0 |language=en}}</ref> When a parti-coloured Poodle has black-and-white markings that resemble those of a [[tuxedo]], it is called a "tuxedo" Poodle.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-02-05 |title=Poodle Coat Colors |url=https://unitedpoodleassociation.org/poodle-info/poodle-coat-colors/ |access-date=2022-04-09 |website=United Poodle Association |language=en-US |archive-date=9 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220409160225/https://unitedpoodleassociation.org/poodle-info/poodle-coat-colors/ |url-status=live }}</ref> An abstract Poodle is primarily solid-coloured, with patches of white.<ref name=":1" /> Phantom Poodles have a solid main color with a lighter colour appearing on their "eyebrows", muzzle and throat, legs and feet and below their tail. Phantom Poodles may also have a full face of the secondary color.<ref name=":1" />

<gallery widths="160" heights="160">
File:Pudel kleinweiss.jpg|White Poodles
File:Pudel Klein apricotred.jpg|Apricot and red Poodles
File:Freddie (8467901543).jpg|Black Poodle
File:Maisiepuppydog.jpg|Brown Standard Poodle at five weeks
File:Pudel Zwerg SilberShow.jpg|Mature silver Poodle
File:Pudel Zwerg Blackandtan.jpg|Phantom Poodles
File:Pudel ZwergHarlekin.jpg|Miniature parti-Poodle
File:Poodle Champion Dog Show.jpg|[[Dog show]] champion
File:Cafe-au-lait standard poodle.jpg|Café au Lait Standard Poodle
</gallery>

=== Temperament ===
Poodles are a highly intelligent, energetic, and sociable breed. A [[The Intelligence of Dogs|1994 book]] by Stanley Corey ranked them second out of 130 breeds in "working and obedience intelligence", a measure of their ability to learn from humans.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Coren|first=Stanley|url=https://archive.org/details/intelligenceofdo00core|title=The intelligence of dogs : a guide to the thoughts, emotions, and inner lives or our canine companions|date=1994|publisher=Free Press|isbn=978-0-7432-8087-7|edition=|location=New York|oclc=61461866}}</ref> Shyness or sharpness is considered a serious fault in the breed.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web|title=AKC Breed Standard|url=https://poodleclubofamerica.org/akc-breed-standard/|access-date=2022-02-20|website=The Poodle Club of America|language=en-US|archive-date=20 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220220212929/https://poodleclubofamerica.org/akc-breed-standard/|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Health ==
The life expectancy of the Poodle varies based on size, as smaller dogs live longer than larger dogs.<ref>{{cite journal | last1=Nam | first1=Yunbi | last2=White | first2=Michelle | last3=Karlsson | first3=Elinor K. | last4=Creevy | first4=Kate E. | last5=Promislow | first5=Daniel E. L. | last6=McClelland | first6=Robyn L. | title=Dog size and patterns of disease history across the canine age spectrum: Results from the Dog Aging Project | journal=PLOS ONE | publisher=Public Library of Science (PLoS) | volume=19 | issue=1 | date=2024-01-17 | issn=1932-6203 | doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0295840 | doi-access=free | page=e0295840| pmid=38232117 | pmc=10793924 | bibcode=2024PLoSO..1995840N }}</ref> A study in Japan found the Toy Poodle to have a life expectancy of 12.7 years.<ref>{{cite journal | last1=INOUE | first1=Mai | last2=KWAN | first2=Nigel C. L. | last3=SUGIURA | first3=Katsuaki | title=Estimating the life expectancy of companion dogs in Japan using pet cemetery data | journal=Journal of Veterinary Medical Science | publisher=Japanese Society of Veterinary Science | volume=80 | issue=7 | year=2018 | issn=0916-7250 | doi=10.1292/jvms.17-0384 | pages=1153–1158| pmid=29798968 | pmc=6068313 }}</ref> A 2024 UK study found a life expectancy of 14 years for the breed compared to an average of 12.7 for purebreeds and 12 for [[Mongrel|crossbreeds]].<ref>{{cite journal | last=McMillan | first=Kirsten M. | last2=Bielby | first2=Jon | last3=Williams | first3=Carys L. | last4=Upjohn | first4=Melissa M. | last5=Casey | first5=Rachel A. | last6=Christley | first6=Robert M. | title=Longevity of companion dog breeds: those at risk from early death | journal=Scientific Reports | publisher=Springer Science and Business Media LLC | volume=14 | issue=1 | date=2024-02-01 | issn=2045-2322 | doi=10.1038/s41598-023-50458-w | page=| pmc=10834484 }}</ref> A 2005 Swedish study found 25% of miniature and toy Poodles died by the age of 10, less than the overall rate of 35% of dogs dying by the age of 10.<ref>{{cite journal | last=Egenvall | first=A | last2=Bonnett | first2=Bn | last3=Hedhammar | first3=å | last4=Olson | first4=P | title=Mortality in over 350,000 Insured Swedish Dogs from 1995–2000: II. Breed-Specific Age and Survival Patterns and Relative Risk for Causes of Death | journal=Acta Veterinaria Scandinavica | volume=46 | issue=3 | date=2005-09-30 | issn=1751-0147 | pmid=16261925 | pmc=1624818 | doi=10.1186/1751-0147-46-121 | doi-access=free | page=}}</ref>

Poodles suffer from a number of hereditary diseases. The Poodle Health Registry lists over 50 major health disorders of Standard Poodles.<ref name=":0" /> Some of the worst common hereditary poodle diseases are the skin disease [[sebaceous adenitis]] (estimated prevalence 2.7%) and [[Addison's disease in canines|Addison’s disease]], an endocrine system disorder. Both diseases became more prevalent in poodles after the 1960s burst in poodle popularity led to rapid breeding aimed at producing good show dogs. The breeding focused on a small number of popular bloodlines, creating a genetic bottleneck.<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal |last1=Pedersen |first1=Niels C. |last2=Brucker |first2=Lynn |last3=Tessier |first3=Natalie Green |last4=Liu |first4=Hongwei |last5=Penedo |first5=Maria Cecilia T. |last6=Hughes |first6=Shayne |last7=Oberbauer |first7=Anita |last8=Sacks |first8=Ben |date=2015-08-27 |title=The effect of genetic bottlenecks and inbreeding on the incidence of two major autoimmune diseases in standard poodles, sebaceous adenitis and Addison's disease |journal=Canine Genetics and Epidemiology |volume=2 |issue=1 |pages=14 |doi=10.1186/s40575-015-0026-5 |issn=2052-6687 |pmc=4579369 |pmid=26401342 |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref name=":0" /> One study estimated that two average Standard Poodles are about as closely related as the offspring of two full sibling [[village dog]]s.<ref name=":3" />

The Poodle is predisposed to the following dermatological conditions: [[allergic skin disease]], [[alopecia X]] or follicular arrest, injection site alopecia, [[otitis externa]], [[melanoma]], and [[sebaceous adenitis]].<ref name="dermatology">{{cite book | last1=Hnilica | first1=Keith A. | last2=Patterson | first2=Adam P. | title=Small Animal Dermatology | publisher=Saunders | publication-place=St. Louis (Miss.) | date=2016-09-19 | isbn=978-0-323-37651-8 | page=}}</ref>

The Poodle is predisposed to [[Hypothyroidism in dogs|hypothyroidism]] and<ref>{{cite book | last1=Rhodes | first1=Karen Helton | last2=Werner | first2=Alexander H. | title=Blackwell's Five-Minute Veterinary Consult Clinical Companion | publisher=Wiley-Blackwell | publication-place=Ames, Iowa | date=2011-01-25 | isbn=978-0-8138-1596-1 | page=148}}</ref><ref name="dermatology"/> [[Cushing's syndrome (veterinary)|Cushing's syndrome]].<ref>{{cite journal | last1=Carotenuto | first1=Gaia | last2=Malerba | first2=Eleonora | last3=Dolfini | first3=Costanza | last4=Brugnoli | first4=Francesca | last5=Giannuzzi | first5=Pasquale | last6=Semprini | first6=Giovanni | last7=Tosolini | first7=Paolo | last8=Fracassi | first8=Federico | title=Cushing's syndrome—an epidemiological study based on a canine population of 21,281 dogs | journal=Open Veterinary Journal | volume=9 | issue=1 | date=2019-02-19 | pages=27–32 | issn=2218-6050 | pmid=31086762 | pmc=6500859 | doi=10.4314/ovj.v9i1.5 }}</ref>

The Poodle is one of the more commonly affected breeds for [[progressive rod-cone degeneration]]. An [[autosomal recessive]] mutation in the [[PRCD]] gene is responsible for the condition in the breed.<ref>{{cite book |author1-first=James A.C. |author1-last=Oliver |author2-first=Cathryn S. |author2-last=Mellersh | editor1-first=Barbara | editor1-last=Cooper | editor2-first=Elizabeth |editor2-last=Mullineaux |editor3-first=Lynn | editor3-last=Turner |title=BSAVA Textbook of Veterinary Nursing |date=2020 |publisher=British Small Animal Veterinary Association |isbn=978-1-910-44339-2 |edition=Sixth|chapter=Genetics| page=131}}</ref>

==Work and sport==
[[File:Bo the poodle retrieving a duck.jpg|thumb|Poodle retrieving a duck]]Poodles were originally bred for [[waterfowl hunting]].<ref name="FCI_Standard" /> Despite this history, they are currently classified as companion dogs by the FCI.<ref name="FCI_Standard" /> Since the late 1980s, some breeders in the United States and Canada have been selecting for dogs with drive for birds in order to revive the breed for hunting, with some success.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.denverpost.com/sports/ci_8307818|title=Poodles ready to hunt|publisher=Denverpost.com|access-date=11 December 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141211040726/http://www.denverpost.com/sports/ci_8307818|archive-date=11 December 2014|df=dmy-all|date=19 February 2008}}</ref> Poodles are highly trainable dogs that typically excel in obedience training.<ref name="AKCInfo" /> Historically, they were a popular circus dog. In addition to hunt tests, they do well in [[Dog agility|agility]] and rally.<ref name="Flaim" /> They are among the most popular service dog breeds.<ref>{{Cite web |date=July 15, 2021 |first=Jean |last=Bauhaus |title=Most Popular Service Dog Breeds |url=https://www.akc.org/expert-advice/lifestyle/most-popular-service-dog-breeds/ |access-date=2022-02-20 |website=American Kennel Club |language=en |archive-date=20 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220220212929/https://www.akc.org/expert-advice/lifestyle/most-popular-service-dog-breeds/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

Poodles have been used as working dogs in the military since at least the 17th century, most likely because of their highly intelligent, trainable nature. Their background as a hunting dog makes them suitable to battlefields, and they can be trained to ignore gunfire. During the [[English Civil War]], [[Prince Rupert of the Rhine]] had a famous [[Boy (dog)|hunting Poodle]] who would ride into battle with his master on horseback. [[Napoleon Bonaparte]] wrote in his memoirs about the faithfulness of a grenadier's pet Poodle who stayed with the body of his master at the [[Battle of Marengo]].<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TxEHZ_fPVEEC&q=bonaparte+poodle+battle+of+marengo&pg=PA17|title=Canine Commandos: The Heroism, Devotion, and Sacrifice of Dogs in War|last=Cawthorne|first=Nigel|date=2012|publisher=Ulysses Press|isbn=978-1-61243-055-3}}</ref>

==Cultural references==
The perceived passive and obedient nature of the breed has led to use in [[politics]] of "poodle" as a political [[pejorative]] to assert the [[sycophancy]] of a [[politician]] who obediently or passively follows the lead of others.<ref>{{cite web|title=Tony Blair: The US poodle?|website=bbc.co.uk|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/2711623.stm|date=31 January 2003|accessdate=17 May 2007}}</ref> It is considered to be equivalent to ''[[Lackey (manservant)|lackey]]''.<ref>{{cite web|title=Poodle|website=etymonline.com|url=http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?search=poodle|date=2 July 2007|accessdate=2 July 2007}}</ref> The term was used as a label to criticise [[List of Prime Ministers of the United Kingdom|British Prime Ministers]] who are perceived to be too close to the [[United States]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Blair battles "poodle" jibes|work=BBC News|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/politics/2721513.stm|date=3 February 2003|accessdate=17 May 2007}}</ref> During the 2000s, it was used against [[Tony Blair]] with regard to his close relationship with [[George W. Bush]] and the involvement of the United Kingdom in the [[Iraq War]]. The singer [[George Michael]] used it in his song "[[Shoot the Dog]]" in July 2002, the video of which showed Blair as the "poodle" on the lawn of the [[White House]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/music/2097283.stm|title=Michael denies attack on Bush|work=BBC News|date=5 July 2002|access-date=25 June 2021}}</ref> Romanian-Israeli politician [[Colette Avital]] unsuccessfully tried to have the term's use banned from the [[Knesset]] in June 2001.<ref>{{cite web|title=Israeli lawmaker wants to ban 68 insults in parliament|website=seattletimes.nwsource.com|url=https://archive.seattletimes.com/archive/20010622/insult22/israeli-lawmaker-pushing-for-ban-on-insults|date=22 July 2001|access-date=17 July 2010}}</ref> By extension, the phrase "attack poodle" has been used to denote a particularly vociferous but servile defender of a given political leader, party, or faction. It gained popular currency in 2002 when [[Paul Marsden]] a member of the [[Parliament of the United Kingdom|British Parliament]] who ran afoul of the [[Labour Party (UK)|Labour party]] [[Chief Whip]] [[Hilary Armstrong]] charged that Prime Minister [[Tony Blair]] was setting out "one of his attack poodles" to bring him or her into line.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/england/1697759.stm|title=Chief whip's actions 'contemptible'|date=2001-12-07|access-date=2020-04-01|language=en-GB}}</ref> The term was further popularized by the American culture critic [[James Wolcott]] in his 2004 book, ''[[Attack Poodles and Other Media Mutants]]''.

==See also==
{{Portal|Animals|Dogs|France|Germany}}
* [[List of dog breeds]]
* [[Labradoodle]]
* [[Cockapoo]]
{{Clear}}

==References==
{{Reflist|refs=

<ref name=Alderton-87>{{cite book |last=Alderton |first=David |author-link=David Alderton |date=1987 |title=The dog: the most complete, illustrated, practical guide to dogs and their world |url= |location=London |publisher=New Burlington Books |pages=87–88 |isbn=978-0-948872-13-6}}</ref>

<ref name=Alderton-08>{{cite book |last=Alderton |first=David |author-link=David Alderton |date=2008 |title=The encyclopedia of dogs |location=Bath |publisher=Parragon Books Ltd |pages=131 & 354 |isbn=978-1-4454-0853-8}}</ref>

<ref name=FCI>{{cite web |url=http://www.fci.be/Nomenclature/Standards/172g09-en.pdf |title=FCI-Standard N° 172: Poodle |author=<!--Not stated--> |date=23 January 2015 |website=[[Fédération Cynologique Internationale]] |access-date=21 March 2021 |archive-date=3 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303220147/http://www.fci.be/Nomenclature/Standards/172g09-en.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>

<ref name=Fiorone>{{cite book |last=Fiorone |first=Fiorenzo |date=1973|title=The encyclopedia of dogs: the canine breeds |location=New York |publisher=Thomas Y. Cromwell Company |pages=377–381 |isbn=978-0-690-00056-6 }}</ref>

<ref name=Fogle>{{cite book |last=Fogle |first=Bruce |author-link=Bruce Fogle|date=2009 |title=The encyclopedia of the dog |location=New York |publisher=DK Publishing |pages=68–69, 190 & 282 |isbn=978-0-7566-6004-8 }}</ref>

<ref name=Hancock>{{cite book |last=Hancock |first=David |date=2013 |title=Gundogs: their past, their performance and their prospects |location=Ramsbury, Marlborough |publisher=The Crowood Press Ltd |pages=33 & 37–38 |isbn=978-1-84797-492-1 }}</ref>

<ref name=Morris>{{cite book |last=Morris |first=Desmond |author-link=Desmond Morris |date=2001 |title=Dogs: the ultimate dictionary of over 1,000 dog breeds |location=North Pomfret, VT|publisher=Trafalgar Square Publishing |pages=295–297 & 526–529|isbn=978-1-57076-219-2}}</ref>

}}

== External links ==
* {{Commons and category-inline|Poodle}}

{{French dogs}}
{{German dogs}}
{{Gundogs}}
{{Toy dogs}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Companion dogs]]
[[Category:Dog breeds originating in France]]
[[Category:Dog breeds originating in Germany]]
[[Category:FCI breeds]]
[[Category:Gundogs]]
[[Category:Water dogs]]