Editing Poon Lim

{{Family name hatnote|[[Pan (surname)|Pan]]|lang=Chinese}}
{{Short description|Record-holder for surviving 133 days on a raft in the South Atlantic Ocean}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Infobox military person
 |width_style   = person
 |name          = Poon Lim
 |image         = Poon-Lim.jpg
 |image_upright = 0.9
 |birth_date    = {{birth date|1918|03|08|df=y}}
 |birth_place   = [[Hainan]], [[Republic of China (1912–1949)|China]]
 |death_date    = {{death date and age|1991|01|04|1918|03|08|df=y}}
 |death_place   = [[Brooklyn, New York]], US
 |allegiance    = {{flagu|United Kingdom|size=20px}}
 |branch_label  = Branch
 |branch        = {{flagi|Civil Ensign of the United Kingdom.svg|size=20px}} [[Merchant Navy (United Kingdom)|Merchant Navy]]
 |unit_label    = Ship
 |unit          = {{SS|Benlomond|1922|2}}
{{labeldata|Known&nbsp;for|Survived for 133 days in a life raft at sea as a castaway}}
 |awards        = [[British Empire Medal]]
}}

'''Poon Lim''' [[British Empire Medal|BEM]] ({{zh|c=潘濂|p=Pān Lián}}; 8 March 1918&nbsp;– 4 January 1991) was a Chinese seafarer. He was born on the island of [[Hainan]], [[Republic of China (1912–1949)|China]]. In 1942–43, he survived a record 133 days alone on a [[life raft]] in the [[South Atlantic]].<ref>{{cite news |title=In their disabled boat, 3 Mexicans drift 9 months across Pacific |url= http://www.iht.com/articles/2006/08/16/news/adrift.php |newspaper=[[International Herald Tribune]] |year=2006 |accessdate=2008-04-24}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Tells of 132 Days on Raft |url=https://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=FB0D13F63C59147B93C7AB178ED85F478485F9 |author=[[United Press]] |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |date=25 May 1943 |accessdate=24 April 2008}}</ref>

Lim was [[Steward's assistant|Second Mess Steward]] on {{SS|Benlomond|1922|6}}, a British [[cargo ship]] that the {{GS|U-172}} sank on 23 November 1942. He survived on an {{convert|8|ft|m|adj=on|spell=in}} wooden raft with supplies. When the supplies ran low, Lim resorted to fishing, catching seabirds, and rainwater collection.

On 5 April 1943, three [[Brazil]]ian fishermen rescued Lim as he neared the coast of Brazil. After Lim returned to the United Kingdom, King [[George VI]] awarded him the [[British Empire Medal]]. After the [[World War II|Second World War]], Lim emigrated to the United States.

==Shipwreck==
{{main|SS Benlomond (1922)#Loss}}
{{maplink|from=Poon Lim 133 days adrift.map|frame=yes|zoom=3|frame-lat=0.17578097424708533|frame-long=-43.72558593750001|text=Approximate voyage of Poon Lim}}
In 1942 Lim was Second Mess Steward on the [[Ben Line Agencies|Ben Line]] cargo ship ''Benlomond'',<ref name=Crew>{{cite web |url= https://uboat.net/allies/merchants/crews/ship2462.html |last=Helgason |first=Guðmundur |title=Crew list: Benlomond |work=uboat.net |access-date=5 June 2023}}</ref> which was en route from [[Suez]] to [[Port of New York and New Jersey|New York]] via [[Port of Cape Town|Cape Town]] and [[Paramaribo]].<ref name=Benlomond>{{cite web |url= https://uboat.net/allies/merchants/ship/2462.html |last=Helgason |first=Guðmundur |title=Benlomond |work=uboat.net |access-date=31 March 2019}}</ref> Her officers were British, but most of her crew was Chinese.<ref name=Crew/> ''Benlomond'' was capable of about {{convert|12|kn|km/h}}.<ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.wrecksite.eu/wreck.aspx?16688 |last=Allen |first=Tony |title=SS Benlomond (+1942) |work=Wrecksite |date=21 December 2018 |access-date=5 June 2023}}</ref> She was [[Defensively equipped merchant ship|defensively armed]], but her voyage was unescorted.

On 23 November, ''U-172'' intercepted and hit ''Benlomond'' with two [[torpedo]]es at position {{Coord|00.30|N|38.45|W|display=inline|scale:10000000}}, about {{convert|250|mi|km}} north of the coast of Brazil.<ref name=Benlomond/> Lim, who was in his cabin, took his [[Personal flotation device#Life jacket|life jacket]] and went to his boat station, where two officers and a [[Ordinary seaman|seaman]] were trying to launch one of the lifeboats. They had raised the boat off its chocks, and were about to lower it, when Lim was washed overboard. The ship sank within about two minutes of being hit, and Lim was dragged underwater. When he resurfaced, he found only a few planks floating, one of which he used for extra buoyancy.<ref name=Blake>{{cite book |last=Blake |first=George |author-link=George Blake (novelist) |year=1956 |title=The Ben Line |place=London, Edinburgh |publisher=[[Thomas Nelson (publisher)|Thomas Nelson and Sons Ltd]] |pages=155–158}}</ref>

Lim was spotted by the crew of ''U-172'' but instead of rescuing him, they laughed at him and waved him away.<ref name="Blake" /> After about two hours in the water, Lim found and boarded a wooden [[Lifeboat (shipboard)#Liferaft versus lifeboat|life raft]]. In the distance he saw another raft, carrying four or five men, who waved to him to join them. Lim thought they were some of the ship's [[Defensively equipped merchant ship|DEMS]] gunners. But Lim had no means to propel his raft, and the two rafts drifted apart.<ref name=Blake/>

==Survival==
The raft was stocked with a can of fresh water containing {{convert|10|impgal|L|abbr=off}}, six boxes of [[hardtack]], {{convert|2|lb|1}} of chocolate, ten cans of [[pemmican]], five cans of [[evaporated milk]], one bottle of [[Lime (fruit)|lime]] juice, and one can of [[massage]] oil. It also had [[flare]]s, two [[Smoke signal|smoke pots]], and a [[flashlight]], with which to signal for help.<ref name=Blake/><ref>{{cite book |last=Tennent |first=Alan J |year=2001 |title=British and Commonwealth Merchant Ship Losses to Axis Submarines 1939–1945 |place=Stroud |publisher=[[The History Press|Sutton Publishing]] |isbn=978-0750927604 |page=287}}</ref>

[[File:Poom i jego tratwa.jpg|thumb|Poon Lim on his raft, in a reconstruction for US Navy [[survival training]]]]
Lim at first kept himself alive by drinking the water and eating the food on the raft, but later resorted to fishing, catching seabirds, and collecting rainwater in a canvas life jacket covering. He could not swim well, and often tied a rope from the boat to his wrist in case he fell into the sea. He took a spring from the flashlight and made it into a fishhook, unravelled hemp rope to make a fishing line, and crushed pieces of hardtack to make bait. He dug a nail from the boards on the wooden raft to make a stronger fish hook. When he caught a small fish, he used it as bait to catch bigger fish. He improvised a knife from part of a pemmican can. The water tank had an iron key, which Lim also used as a tool. When [[gull]]s settled on his raft, he caught and killed them. He soaked their meat in seawater to salt it, then dried it on deck to make [[jerky]].<ref name=Lennon>{{cite news |url= https://www.dailytelegraph.com.au/news/sole-survivor-of-the-sinking-of-the-benlomond-in-wwii-poon-lim-set-a-record-for-133-days-adrift-at-sea/news-story/9c63348c42762182e17bcc3c2ddbe1a8 |last=Lennon |first=Troy |title=Sole survivor of the sinking of the Benlomond in WWII, Poon Lim, set a record for 133 days adrift at sea |newspaper=[[The Daily Telegraph (Sydney)|The Daily Telegraph]] |place=Sydney, NSW |publisher=[[News Corp Australia]] |date=5 April 2018 |access-date=5 June 2023}}</ref>

When Lim saw sharks, he caught one,<ref name=Lennon/> using the remnants of gulls he had caught as bait. Lim had braided his fishing line to double thickness, and had wrapped his hands in canvas to give them a little protection. The shark attacked him after he hauled it aboard the raft, so he used a water container to beat it to death. Lim cut it open and sucked the blood from its liver. This quenched his thirst, since it had not rained and he was out of water. He sliced off the fins and let them dry in the sun.{{citation needed|date=June 2023}}

Lim had lost all of his clothes except his shirt and [[Undershirt|vest]]. He made a skirt from a [[Hessian fabric|hessian]] bag that had contained the lime juice bottle.<ref name=Blake/> The raft had four poles and a canvas [[tarpaulin]], which he rigged as a canopy. This both protected him from the sun and caught rainwater.<ref name=Blake/>

Occasionally, the crews of cargo ships saw him but did not pick him up or even greet him despite his proficient shouts in English. Lim contended that they would not rescue him because he was Asian and they may have assumed he was a stricken Japanese sailor, although another explanation is that German U-boats were rumored to set a "survivor" on a raft as a trap to get a rescuing ship to stop, which made it a [[Wiktionary:sitting duck|sitting duck]] to be sunk.<ref name=Lennon/>

Once or twice, [[United States Navy]] patrol planes did see him,<ref name=Blake/> and one dropped a [[Buoy|marker buoy]] in the water. The plane reported back to US Navy authorities in [[Belém]], Brazil, but a storm hit the area at the same time and he was lost again.{{citation needed|date=June 2023}}

At first, he counted the days by tying knots in a rope, but later decided that there was no point in counting the days and simply began counting full moons.{{citation needed|date=June 2023}}

==Rescue==
[[File:80-G-42356 (27048304586).jpg|thumb|Poon Lim after his rescue, in conversation with Rear Admiral [[Julius A. Furer]]]]
By April 1943, Lim realized that he was nearing land, as the color of the sea was no longer a deep ocean blue. He had drifted westward about {{convert|750|mi|km}}. On 5 April three Brazilian fishermen found him, about {{convert|16|km|nmi|0|disp=flip}} off the coast of [[Pará]], east of [[Salinópolis|Salinas]]. He was the sole survivor from ''Benlomond''. Her [[Master mariner|Master]], [[Sea captain|Captain]] John Maul had died, along with 43 of her officers and men, and all eight of her gunners.<ref name=Benlomond/>

Lim had lost {{convert|20|lb|kg|0}} in weight.<ref>{{cite book |last=Raum |first=Elizabeth |date=2020 |title=Fighting to Survive Being Lost at Sea: Terrifying True Stories |place=Chicago, Oxford |publisher=[[Capstone Publishers|Raintreee]] |isbn=978-1474789394 |page=22}}</ref> He was so weak that his rescuers had to lift him off his raft. But he ate well, and when the fishermen landed him at Belém, three days later, he was able to walk again, although he was still weak.<ref name=Blake/>

On 10 April the British [[Consul (representative)|Consul]] in Pará [[Electrical telegraph|telegraphed]] a report to the [[Ministry of War Transport]] in London, seeking confirmation of the loss of ''Benlomond''. After two weeks in a Brazilian hospital, Lim was fit enough to travel.<ref name=Blake/> The Consul arranged for him to go to Britain via Miami and New York.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Lew |first=Margie |date=September 22, 1978 |title=Faith, Hope – and Survival |url=https://gumsaanjournal.com/vol2-1978-walter-uriah-lim-lim-poon/faith-hope-and-survival/ |access-date=May 21, 2024 |website=Gum Saan Journal |publisher=Chinese Historical Society of Southern California |type=Interview}}</ref>

==Aftermath==
At a ceremony at the [[Seamen's Church Institute of New York and New Jersey]] in New York on 16 July 1943, the Acting British Consul told Lim that King [[George VI]] was to award him the [[British Empire Medal]].<ref name=NYT-0717>{{cite news |title=Chinese will get high British honor |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |date=17 July 1943 |page=6 |url-access=subscription |via=Times Machine |url= https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1943/07/17/85110338.html?pageNumber=6 |access-date=10 June 2023}}</ref> His citation states that "Poon Lim displayed exceptional courage, fortitude and resource in overcoming the tremendous difficulties with which he was faced during the long and dangerous voyage on the raft".<ref>{{London Gazette |issue=36091 |date=13 July 1943 |page=3169 |city=London |title=Awarded the British Empire Medal (Civil Division)}}</ref> At the same ceremony, Ben Line presented Lim with a gold wristwatch.<ref name=NYT-0717/> The [[Royal Navy]] incorporated his tale into manuals of survival techniques.{{citation needed|date=June 2023}}

After being in the hospital for 35 days he left Brazil via plane going to Miami and later New York. He would end up getting a job for [[Curtiss-Wright]] in New Jersey working there until World War II ended in 1945 with the plant closing. When the plant closed he went back to being a sailor<ref name=":0" /> becoming a messman for the [[United States Lines]] and worked for them until retiring in 1983 as a [[Chief steward|Chief Steward]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=McCunn |first=Ruthanne Lum |author-link=Ruthanne Lum McCunn |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tyPTIgWMrN4C&q=Poon%20Lim%20%22brooklyn%22 |title=Sole Survivor: A Story of Record Endurance at Sea |publisher=Beacon Press |year=1999 |isbn=9780807071397 |pages=223 |access-date=May 21, 2024 |via=Google Books}}</ref> 

After the war, Lim wanted to emigrate to the [[United States]], but the [[Chinese Exclusion Repeal Act|quota]] for Chinese immigrants had been reached. However, because of his fame and the aid of Senator [[Warren Magnuson]], he received a special dispensation and eventually gained citizenship<ref>{{cite news |title=Poon Lim Awarded Medal for 133 Days on Life Raft. |url= https://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/chicagotribune/access/471732632.html?dids=471732632:471732632&FMT=CITE&FMTS=CITE:AI&date=Jul+17%2C+1943&author=&pub=Chicago+Daily+Tribune&desc=Poon+Lim+Awarded+Medal+for+133+Days+on+Life+Raft&pqatl=google |newspaper=[[Chicago Tribune|Chicago Daily Tribune]] |date=17 July 1943 |accessdate=24 April 2008 |archive-date=7 November 2012 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20121107174936/http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/chicagotribune/access/471732632.html?dids=471732632:471732632&FMT=CITE&FMTS=CITE:AI&date=Jul+17,+1943&author=&pub=Chicago+Daily+Tribune&desc=Poon+Lim+Awarded+Medal+for+133+Days+on+Life+Raft&pqatl=google |url-status=dead}}</ref> in 1952.<ref name=":0" /> Later that year, Lim would marry the daughter of one of his former shipmates aboard the ''[[S.S. Tanda]]'', having three daughters and a son together.<ref name=":1" /> After becoming a US citizen, Lim was prohibited from returning to his homeland as [[Travel ban|travel was not permitted]] to the now [[China|People's Republic of China]], so he had to ask his parents to meet him in Hong Kong to visit them. Lim also applied to join the US Navy. His application was declined because he had [[flat feet]].<ref name="Blake" /><ref name=":1" /> His son George Poon died from cancer in 2020.<ref>{{Cite web |title=George Poon |url=https://www.dignitymemorial.com/obituaries/brooklyn-ny/george-poon-9380390 |access-date=May 21, 2024 |website=Dignity Memorial}}</ref>

When told no one had ever survived longer on a raft at sea, Lim replied, "I hope no one will ever have to break that record."<ref name="NYT-0717" /> People have since lived longer lost at sea: [[Jesús Vidaña|three Mexican sailors]] floated for 10 months from 2005 to 2006 in the Pacific Ocean in a disabled fishing boat.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.turkishweekly.net/news/37070/mexican-trio-back-after-10-months-lost-at-sea.html |title=Mexican trio back after 10 months lost at sea |work=[[Journal of Turkish Weekly]] |accessdate=6 December 2016 |url-status=dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20150511193621/http://www.turkishweekly.net/news/37070/mexican-trio-back-after-10-months-lost-at-sea.html |archive-date=11 May 2015}}</ref> In a similar situation, [[José Salvador Alvarenga]], a fisherman from [[El Salvador]], was apparently lost for 439 days, floating from [[Mexico]] to the [[Marshall Islands]]. {{As of|2024}}, no one has broken Lim's record on a life raft.

The writer [[Alfred Bester]] later stated that Lim's ordeal was used in his novel ''[[The Stars My Destination]]'', which opens with a man stranded in space.<ref>{{cite book |author-last=Bester |author-first=Alfred |author-link=Alfred Bester |contribution=My Affair with Science Fiction |title=Hell's Cartographers |editor1-last=Aldiss |editor1-first=Brian |editor1-link=Brian Aldiss |editor2-last=Harrison |editor2-first=Harry |editor2-link=Harry Harrison (writer) |year=1975 |place=New York |publisher=Harper & Row |isbn=978-0060100520}}</ref>

Lim died in [[Brooklyn]] on 4 January 1991, aged 72.<ref>[[Social Security Death Index]]; Lim Poon; 123-20-0128</ref>

== See also ==

* [[José Salvador Alvarenga]] – survived 438 days adrift in the Pacific Ocean
* [[Maurice and Maralyn Bailey]] – survived 117 days adrift in the Pacific Ocean
* [[MV Zaandam#Survivors on a life raft|Cornelis van der Slot, Nicolaas Hoogendam and Basil Izzi]] – survived 83 days on a raft in the Atlantic Ocean
* [[Steven Callahan]] – survived 76 days adrift in the Atlantic Ocean
* [[Louis Zamperini]] – survived 47 days adrift in the Pacific Ocean
* [[Dougal Robertson]] – survived 38 days adrift in the Pacific Ocean
* [[List of people who disappeared mysteriously at sea]]

==Footnotes==
{{reflist}}

{{Authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Lim, Poon}}

[[Category:1918 births]]
[[Category:1940s missing person cases]]
[[Category:1991 deaths]]
[[Category:British Merchant Navy personnel of World War II]]
[[Category:Castaways]]
[[Category:Chinese emigrants to the United States]]
[[Category:Chinese people of World War II]]
[[Category:Chinese sailors]]
[[Category:Formerly missing Chinese people]]
[[Category:Missing person cases in Brazil]]
[[Category:People from Hainan]]
[[Category:Recipients of the British Empire Medal]]
[[Category:Sole survivors]]