Editing Popular monarchy

{{Short description|Monarchical titles referring to people rather than territories}}
{{Monarchism}}
'''Popular monarchy''' is a term used by [[Kingsley Martin]] (1936) for [[Imperial, royal and noble ranks|monarchical titles]] referring to a people rather than a territory.<ref>{{Citation | title = The Evolution of Popular Monarchy | first = Kingsley | last = Martin | journal = Political Quarterly | volume = 7 | issue = 2 | pages = 155–78 | date = April 1936| doi = 10.1111/j.1467-923X.1936.tb01608.x }}.</ref> 
This was the norm in [[classical antiquity]] and throughout much of the [[Middle Ages]], and such titles were retained in some of the monarchies of 19th- and 20th-century Europe.

During the [[French Revolution]], [[Louis XVI of France|Louis XVI]] had to change his title to indicate he was "king of the French" rather than "king of France", paralleling the title of "king of the [[Franks]]" (''rex Francorum'') used in [[medieval France]].

Currently, [[Belgium]] has the only explicit popular monarchy, the formal title of its king being ''King of the Belgians'' rather than ''King of Belgium''.

==List of royal and imperial titles==
{{main|Royal title}}
{| class="wikitable"
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! Country!! Title !! Notes
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| [[Albanian Kingdom (1928–39)|Albanian Kingdom]] || ''[[King of Albania|King of the Albanians]]'' || Used by [[Zog I of Albania|King Zog I]], the monarch of the Albanian Kingdom, from 1928 ''de facto'' to 1939, and ''de jure'' until 1946. [[Victor Emmanuel III of Italy|King Victor Emmanuel III]], who claimed the Albanian throne between 1939 and 1943, used the title ''King of Albania''.
|- valign="top"
| Kingdom of [[Belgium]] || ''[[Monarchy of Belgium#Title|King of the Belgians]]'' || Used since the constitutional oath of [[Leopold I of Belgium|Leopold I]] in 1831.  The Belgian popular monarchy is the sole currently in use. The holders of the title have been [[Leopold I of Belgium|Leopold I]], [[Leopold II of Belgium|Leopold II]], [[Albert I of Belgium|Albert I]], [[Leopold III of Belgium|Leopold III]], [[Baudouin of Belgium|Baudouin]], [[Albert II of Belgium|Albert II]], and currently [[Philippe of Belgium|Philippe]].
|- valign="top"
| Bulgarian Empire || ''Emperor of the Bulgarians'' || Variants: ''Ruler of the many Bulgarians'', ''Emperor of the Bulgarians and the Romans'', ''Tsar of the Bulgarians'', ''Emperor of Bulgarians and Vlachs, the Romanslayer'', ''Emperor of the Bulgarians and the Greeks'', ''In Christ the Lord Faithful Emperor and Autocrat of the Bulgarians'', ''In Christ the Lord Faithful Emperor and Autocrat of all Bulgarians and Greeks''
|- valign="top"
| [[Kingdom of Bulgaria]] || ''King of the Bulgarians'' || The official title of [[Ferdinand I of Bulgaria|Ferdinand I]] in 1908–1918, Ferdinand's son [[Boris III of Bulgaria|Boris III]] (1918–1943) and Boris' son [[Simeon Saxe-Coburg-Gotha|Simeon II]] (1943 – at least to 1946) was: ''by the Grace of God and the People's Will King of the Bulgarians''. Ferdinand I was elected by the National Assembly as Prince of Bulgaria in 1887.
|- valign="top"
| [[Kingdom of the Burgundians]] || ''King of the Burgundians'' ||  The title was used from [[Gjúki]] to [[Godomar]].
|- valign="top"
| [[Byzantine Empire]] || ''[[Basileus#Romans and Byzantines|Emperor of the Romans]]'' || Used in the Greek form {{Transliteration|grc|Basileus Rhomaíōn}} at least since [[Maurice (emperor)|Emperor Maurice]].
|- valign="top"
| [[Kingdom of Croatia (925–1102)|Kingdom of Croatia]] || ''King of the Croats'' || {{lang|hr|Kralj Hrvata}} in [[Croatian language|Croatian]], {{lang|la|Rex Chroatorum}} in [[Medieval Latin]], which was later extended to ''King of the Croats and the Dalmatians'' ({{lang|hr|Kralj Hrvata i Dalmatinaca}} or {{lang|la|Rex Chroatorum Dalmatarumque}}).
|- valign="top"
| [[Kingdom of England]] || ''[[King of the Anglo-Saxons]]'' or ''King of the English'' || ''Rex Anglorum Saxonum'' or ''Rex Anglorum'' in Medieval Latin. Used by the [[Anglo-Saxon kings]] of [[England]]. The title ''King of the Anglo-Saxons'' was first adopted by [[Alfred the Great]] when the people of Mercia accepted him as their ruler in the late [[9th century]]. The first king to style himself ''King of the English'' was [[Æthelstan]] when he conquered the Norse [[Kingdom of York]] in 927, making him the first ruler of a united [[England]].
|- valign="top"
| [[Kingdom of East Anglia]] || ''[[List of monarchs of East Anglia|King of the East Angles]]''||{{langx|la|Rex Anglorum Orientalium}}
|- valign="top"
| [[Kingdom of Essex]] || ''[[List of monarchs of Essex|King of the East Saxons]]''||{{langx|la|Rex Saxonum Orientalium}}
|- valign="top"
|rowspan="2"| [[East Francia]] || ''King of the East Franks''|| {{langx|la|Rex Francorum Orientalium}}
|- valign="middle"
|rowspan="3"| &nbsp;<br />''[[King of the Franks]]''<br />&nbsp;  ||rowspan="3"| Used by the [[Carolingians]] from [[Pepin the Short]]. Also used in [[medieval France]] and by the [[Ottonian dynasty|Ottonian]] Holy Roman Emperors-elect.
|- valign="top"
| [[Frankish Empire]]
|- valign="top"
|rowspan="3"| [[Kingdom of France]] ([[West Francia]])
|- valign="top"
| ''King of the West Franks'' || {{langx|la|Rex Francorum Occidentalium}}
|- valign="top"
| ''[[King of the French]]''  || Used by [[Louis XVI of France|Louis XVI]] from [[French Constitution of 1791|1791 to 1792]], and by [[Louis Philippe I]] from [[July Monarchy|1830 until 1848]].
|- valign="top"
| [[First French Empire|French Empire]] || ''[[Emperor of the French]]'' || Used by [[Napoleon|Napoleon I]], [[Napoleon II]] (however briefly and ceremonially), and [[Napoleon III]] during their various reigns.
|- valign="top"
| Kingdom of the [[Gepids]] || ''King of the Gepids''
|- valign="top"
|rowspan="3"| [[Holy Roman Empire]] || ''[[King of the Romans]]'', ''Roman King''; ''King of the Germans'' || Titles of the Emperors-elect. {{langx|la|Rex Romanorum/Teutonicorum}}, {{langx|de|König der Römer, Römischer König, König der Deutschen}}
|- valign="top"
|''[[Holy Roman Emperor|Emperor of the Romans]]'' || Official title of the Holy Roman Emperors; {{langx|la|Imperator Romanorum}}
|- valign="top"
|''German-Roman Emperor'' || English realisation of the common German-language title for the Holy Roman Emperors: {{lang|de|Römisch-deutscher Kaiser}}; literally: Roman-German Emperor
|- valign="top"
| Kingdom of the [[Gewisse]] || ''[[List of monarchs of Wessex|King of the Gewisse]]''||Title later became ''King of the West Saxons'' as the Gewisse expanded (see [[Kingdom of Wessex]])
|- valign="top"
| Kingdom of [[Götaland]] || ''[[King of the Geats]]'' || {{lang|sv|Götar konung}} in [[Swedish language|Swedish]], {{lang|la|Rex Getarum/Gothorum}} in [[Medieval Latin]]. Title attributed to legendary and historical kings of the North Germanic Geats.
|- valign="top"
| [[Kingdom of Greece (Glücksburg)|Kingdom of Greece]] || ''King of the Hellenes'' || Used for the [[List of kings of Greece|Greek monarchs]] from 1863, when the [[House of Glücksburg#Greece|House of Glücksburg]] ascended the throne, until the monarchy's abolition in 1973 ([[Constantine II of Greece|the King]] had been [[Greek military junta of 1967–74|in exile since 1967]]). [[Otto of Greece|King Otto]], however, who reigned from May 1832 until [[Expulsion of Otto of Greece|his deposition and expulsion]] in October 1862, had been styled as ''King of Greece''.
|- valign="top"
| [[Kingdom of Kent]] || ''[[List of monarchs of Kent|King of the Cantware (Kentish Men)]]''||{{langx|la|Rex Cantuariorum}}
|- valign="top"
| [[Khazar Khaganate]] || ''Khagan of the Khazars'' ||
|- valign="top"
| [[Kingdom of the Lombards]] || ''[[King of the Lombards]]'' || {{lang|la|Rex Langobardorum}} in Medieval Latin.
|- valign="top"
| [[Kingdom of Norway]] || ''King/Lord of the Norwegians'' || The first [[list of Norwegian monarchs|Norwegian king]], [[Harald Fairhair]], used the style ''King/Lord of the Norwegians'' ({{lang|no|dróttin Norðmanna}}), in the oldest source of his life in [[Haraldskvæði]]. Subsequent Norwegian kings used similar titles, like his son [[Håkon the Good]] who was called ''King of the Norwegians'' ({{lang|no|Norðmanna gram}})
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| [[Ostrogothic Kingdom|Kingdom of the Ostrogoths]] || ''King of the Ostrogoths'' || 
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| [[Kingdom of Portugal]] || ''King of the Portuguese'' || The first [[list of Portuguese monarchs|Portuguese king]], [[Afonso I of Portugal|Afonso Henriques]], used the style ''King of the Portuguese'' ({{lang|la|Rex Portugalensium}}), to remember that he was elected on the battlefield, after the [[Battle of Ourique]] (1139), by his fellows and subjects; their descendants, instead, used the style of ''King of Portugal'' ({{lang|la|Rex Portugaliae}} or later in {{lang|pt|Rei de Portugal}}).
|- valign="top"
| [[Roman Empire]] || ''[[Roman Emperor]]'' || Used in the Latin form {{lang|la|Imperator romanus}}.
|- valign="top"
| [[Kingdom of Romania]] || ''[[King of the Romanians]]'' || Used from 1881 until 1947. The holders of the title were [[Carol I of Romania|Carol I]], [[Ferdinand I of Romania|Ferdinand I]], [[Carol II of Romania|Carol II]] and [[Michael I of Romania|Michael I]].
|- valign="top"
| [[Rugiland|Kingdom of the Rugii]] || ''King of the Rugii'' || 
|- valign="top"
| [[Kingdom of Scotland]] || ''[[List of Scottish monarchs|King of Scots]]'' || This usage became less common with [[William III of England|William III]] and [[Mary II of England|Mary II]], who chose to be called King and Queen of Scotland. The [[Acts of Union 1707]] abolished the Scottish and English thrones and created the Kingdom of Great Britain.
|- valign="top"
| [[Kingdom of Serbia (medieval)|Kingdom of Serbia]] / [[Serbian Empire]] || ''[[List of Serbian monarchs|King of Serbia]]'' and  ''[[Emperor of the Serbs]]''  || Used between 1346 and 1371. ''{{lang|sr|цар Срба и Грка}}'' / {{lang|sr-Latn|car Srba i Grka}} in Serbian. This title was soon enlarged into "''Emperor and Autocrat of all the Serbs and Greeks, the Bulgarians, Vlachs and Albanians''".<ref>{{harvnb|Hupchick|1995|p=141}}</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Clissold|1968|p=98}}</ref><ref>{{harvnb|White|2000|p=246}}</ref>
|- valign="top"
| [[Kingdom of Serbia]] / [[Kingdom of Yugoslavia]] || ''[[List of Serbian monarchs#Kingdom of Yugoslavia (1918–1941)|King of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes]]'' or ''King of Yugoslavia'' || Used from 1918 to 1929, when the title was changed to ''King of Yugoslavia''. The holders of the title were [[Peter I of Serbia|Peter I]] and [[Alexander I of Yugoslavia|Alexander I]].
|- valign="top"
| [[Kingdom of the Suebi]] || ''King of the Suevi in Galicia'' || 
|- valign="top"
| [[Kingdom of Sussex]] || ''[[List of monarchs of Sussex|King of The South Saxons]]''||{{langx|la|Rex Sussaxonum}}, {{lang|la|Rex Suthaxonum}}
|- valign="top"
| [[Sweden|Kingdom of Sweden]] || ''King of the Swedes, [[King of the Goths|the Goths]], and [[King of the Wends|the Wends]]'' || Used in the Swedish form {{lang|sv|Sveriges, Götes och Vendes konung}} until 1973. Thereafter simply [[King of Sweden]] ({{lang|sv|Sveriges konung}}).
|- valign="top"
| [[Kingdom of the Vandals and Alans]] || ''King of the Vandals'' ||
|- valign="top"
| [[Visigothic Kingdom|Kingdom of the Visigoths]] || ''King of the Visigoths'' || 
|- valign="top"
| [[Principality of Wales]] || ''Prince of the Welsh'' || Evolving from ''[[King of the Britons]]'', before mediatising in the 12th century as ''Prince of the Welsh''. Eventually, [[Dafydd ap Llywelyn|Dafydd II]] of Gwynedd and Wales adopted the title ''[[Prince of Wales]]'' to denote suzerainty over the whole of Wales, not just the Welsh people.
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| [[Kingdom of Wessex]] || ''[[List of monarchs of Wessex|King of the West Saxons]]''||
|}

==See also==
*[[Revolutions of 1830]]
*''[[Pater Patriae]]''

==Notes==
<references/>

{{DEFAULTSORT:Popular Monarchy}}
[[Category:Monarchy]]
[[Category:Popular sovereignty|Monarchy]]
[[Category:Royal titles]]