Editing Popular psychology

{{short description|Concepts and theories about human mental life and behavior that are purportedly based on psychology}}
{{Redirect|Pop psychology|the Neon Trees album of the same name|Pop Psychology (album)}}

'''Popular psychology''' (sometimes shortened as '''pop psychology''' or '''pop psych''') refers to the concepts and theories about human mental life and behavior that are supposedly based on [[psychology]] and are considered credible and accepted by the wider populace. The concept is cognate with the [[human potential movement]] of the 1950s and 1960s.

The term ''pop psychologist'' can be used to describe authors, consultants, lecturers, and entertainers who are widely perceived as being psychologists, not because of their academic credentials, but because they have projected that image or have been perceived in that way in response to their work.

The term ''popular psychology'' can also be used when referring to the ''popular psychology industry'', a sprawling network of everyday sources of information about human behavior.

The term is often used in a pejorative fashion to describe psychological concepts that appear [[oversimplification|oversimplified]], out of date, [[Proof (truth)|unproven]], misunderstood or misinterpreted; however, the term may also be used to describe professionally produced psychological knowledge, regarded by most experts as valid and effective, that is intended for use by the general public.<ref>''APA Dictionary of Psychology'', 1st ed., Gary R. VandenBos, ed., Washington: American Psychological Association, 2007.</ref>

==Types==
Popular psychology commonly takes the form of:
* [[self-help]] books, for example ''The Road Less Travelled'', by [[M. Scott Peck]];
* [[advice column|advice]] dispensed through radio, TV, and print; for example [[Dear Abby]], [[Dr. Phil (TV series)|''Dr. Phil'']] and [[Dan Savage]];
* [[mythology|myths]] such as "[[Ten percent of the brain myth|People use only about 10 percent of their brain's capacity]]";<ref>Standing, Lionel G., and Huber, Herman. (2003) "Do Psychology Courses Reduce Belief in Psychological Myths?" ''Social Behaviour and Personality'', 31(6), 585-592</ref>
* terminology that may have a basis in psychology, but which appears more frequently in the vernacular than in professional discourse&mdash;for example, [[inner child]], [[lateralization of brain function|left brain/right brain]], [[emotional intelligence]], [[Freudian slip]], and [[Enneagram of Personality|enneagram]];
* public perceptions about psychological methodologies that have not been scientifically validated, such as [[neuro-linguistic programming]];<ref name="Devilly 2005">Grant J. Devilly (2005) [https://www.doi.org/10.1111/j.1440-1614.2005.01601.x Power Therapies and possible threats to the science of psychology and psychiatry]  Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry Vol.39 p.437</ref>
* [[urban legend]]s such as "Psychologist [[B. F. Skinner]] raised his own daughter in a '[[Operant conditioning chamber|Skinner box]]' "<ref>[http://www.snopes.com/science/skinner.asp "One Man and a Baby Box"], [[Snopes|snopes.com]], retrieved 2006-03-13.</ref>

==Self-help==
Popular psychology is an essential ingredient of the [[self-help]] industry.<ref>Cushman, P. (1990) "Why the self is empty: Toward a historically situated psychology. ''American Psychologist'', 45, 599-611. Cited in Fried, Stephen. (1998) "An Undergraduate Course in American Popular Psychology." ''Teaching of Psychology'' Vol. 25, No. 1, pp. 38-39.</ref>

According to Fried and Schultis, criteria for a good self-help book include "claims made by the author as to the book's efficacy, the presentation of problem-solving strategies based on scientific evidence and professional experience, the author's credentials and professional experience, and the inclusion of a bibliography."<ref>Fried, S.B., and Shultis, G.A. (1995) "The best self-help and self-awareness books: A topic-by-topic guide to quality information." Chicago: American Library Association Editions. Cited in Fried, Stephen. (1998) "An Undergraduate Course in American Popular Psychology." ''Teaching of Psychology'' Vol. 25, No. 1, pp. 38-39.</ref>

Three potential dangers of self-help books are:<ref>Craighead, L., McNamara, K., and Horan, J. (1984) "Perspectives on self-help and bibliotherapy: You are what you read." In S. Brown and R. Lent (eds.), ''Handbook of counselling psychology.'' New York: Wiley. pp. 878 – 929. Cited in Fried, Stephen. (1998) "An Undergraduate Course in American Popular Psychology." ''Teaching of Psychology'' Vol. 25, No. 1, pp. 38-39.</ref>
* people may falsely label themselves as psychologically disturbed;
* people may misdiagnose themselves and use material that deals with the wrong problem;
* people may not be able to evaluate a program and may select an ineffective one;

==Psychobabble==
{{Main|Psychobabble}}

The misuse and overuse of technical psychological terms is called ''[[psychobabble]]''.

Sometimes psychological [[jargon]] is used to dress up sales pitches, self-help programs, and [[New Age]] ideas to lend these endeavors a respectable scientific appearance.  Other times, people use psychological terminology to describe everyday, normal experiences in a way that [[Medicalization|pathologize]] a normal behavior, such as feeling sad after a loss, by suggesting that unpleasant emotions are a type of [[psychopathology]], like [[major depressive disorder]].  People may use psychobabble because they believe that complex, descriptive or special esoteric terms more clearly or more dramatically communicate their experiences of social and personal situations, or because they believe that it makes them sound more educated.

Some terms that have an origin in psychological terminology and are typically misused include [[co-dependent]], [[dysfunctional]], [[Interpersonal relationship|meaningful relationship]], [[narcissistic]], [[Antisocial personality disorder|antisocial]], [[traumatic bonding]], [[synergy]], and [[gaslighting]]'''.'''

==History==
Early movements in the history of American psychology can explain the importance our culture places on the field at large.

===Rise of psychology in the United States===
Beginning late in the 19th century, and largely influenced by German scholar [[Wilhelm Wundt]], Americans including [[James Mckeen Cattell]], [[G. Stanley Hall]], [[William James]], and others helped to formalize psychology as an academic discipline in the United States. Popularity in psychology grew as the public became more aware of the field. In 1890, James published ''[[The Principles of Psychology]]'', which produced a surge of public interest. In 1892, James wrote ''Psychology: The Briefer Course'' as an opportunity for the public to read and understand psychological literature. In a similar attempt in 1895, [[E. W. Scripture]], another American psychologist, published a book, called ''Thinking, Feeling, Doing'', that was adapted for the average reader.

===Popular misconceptions and the effort to counteract===
Despite the various publications, the general public had minimal understanding of what psychologists did and what psychology was all about. Many believed psychology was "mind reading and spiritualism"<ref name="Benjamin, 1986">{{Cite journal |last=Benjamin |first=Ludy T. |author-link=Ludy T. Benjamin |date=1986 |title=Why don't they understand us? A history of psychology's public image. |url=https://doi.apa.org/doi/10.1037/0003-066X.41.9.941 |journal=[[American Psychologist]] |language=en |volume=41 |issue=9 |doi=10.1037/0003-066X.41.9.941 |issn=1935-990X |url-access=subscription}}</ref>{{rp|941}} and that it had no real application in everyday life, whereas in reality, psychology was more about studying normal human behaviors and experiences that could very well have strong applications to everyday life.

Thus, regardless of the mass interest in psychology, an accurate account of psychology for the [[layman]] was rare. Many psychologists became concerned that their profession was failing appropriately to reach the public.

In 1893, [[Joseph Jastrow]] and [[Hugo Münsterberg]] led a public exhibit on psychology in the [[World's Columbian Exposition]] in Chicago as an effort to celebrate psychology, offer information to the public, and correct popular misconceptions. The exhibit provided catalogs of information on equipment, research topics, and purposes of psychology.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Perloff |first=Robert |author-link=Robert Perloff |last2=Perloff |first2=Linda S. |date=March 1977 |title=The fair: An opportunity for depicting psychology and for conducting behavioral research. |url=http://doi.apa.org/getdoi.cfm?doi=10.1037/0003-066X.32.3.220 |journal=[[American Psychologist]] |language=en |volume=32 |issue=3 |page=222 |doi=10.1037/0003-066X.32.3.220 |issn=1935-990X |url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref>[http://psychclassics.yorku.ca/Jastrow/section.htm Joseph Jastrow catalog online]</ref><ref>[http://psychclassics.yorku.ca/Munster/Lab/ Hugo Münsterberg catalog online]</ref> In a similar attempt to inform the public, the 1904 [[Louisiana Purchase Exposition]] in St. Louis included (among others) presentations from G. Stanley Hall, [[Edward B. Titchener]], [[Mary Whiton Calkins]], [[John B. Watson]], and [[Adolph Meyer]]. The exhibits also included public testing and experimentation.

Although admirable, the attempt to seek public approval failed to make a significant impact and psychologists became more concerned about their public image. In 1900, Jastrow wrote a book entitled ''Fact and Fable in Psychology'' that aimed to resolve popular psychological misconceptions by clearly discerning fact from fable. In preface to his book, Jastrow states, "It is a matter of serious concern that the methods of genuine psychology, that the conditions of advance in psychology, that the scope and nature of its problems should be properly understood." (vii)<ref>Jastrow, 1900</ref>

===Popularization of psychology===
It was not until the more powerful movement of [[applied psychology]] that popularity in psychology grew to affect people's everyday lives. The work of G. Stanley Hall in [[educational psychology]] led changes in the approaches of teaching and the Child-Study movement, supported in experimental psychology, and guided [[educational reform]].

Several [[critics]] warned that applying experimental psychology to education may be problematic. In 1898, Münsterberg wrote a controversial article entitled "The Danger from Experimental Psychology" in which he claims the impossible transfer of experimental results into successful teaching practices.<ref>Benjamin, 2006</ref>

Despite the disagreements, [[popular culture]] grasped onto the implications in the field of applied psychology with the hope that the research could improve their lives. Early applications included [[clinical psychology]], [[business]], [[industrial psychology]], and the psychology of [[advertising]]. Furthermore, the onset of [[World War I]] led to advances in psychology brought about by its application in [[military psychology]].

The [[media (communication)|media]] provided the public more accessible psychological information through the publication of countless books and popular magazines including ''Harpers'', ''Forum'', ''Atlantic Monthly'', and ''Colliers''. After WWI, demand grew for a more frequent source of popular psychology and newspapers became a primary source of public information. In fact, newspaper columns were so well-received that professional psychologist Jastrow had a column entitled ''Keeping Mentally Fit'' that appeared in more than 150 newspapers in the 1920s.<ref name="Benjamin, 1986"/>{{rp|943}}

Soon, public demand for psychological services and information grew so fierce that the availability of legitimate research and real psychologists became insufficient. Consequently, nonprofessionals began to offer their services under the guise of psychologists.

The [[American Psychological Association]] (APA) responded with an effort to establish official certifications for trained psychologists. However, popular interest overlooked the qualifications and eagerly sought to apply popular psychological science regardless of its validity.<ref name="Benjamin, 1986"/>{{rp|943}}

Short-lived, the excitement over useful psychology was curbed by articles warning of the exaggerated and false claims made by popular psychology. [[Stephen Leacock]] described the changing popularity in psychology in 1924, stating,
<blockquote>
As part of the new researches, it was found that psychology can be used... for almost everything in life. There is now not only psychology in the academic or college sense, but also a Psychology of Business, Psychology of Education, a Psychology of Salesmanship, a Psychology of Religion... and a Psychology of Playing the Banjo. In short, everybody has his.<ref>Leacock, 1924, pp.471-472</ref>
</blockquote>

Others authored similar cautions to the public and, among the most recursive, was that of [[Grace Adams (psychologist)]] who, in her 1928 article, wrote
<blockquote>
a vociferous attack on applied psychology [and] argued that psychology had forsaken its scientific roots so that individual psychologists might achieve popularity and prosperity.<ref>p.944 (as cited in Benjamin, 1986)</ref>
</blockquote>

After the [[Great Depression|Depression]] hit in 1929, popular literature began to decline while scientific publications in periodicals increased. This discrepancy between the public sector and [[academia]] supported the popular belief that professional psychologists were not interested in solving America's problems. The lack of professional participation provided [[pseudoscientific]] and unprofessional psychological literature to become very popular. In the 1930s, self-help books and the publication of three magazines (''[[Modern Psychologist]]'', ''[[Practical Psychology Monthly]]'', and ''[[Psychology Digest]]'') became part of a popular psychology movement.<ref name="Benjamin, 1986"/>{{rp|944}}

[[World War II]] gave professional psychology another chance to prove its value as a science with an increase in professional opportunities. In the article "Don't They Understand Us? A history of Psychology's Public Image", [[Ludy T. Benjamin|Benjamin]] describes the direction of psychology at the time:
<blockquote>
The praise psychologists received from government, industry, and the military provided a tremendous boost for the public image of psychology... Yet many contemporary psychologists are concerned that the current image is far from acceptable and that the science and profession of psychology continues to suffer because of that image.<ref name="Benjamin, 1986" />{{Rp|page=945}}
</blockquote>

===Current status of popular psychology===
In his Presidential Address to the APA in 1969, [[George Armitage Miller]] was hopeful for psychology's future stating, "that the real impact of psychology will be felt, ... through its effects on the public at large, through a new and different public conception of what is humanly possible and what is humanly desirable."<ref>{{cite journal |last=Miller |first=G.A. |title=Psychology as a means of promoting human welfare |journal=American Psychologist |volume=24 |year=1969 |issue=12 |page=1066|doi=10.1037/h0028988 }}</ref>

Current events influence the popularity of areas in psychology. During 2020 and 2021 many of the most popular psychology articles were about COVID-19 and even Zoom fatigue.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Palmer |first=C |date=January 1, 2022 |title=The top 10 journal articles |url=https://www.apa.org/monitor/2022/01/top-journal-articles |access-date=January 28, 2023 |website=American Psychological Association}}</ref> The APA's most downloaded journal articles frequently include research about social media.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Shackleford |first=Karen |date=April 2022 |title=Psychology of Popular Media is, well, popular. |url=https://doi.org/10.1037/ppm0000406 |journal=Psychology of Popular Media |language=en |volume=11 |issue=2 |pages=109–110 |doi=10.1037/ppm0000406 |s2cid=248196930 |issn=2689-6575|url-access=subscription }}</ref> Social media frequently spreads misinformation about health,<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Suarez-Lledo |first1=Victor |last2=Alvarez-Galvez |first2=Javier |date=2021-01-20 |title=Prevalence of Health Misinformation on Social Media: Systematic Review |url=https://www.jmir.org/2021/1/e17187 |journal=Journal of Medical Internet Research |language=EN |volume=23 |issue=1 |pages=e17187 |doi=10.2196/17187 |pmc=7857950 |pmid=33470931 |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Puri |first1=Neha |last2=Coomes |first2=Eric A. |last3=Haghbayan |first3=Hourmazd |last4=Gunaratne |first4=Keith |date=2020-11-01 |title=Social media and vaccine hesitancy: new updates for the era of COVID-19 and globalized infectious diseases |url=https://doi.org/10.1080/21645515.2020.1780846 |journal=Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics |volume=16 |issue=11 |pages=2586–2593 |doi=10.1080/21645515.2020.1780846 |issn=2164-5515 |pmc=7733887 |pmid=32693678}}</ref> and this could extend to mental health misinformation. [[Psychobabble]] can be used on social media to spread this misinformation. However, social media can be a place where pop psychology is used to spread mental health awareness.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Latha |first1=K. |last2=Meena |first2=K. S. |last3=Pravitha |first3=M. R. |last4=Dasgupta |first4=Madhuporna |last5=Chaturvedi |first5=S. K. |date=2020-01-01 |title=Effective use of social media platforms for promotion of mental health awareness |journal=Journal of Education and Health Promotion |language=en |volume=9 |issue=1 |pages=124 |doi=10.4103/jehp.jehp_90_20 |issn=2277-9531 |pmc=7325786 |pmid=32642480 |doi-access=free }}</ref>

=== Limits and criticism ===
A June 2023 article by [[Vox Media]] explored the limits of pop psychology terms ("therapy speak") saying "people become attached to terms that encapsulate certain events and people, to varying degrees, in order to bolster an argument or justify an experience. Having common language to describe a difficult situation can help people more effectively communicate their concerns and garner support, but these terms can just as easily be weaponized."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Volpe |first=Allie |date=2023-06-25 |title=Why we use therapy-speak — and when to stop |url=https://www.vox.com/even-better/23769973/limits-therapy-speak-narcissist-gaslighting-trauma-toxic |access-date=2023-07-11 |website=Vox |language=en}}</ref>

== See also==
{{Main category}}
* [[Folk psychology]]
* [[Just-so story]]
* [[List of common misconceptions#Psychology and neuroscience|List of common misconceptions § Psychology and neuroscience]]
* [[New Age]]
* [[Popular science]]
* [[Self-help]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Further reading ==
* {{Cite book |last=Cordón |first=Luis A. |year=2005 |title=Popular Psychology: An Encyclopedia |publisher=Greenwood |isbn=978-1566636285 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9781566636285 }}
* {{Cite book |last=Jarzombek |first=Mark |year=2000 |title=The Psychologizing of Modernity |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=9780521147637 |url=http://www.cambridge.org/se/academic/subjects/arts-theatre-culture/western-art/psychologizing-modernity-art-architecture-and-history}}
* Jastrow, J. 1900. ''Fact and Fable in Psychology''. Houghton, Mifflin and Company. The Riverside Press, Cambridge. [https://archive.org/details/factandfableinp00jastgoog]
* {{Cite book |last=Justman |first=Stewart |year=2005 |title=Fool's Paradise: The Unreal World of Pop Psychology. |publisher=Ivan R. Dee |isbn=978-1566636285 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9781566636285 }}
* Scripture, E. W. ''Thinking, Feeling, Doing''. The Chautauqua Century Press, 1895. [https://archive.org/details/thinkfeelingdoin00scririch]

==External links==
* [http://psychologymatters.apa.org/ American Psychological Association website devoted to applied psychology]

{{Psychology}}

[[Category:Popular psychology| ]]