Editing Portraits of Periodical Offering

{{Short description|Paintings depicting Chinese tributes}}
{{italic title}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2021}}
[[File:Ambassador from Persia (波斯國), visiting the court of the Tang Dynasty. The Gathering of Kings (王会图) circa 650 CE.jpg|thumb|upright|Ambassador from [[Sasanian Empire|Persia]] (波斯國), visiting the court of the [[Tang dynasty]]. ''The Gathering of Kings'' (王会图), circa 650 CE]]
The '''''Portraits of Periodical Offering''''' ({{zh|s=职贡图|t=職貢圖|p=Zhígòngtú}}) were tributary documentative paintings (with illustration on each of the portrait) produced by various [[Dynasties in Chinese history|Chinese dynasties]] and later as well in other East Asian dynasties, such as Japan and Vietnam. These paintings were official historical documents by the imperial courts. The term "{{lang|zh-hant|職貢圖}}" roughly translates to "duty offering pictorial". Throughout [[History of China|Chinese history]], tributary states and tribes were required to send ambassadors to the imperial court periodically and pay tribute with valuable gifts ({{lang|zh-hant|貢品}}; ''gòngpǐn'').

Drawings and paintings with short descriptions were used to record the expression of these ambassadors and to a lesser extent to show the cultural aspects of these ethnic groups. These historical descriptions beside the portrait became the equivalent of documents of diplomatic relations with each country. The drawings were reproduced in [[woodblock printing]] after the 9th century and distributed among the bureaucracy in albums. The ''Portraits of Periodical Offering of Imperial Qing'' by Xie Sui ({{lang|zh-hant|謝遂}}), completed in 1751, gives verbal descriptions of outlying tribes as far as the island of [[Great Britain|Britain]] in [[Western Europe]].

== Portraits of Periodical Offering of Liang (526–539 CE)==
The ''Portraits of Periodical Offering of [[Liang dynasty|Liang]]'' ({{lang|zh-hant|梁職貢圖}}) was painted by the future [[Emperor Yuan of Liang|Emperor Yuan of Liang, Xiao Yi]] (ruled 552–555 CE) of the [[Liang dynasty]] while he was a Governor of the province of [[Jingzhou]] as a young man between 526 and 539 CE, a post he held again between 547 and 552 CE, and had the opportunity to meet many foreigners.<ref name="TY">{{cite journal |last1=Yu |first1=Taishan (Institute of History, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences) |title=The Illustration of Envoys Presenting Tribute at the Liang Court |journal=Eurasian Studies |date=January 2018 |volume=VI |pages=68–122 |url=https://www.academia.edu/38799949 |language=en |archive-date=19 March 2022 |access-date=7 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220319231448/https://www.academia.edu/38799949 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Zheng |first1=Xinmiao |title=Masterpieces of Classical Chinese Painting |date=2017 |publisher=Abbeville Press |url=https://issuu.com/misha1/docs/chinesepainting_flip |language=en |archive-date=7 November 2022 |access-date=6 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221107222423/https://issuu.com/misha1/docs/chinesepainting_flip |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="ZG"/> It is the earliest surviving of these specially significant paintings. They reflect foreign embassies that took place, particularly regarding the three [[Hephthalite]] (Hua) ambassadors, in 516–520 CE.<ref name="EDLV127">{{cite journal |last1=DE LA VAISSIÈRE |first1=ÉTIENNE |title=Is There a "Nationality of the Hephtalites"? |journal=Bulletin of the Asia Institute |date=2003 |volume=17 |pages=127–128 |jstor=24049310 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/24049310 |issn=0890-4464 |archive-date=11 November 2020 |access-date=3 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201111103210/https://www.jstor.org/stable/24049310 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="EDLV130">{{cite journal |last1=DE LA VAISSIÈRE |first1=ÉTIENNE |title=Is There a "Nationality of the Hephtalites"? |journal=Bulletin of the Asia Institute |date=2003 |volume=17 |page=130, note 31 |jstor=24049310 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/24049310 |issn=0890-4464 |archive-date=11 November 2020 |access-date=3 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201111103210/https://www.jstor.org/stable/24049310 |url-status=live }}</ref> The original of the work was lost, but three copies or derived works are known.

===Portraits of Periodical Offering of Liang (526–539 CE) (Song dynasty copy of the 11th century CE)===
A surviving edition of this work is a copy from the [[Song dynasty]] in the 11th century, the ''Song copy of the Portraits of Periodical Offering of [[Liang dynasty|Liang]]'' ({{lang|zh-hant|梁職貢圖宋摹本}}),<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Yu |first1=Taishan (Institute of History, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences) |title=The Illustration of Envoys Presenting Tribute at the Liang Court |journal=Eurasian Studies |date=January 2018 |volume=VI |page=93 |url=https://www.academia.edu/38799949 |language=en}}</ref> and is currently preserved at the [[National Museum of China]]. The original work consisted of at least twenty five portraits of ambassadors from their various countries. The copy from the Song dynasty has twelve portraits and descriptions of thirteen envoys; the envoy from [[Dangchang Kingdom|Dangchang]] has no portrait.<ref name="Interpreters"/> The work included individual descriptions, which follow closely the dynastic chronicle ''[[Liangshu]]'' ([[:s:zh:梁書/卷54|Volume 54]]).

The envoys from right to left were: the [[Hephthalites]] ({{lang|zh-hant|滑/嚈哒}}), [[Persia]] ({{lang|zh-hant|波斯}}), [[Baekje|Korea]] ({{lang|zh-hant|百濟}}), [[Qiuci|Kucha]] ({{lang|zh-hant|龜茲}}), [[Wa (Japan)|Japan]] ({{lang|zh-hant|倭}}), [[Langkasuka|Malaysia]] ({{lang|zh-hant|狼牙脩}}), [[Qiang (historical people)|Qiang]] ({{lang|zh-hant|鄧至}}), [[Yarkent Khanate|Yarkand]] ({{lang|zh-hant|周古柯}}), [[Qubodiyon|Kabadiyan]] ({{lang|zh-hant|呵跋檀}}), [[Kunduz|Kumedh]] ({{lang|zh-hant|胡蜜丹}}), [[Balkh]] ({{lang|zh-hant|白題}}), and finally [[Merv]] ({{lang|zh-hant|末}}).<ref name="EDLV127"/><ref name="ZG">{{cite journal |last1=Ge |first1=Zhaoguang (Professor of History, Fudan University, China) |title=Imagining a Universal Empire: a Study of the Illustrations of the Tributary States of the Myriad Regions Attributed to Li Gonglin |date=2019 |journal=Journal of Chinese Humanities |page=128 |volume=5 |url=https://biblio.ugent.be/publication/8674093/file/8674094.pdf |archive-date=3 November 2020 |access-date=4 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201103063250/https://biblio.ugent.be/publication/8674093/file/8674094.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Interpreters">{{cite book |last1=Lung |first1=Rachel |title=Interpreters in Early Imperial China |year=2011 |publisher=John Benjamins Publishing |isbn=978-90-272-2444-6 |pages=29, n.14, 99 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qsNoHtgkGPkC&pg=PA29 |language=en}}</ref>

{{Wide image|Zhigongtu full (with annotations).jpg|1500px|align-cap=center|The ''Portraits of Periodical Offering of Liang'' with descriptions on the back of each foreign ambassador visiting the Liang court. [[Song dynasty]] copy of Liang dynasty original from 526–539 CE, in the [[National Museum of China]].}}

The remaining countries, now lost, are thought to have been: Gaojuli {{lang|zh-hant|高句麗}} ([[Goguryeo]]), Yutian {{lang|zh-hant|於闐}} ([[Hotan]] in [[Xinjiang]]), Xinluo {{lang|zh-hant|新羅}} ([[Silla]]), Kepantuo {{lang|zh-hant|渴盤陀}} ([[Tashkurgan]] {{lang|zh-hant|塔什干}} in present-day [[Xinjiang]]),<ref>Equivalence between Kepantuo and Tashkurgan in page 436, location east of Congling ({{lang|zh-hant|葱嶺}} [[Pamir Mountains]]) and west of Zhujubo ({{lang|zh-hant|朱駒波}}, [[Yarkent Khanate|Yarkand]]) in page 66 in {{cite book |last1=Balogh |first1=Dániel |title=Hunnic Peoples in Central and South Asia: Sources for their Origin and History |date=12 March 2020 |publisher=Barkhuis |isbn=978-94-93194-01-4 |pages=436, 66 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=frnVDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA436 |language=en}}</ref> Wuxing fan {{lang|zh-hant|武興藩}} (in [[Shanxi]]), Gaochang {{lang|zh-hant|高昌}} ([[Turpan]]), [[Tianmen Mountain|Tianmen]] [[Nanman|Man]] {{lang|zh-hant|天門蠻}} (somewhere between Henan, Hubei, and Guizhou), Dan 蜑 Barbarians of Jianping {{lang|zh-hant|建平蠻}} (between Hubei and Sichuan), and Man 蠻 Barbarians of Linjiang {{lang|zh-hant|臨江蠻}} (East [[Sichuan]]). There may also have been: Zhongtianzhu {{lang|zh-hant|中天竺}}, Bei tianzhu {{lang|zh-hant|北天竺}} ([[India]]), and Shiziguo {{lang|zh-hant|獅子國}} ([[Sri Lanka]]), for a total of twenty-five countries.<ref name="ZG"/>

====Individual portraits====
Some of the main portraits are:
<gallery widths="200px" heights="150px" perrow="4" class="center">
File:Hua ambassador to the Southern Liang court 516-520 CE.jpg|[[Hephthalite]] ({{lang|zh-hant|滑}} ''Hua'') ambassador
File:Persian ambassador to the Southern Liang court 516-520 CE.jpg|[[Sasanian Empire|Persian]] ambassador ({{lang|zh-hant|波斯}} ''Bosi'')
File:Baekje ambassador to the Southern Liang court 516-520 CE.jpg|[[Baekje|Korean]] ambassador ({{lang|zh-hant|百濟}} ''Baiji'', [[Baekje]])
File:Kucha ambassador to the Southern Liang court 516-520 CE.jpg|[[Kucha]] ambassador ({{lang|zh-hant|龜茲}} ''Qiuci'')
File:Kumedh ambassador to the Southern Liang court 516-520 CE.jpg|[[Kunduz|Kumedh]] ambassador ({{lang|zh-hant|胡蜜丹}} ''Humidan'')
File:Kabadiyan ambassador to the Southern Liang court 516-520 CE.jpg|[[Kabadiyan]] ambassador ({{lang|zh-hant|呵跋檀}} ''Kebotan'')
File:Langkasuka ambassador to the Southern Liang court 516-520 CE.jpg|[[Langkasuka]] ambassador ({{lang|zh-hant|狼牙脩}} ''Lang-ga-siu'') to the Southern Liang court 516-520 CE
File:Dengzhi ambassador to the Southern Liang court 516-520 CE.jpg|[[Qiang (historical people)|Qiang]] ambassador ({{lang|zh-hant|鄧至}} ''[[Dengzhi]]'')
</gallery>

===Tang dynasty ''The Gathering of Kings'' (circa 650 CE)===
A [[Tang dynasty|Tang period]] painting consisting in a version of the Liang portraits of Periodical Offerings, entitled ''The Gathering of Kings'' ({{lang|zh-hant|王會圖}}, ''Wanghuitu'').<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Zhou |first1=Xiuqin (University of Pennsylvania) |title=Zhaoling: The Mausoleum of Emperor Tang Taizong |journal=Sino-Platonic Papers |date=April 2009 |volume=187 |page=155 |url=http://www.sino-platonic.org/complete/spp187_taizong_emperor.pdf |archive-date=24 February 2015 |access-date=6 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150224014036/http://www.sino-platonic.org/complete/spp187_taizong_emperor.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> It was probably made by [[Yan Liben]].

From right to left, the countries are Lu (魯國) which is a reference to the [[Eastern Wei]], [[Rouran]] ({{lang|zh-hant|芮芮國}}), [[Sasanian Empire|Persia]] ({{lang|zh-hant|波斯國}}), [[Baekje]] ({{lang|zh-hant|百濟國}}), [[Kunduz|Kumedh]] ({{lang|zh-hant|胡密丹}}), [[Balkh|Baiti]] ({{lang|zh-hant|白題國}}), [[Merv]] ({{lang|zh-hant|靺國}}), Central [[India]] ({{lang|zh-hant|中天竺}}), [[Sri Lanka]] ({{lang|zh-hant|獅子國}}), Northern [[India]] ({{lang|zh-hant|北天竺}}), [[Tashkurgan]] ({{lang|zh-hant|謁盤陀}}), Wuxing City of the [[Chouchi]] (武興國), [[Kucha]] (龜茲國), [[Japan]] ({{lang|zh-hant|倭國}}), [[Goguryeo]] ({{lang|zh-hant|高麗國}}), [[Khotan]] ({{lang|zh-hant|于闐國}}), [[Silla]] ({{lang|zh-hant|新羅國}}), [[Dangchang Kingdom|Dangchang]] ({{lang|zh-hant|宕昌國}}), [[Langkasuka]] ({{lang|zh-hant|狼牙修}}), [[Dengzhi]] ({{lang|zh-hant|鄧至國}}), [[Yarkent Khanate|Yarkand]] ({{lang|zh-hant|周古柯}}), [[Kabadiyan]] ({{lang|zh-hant|阿跋檀}}), Barbarians of Jianping ({{lang|zh-hant|建平蠻}}), Nudan ({{lang|zh-hant|女蜑國}}). See the [[:Commons:Category:The Gathering of Kings|complete ''Wanghuitu'']].
{{Wide image|王会图 唐阎立本 (annotations).jpg|1000px|align-cap=center|''The Gathering of Kings'' ({{lang|zh-hant|王會圖}}), by Yan Liben ({{lang|zh-hant|閻立本}}, 601–673 CE).}}

====Individual portraits====
Some of the main portraits are:
<gallery widths="200px" heights="150px" perrow="4" class="center">
File:于闐國 Yutian Khotan in Wanghuitu circa 650 CE (with portrait).jpg|upright|Man from [[Khotan]] (于闐國 ''Yutian'') visiting the Chinese [[Tang dynasty]] court, in ''Wanghuitu'' circa 650 CE
File:龜茲國 Qiuci Kucha in Wanghuitu 王会图, circa 650 CE (with portrait).jpg|upright|Ambassador from [[Kucha]] (龜茲國 ''Qiuci-guo'') at the Chinese [[Tang dynasty]] court. ''[[Wanghuitu]]'' (王会图), circa 650 CE
File:Korean ambassadors to the Tang court, 7th century CE.jpg|Envoys of the three kingdoms of Korea ([[Silla]], [[Baekje]], [[Goguryeo]])
File:王会图 白題國.jpg|upright=0.6|Ambassador from [[Balkh]] (白題國 ''Baitiguo'') ''[[Wanghuitu]]'' (王会图), circa 650 CE
File:Ambassador from 謁盤陀 Qiepantuo Tashkurgan in The Gathering of Kings (王会图) circa 650 CE.jpg|upright=0.6|Ambassador from [[Tashkurgan]] (謁盤陀 ''Qiepantuo'') ''[[Wanghuitu]]'' (王会图), circa 650 CE
File:王会图 靺國 (Merv).jpg|Ambassador from [[Merv]] (靺國 ''Moguo'') ''[[Wanghuitu]]'' (王会图), circa 650 CE
File:王会图 Sri Lanka (獅子國).jpg|Ambassador from [[Sri Lanka]] (獅子國 ''Shiziguo''), ''[[Wanghuitu]]'' (王会图), circa 650 CE
File:Ambassador from Zhong Tianzhu (中天竺 Central India) in The Gathering of Kings (王会图) circa 650 CE.jpg|upright|Ambassador from Central India (中天竺 ''Zhong Tianzhu'') to the court of the [[Tang dynasty]]. 王会图 circa 650 CE
</gallery>

=== Southern Tang ''Entrance of the Foreign Visitors'' (10th century CE)===
[[Emperor Yuan of Liang|Emperor Yuan of Liang, Xiao Yi]] (552-555 CE) made another painting entitled "Entrance of the Foreign Visitors" ({{lang|zh-hant|番客入朝圖}}), now lost. A copy named "Entrance of the Foreign Visitors of Emperor Yuan of Liang" ({{lang|zh-hant|梁元帝番客入朝圖}}) was made by the painter Gu Deqian ({{lang|zh-hant|顧德謙}}) of the [[Southern Tang]] dynasty (937–976 CE), native of [[Jiangsu]].<ref>"他的《番客人朝图》及《职贡图》至今在中国画史上占据重要的位置。"  in {{cite journal |last1=Yi |first1=Xuehua |title=江南天子皆词客——梁元帝萧绎之评价 – 百度文库 |journal=Journal of Huanche S&T University |date=2015 |volume=17 |page=83 |url=https://wenku.baidu.com/view/01851484a45177232e60a29e.html |archive-date=6 February 2023 |access-date=6 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230206213530/https://wenku.baidu.com/view/01851484a45177232e60a29e.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

From right to left, the countries are Lu (魯國) which is a reference to the [[Eastern Wei]], [[Rouran]] (芮芮國), [[Tuyuhun]] ({{lang|zh-hant|河南}}), Central [[India]] ({{lang|zh-hant|中天竺}}), [[Western Wei]] ({{lang|zh-hant|為國}}),{{efn| Originally spelled  with {{lang|zh-hant|魏}}, the Southern dynasty intentionally misspelled the Northern dynasty name with the similarly pronounced {{lang|zh-hant|為}}.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://i.ifeng.com/c/7x38lwMw4KJ|title=邦国来朝：揭台北故宫藏职贡图题材的国家排序力秘密}}</ref>  }} [[Champa]] ({{lang|zh-hant|林邑國}}), [[Sri Lanka]] ({{lang|zh-hant|師子國}}), Northern [[India]] ({{lang|zh-hant|北天竺}}), [[Tashkurgan]] ({{lang|zh-hant|渴盤陀國}}), Wuxing City of the [[Chouchi]] ({{lang|zh-hant|武興蕃}}), [[Dangchang Kingdom|Dangchang]] ({{lang|zh-hant|宕昌國}}), [[Langkasuka]] ({{lang|zh-hant|狼牙修}}), [[Qiang (historical people)|Dengzhi]] ({{lang|zh-hant|鄧至國}}), [[Sasanian Empire|Persia]] ({{lang|zh-hant|波斯國}}), [[Baekje]] ({{lang|zh-hant|百濟國}}), [[Kucha]] ({{lang|zh-hant|龜茲國}}), [[Japan]] ({{lang|zh-hant|倭國}}), [[Yarkand]] ({{lang|zh-hant|周古柯}}), [[Kabadiyan]] ({{lang|zh-hant|阿跋檀}}), [[Kunduz|Kumedh]] ({{lang|zh-hant|胡密丹國}}), [[Balkh|Baiti]] ({{lang|zh-hant|白題國}}), Barbarians of [[Zhong County|Linjiang]]  ({{lang|zh-hant|臨江蠻}}), [[Goguryeo]] ({{lang|zh-hant|高麗國}}), [[Gaochang]] ({{lang|zh-hant|高昌國}}), Barbarians of [[Tianmen Mountain|Tianmen]] (天門蠻), Barbarians of [[Wushan County, Chongqing|Jianping]] ({{lang|zh-hant|建平蠻}}), [[Hephthalites]] ({{lang|zh-hant|滑國}}), [[Khotan]] ({{lang|zh-hant|于闐}}), [[Silla]] ({{lang|zh-hant|新羅國}}), [[Kantoli]] ({{lang|zh-hant|干陀國}}), [[Funan]] ({{lang|zh-hant|扶南國}}).

{{Wide image|File:五代南唐顧德謙摹梁元帝番客入朝圖 卷 顧德謙 Gu Deqian.jpg|3000px|align-cap=center|"Entrance of the Foreign Visitors of Emperor Yuan of Liang" ({{lang|zh-hant|梁元帝番客入朝圖}}), [[Southern Tang]] variant by Gu Deqian ({{lang|zh-hant|顧德謙}}) 10th century.}}

==''Portraits of Periodical Offering of Tang'' (Song dynasty copy, 11–13th century)==
The ''Portraits of Periodical Offering of Tang'' by painter [[Yan Liben]], depicting foreign envoys with tribute bearers for the [[Tang dynasty]] arriving at [[Chang'an]] in 631, during the reign of the [[Emperor Taizong of Tang]]. The painting consists of 27 people from various states. The original work was lost, and the only surviving edition was a Song dynasty copy, which is currently preserved at the [[National Palace Museum]] in Taipei.<ref>{{cite web|title=Foreign Envoys with Tribute Bearers|url=http://tech2.npm.gov.tw/english/dm/painting/b_01.htm|website=National Palace Museum|access-date=26 April 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150916193338/http://tech2.npm.gov.tw/english/dm/painting/b_01.htm|archive-date=16 September 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref>

{{Wide image|Tribute Bearers by Yan Liben and Yan Lide. Palace Museum, Beijing.jpg|1000px|align-cap=center|The ''Portraits of Periodical Offering of Tang'', depicting foreign envoys with tribute bearers. Song dynasty copy in the [[National Palace Museum]] in Taipei.}}

==''Portraits of Offerings to the Imperial Qing'' (1759)==
In the mid-18th century during the [[Qing dynasty]], the painter Xiesui ({{lang|zh-hant|謝遂}}) again painted a ''Portraits of Periodical Offering of the Imperial Qing'' (''Huángqīng Zhígòngtú'' {{lang|zh-hant|皇清職貢圖}}), completed in 1759, with a second part added in 1765, showing various foreign people known at that time, with texts in Chinese and [[Manchu language|Manchu]]. See the [[:Commons:Category:Huangqing Zhigongtu|complete Huangqing Zhigongtu]].
{{Wide image|清谢遂 《职贡图》.jpg|1000px|align-cap=center|Xiesui ({{lang|zh-hant|謝遂}}) again painted a ''Portraits of Periodical Offering'' ({{lang|zh-hant|職貢圖}})}}

<gallery widths="100px" heights="150px" perrow="6" class="center">
Huang Qing Zhigong Tu - 030 - Barbarian man of France (Falanxi).jpg|French man, 18th century
File:Huang Qing Zhigong Tu - 023 - Barbarian man of the province of Helvetia (Heleiweijiya sheng), of the Great Western Ocean (Europe).jpg|Man from [[Helvetia]]
File:Huang Qing Zhigong Tu - 024 - Barbarian man of Hungary (Wengjialiya) in the Great Western Ocean.jpg|Man from [[Hungary]]
File:Huang Qing Zhigong Tu - 029 - Barbarian man of England (Yingjili).jpg|Man from [[England]]
File:安南國夷官.jpg|Vietnamese dignitaries of the late-[[Lê dynasty]] (1533–1789)  
File:暹羅國夷官.jpg |[[wikt:Siamese|Siamese]] (Thai) State Official
</gallery>

==''Ten Thousand Nations Coming to Pay Tribute'' (1761)==
[[File:万国来朝图轴.清.绢本设色.25319x35632.北京故宫博物院藏.jpg|thumb|''Thousand nations pay tribute'' (万国来朝图, 1761). Wintertime version. [[Palace Museum]] (北京故宫博物院).<ref name="XL45"/>]]
{{main|Ten Thousand Nations Coming to Pay Tribute}}
''[[Ten Thousand Nations Coming to Pay Tribute]]'' ({{zh|s=万国来朝图|t=萬國來朝圖|p=Wànguó láicháo tú}}, 1761) is a monumental (299x207cm) [[Qing dynasty]] painting depicting foreign delegations visiting the [[Qianlong Emperor]] in the [[Forbidden city]] in [[Beijing]] during the late 1750s.<ref name="XL45">{{cite book |last1=Liu |first1=Xin |title=Anglo-Chinese Encounters Before the Opium War: A Tale of Two Empires Over Two Centuries |date=12 August 2022 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=978-1-000-63756-4 |pages=45–46 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3Yh0EAAAQBAJ&pg=PA45 |language=en}}</ref>

The painting was intended to show the cosmopolitanism and the centrality of the [[Qing Empire]], since most countries of Asia and Europe are shown paying their respects to the Chinese Emperor.<ref name="XL45"/><ref name="GW135">{{cite book |last1=Wade |first1=Geoff |last2=Chin |first2=James K. |title=China and Southeast Asia: Historical Interactions |date=19 December 2018 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-0-429-95213-5 |page=135 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lcTADwAAQBAJ&pg=PA135 |language=en}}</ref> The title literally refers to ten thousand countries ("万国"), but this simply has the meaning of an uncountable multitude.

<gallery widths="199px" heights="200px" perrow="4">
File:万国来朝图 Korea delegates (朝鲜国) in Peking in 1761.jpg|Korea delegates (朝鲜国)
File:万国来朝图 Khotan 和阗 delegates in Beijing, China, in 1761.jpg|[[Khotan]] (和阗) delegates
File:万国来朝图 (French delegates in Peking in 1761).jpg|[[France]] delegates (flag "法兰西")
</gallery>

== Related works ==
<gallery class="center" widths="199px" heights="200px" perrow="4">
File:職貢圖（仇英）6.jpg|Tribute delegation of [[Liao dynasty]] "{{lang|zh-hant|契丹國}}" to the [[Southern Song dynasty]] as depicted in the Periodical Offering Painting ({{lang|zh-hant|職貢圖}}) by [[Ming dynasty]] artist [[Qiu Ying]] ({{lang|zh-hant|仇英}}) 
File:First Ryukyan mission to Edo.JPG|Japanese depiction of first [[Ryukyu]] mission to [[Edo]], 17th century 
File:Ngoại Quốc Đồ - 外國図 - Map of Foreign Countries, Lê dynasty, Vietnam.jpg|Tributary envoys and foreign dignitaries of [[Champa]], [[Lan Xang]], [[Ayutthaya Kingdom|Siam]], [[Toungoo dynasty|Myanmar]], [[Demak Sultanate|Demak]], [[Cambodia]], [[Lan Na]], [[Safavid dynasty|Persia]] and [[Ryukyu Kingdom|Ryukyu]] to the [[Lê dynasty]] court (Vietnam) in [[Thanh Hóa]]. (16th-century painting)
File:Popular multicolored New Year print (nianhua 年畫) entitled "Ten Thousand Countries Coming to Court" (Wanguo laichao tu 萬國來朝圖), by Wang Junfu 王君甫, mid to late 17th century.jpg|Popular multicolored New Year print (nianhua 年畫) entitled "Ten Thousand Countries Coming to Court" (Wanguo laichao tu 萬國來朝圖), by Wang Junfu 王君甫, mid to late 17th century.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Zhang |first1=Qiong |title=Making the New World Their Own: Chinese Encounters with Jesuit Science in the Age of Discovery |date=26 May 2015 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=978-90-04-28438-8 |pages=352–353 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WVPFCQAAQBAJ&pg=PA352 |language=en}}</ref>
</gallery>
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==See also==
* [[Foreign relations of imperial China]]
* [[Tributary system of China]]
* [[List of tributary states of China]]
* ''[[Twenty-Four Histories]]''
* [[Chinese historiography]]
* [[Monarchy of China]]
* ''[[Pax Sinica]]''
* [[Zongli Yamen]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Notes==
{{Notelist}}

==External links==
*[http://www.cnarts.net/cweb/arts/yishubaoz/history/history2.asp#h23 Picture of Liang Chih-kung-t'u]
*[https://archive.today/20070610184025/http://fanti.zgshj.com/Artist/H/2005/2005052414271684.htm Chinese Calligraphy And Painting Artist Network: Xiao Yi] (Chinese)

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{{DEFAULTSORT:Portraits Of Periodical Offering}}
[[Category:7th-century paintings]]
[[Category:Foreign relations of Imperial China]]
[[Category:Tributaries of Imperial China]]
[[Category:Chinese paintings]]
[[Category:Chinese iconography]]