Editing Positivity effect

{{Short description|none}}
{{redir|Positivity bias|the societal tendency|Pollyanna principle|the psychological effect in older adults|Socioemotional selectivity theory|the bias towards publishing research with positive results|Publication bias}}
{{dist|Positive affect}}
{{Multiple issues|
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{{essay-like|date=February 2015}}
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{{Merge to|Pollyanna principle|discuss=Talk:Pollyanna principle#Proposed merge of Positivity effect into Pollyanna principle or Negativity bias|date=December 2024}}
The '''positivity effect''' is the ability to constructively analyze a situation where the desired results are not achieved, but still obtain positive feedback that assists one's future progression.

Empirical research findings suggest that the positivity effect can be influenced by internal positive speech, where engaging in constructive self-dialogue can significantly improve one’s ability to perceive and react to challenging situations more optimistically.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Racy |first1=Famira |last2=Morin |first2=Alain |date=January 2024 |title=Relationships between Self-Talk, Inner Speech, Mind Wandering, Mindfulness, Self-Concept Clarity, and Self-Regulation in University Students |journal=Behavioral Sciences |language=en |volume=14 |issue=1 |pages=55 |doi=10.3390/bs14010055 |doi-access=free |issn=2076-328X |pmc=10813701 |pmid=38247707}}</ref>

The findings of a study show that the optimism bias in future-oriented thinking fulfils a self-improvement purpose while also suggesting this bias probably reflects a common underpinning motivational process across various future-thinking domains, either episodic or semantic.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Salgado |first1=Sinué |last2=Berntsen |first2=Dorthe |date=2019-04-29 |title=My future is brighter than yours: the positivity bias in episodic future thinking and future self-images |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00426-019-01189-z |journal=Psychological Research |volume=84 |issue=7 |pages=1829–1845 |doi=10.1007/s00426-019-01189-z |pmid=31037451 |s2cid=140294480 |issn=0340-0727}}</ref>

== In attribution==
{{Main article|Selective perception}}

The positivity effect as an attribution phenomenon relates to the habits and characteristics of people when evaluating the causes of their behaviors. To positively attribute is to be open to attributing a person’s  inherent disposition as the cause of their positive behaviors, and the situations surrounding them as the potential cause of their negative behaviors.

== In perception ==
Two studies by [[Emilio Ferrara]] have shown that, on online social networks like [[Twitter]] and Instagram, users prefer to share positive news, and are emotionally affected by positive news more than twice as much as they are by negative news.<ref>{{cite journal |title = Measuring Emotional Contagion in Social Media |journal = [[PLoS ONE]] |volume = 10 |issue = 1 |year = 2015 |pages = e0142390 |doi = 10.1371/journal.pone.0142390|last1 = Ferrara |first1 = Emilio |last2 = Yang |first2 = Zeyao |pmid=26544688 |pmc=4636231|bibcode = 2015PLoSO..1042390F |arxiv = 1506.06021 |doi-access = free }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal  |title = Quantifying the effect of sentiment on information diffusion in social media |journal = PeerJ Computer Science|volume = 1 |year = 2015 |pages = e26 |doi = 10.7717/peerj-cs.26|last1 = Ferrara |first1 = Emilio |last2 = Yang |first2 = Zeyao |arxiv = 1506.06072 |bibcode = 2015arXiv150606072F|s2cid = 14133100 | doi-access=free }}</ref>

==See also==
{{Portal|Psychology}}
* [[List of biases in judgment and decision making]]
* [[List of memory biases]]
* [[Optimism bias]]
* [[Pollyanna principle]]
* [[Positivity offset]]
* [[Rosy retrospection]]
* [[Self-serving bias]]
* [[Toxic positivity]]
* [[Wishful thinking]]

==Notes==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==References==

===Dictionaries and encyclopedias===
* {{cite book | doi=10.1007/978-94-007-0753-5_2219| chapter=Positivity Bias| title=Encyclopedia of Quality of Life and Well-Being Research| pages=4938–4941| year=2014| last1=Hoorens| first1=Vera| isbn=978-94-007-0752-8|publisher=Springer Netherlands}}
* {{cite book |url=http://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/oi/authority.20110803100339430|title=A Dictionary of Psychology|isbn=978-0-19-953406-7|last1=Colman|first1=Andrew M|year=2008|entry=Positivity Bias|edition=3rd|publisher= Oxford University Press}}

===Papers===
* {{cite journal | last1 = Taylor | first1 = S.E. | last2 = Koivumaki | first2 = J.H. | year = 1976 | title = The perception of self and others: Acquaintanceship, affect and actor-observer differences | journal = [[Journal of Personality and Social Psychology]] | volume = 33 | issue = 4| pages = 403–408 | doi=10.1037/0022-3514.33.4.403| pmid = 1271218 }}
* {{cite journal | last1 = Winquist | first1 = Lynn A. | last2 = Mohr | first2 = Cynthia D. | last3 = Kenny | first3 = David A. | year = 1998 | title = The Female Positivity Effect in the Perception of Others | journal = Journal of Research in Personality | volume = 32 | issue = 3| pages = 370–388 | doi=10.1006/jrpe.1998.2221}}
* {{cite journal|pmid= 15367078 |year= 2004 |last1= Mezulis |first1= A. H. |title= Is there a universal positivity bias in attributions? A meta-analytic review of individual, developmental, and cultural differences in the self-serving attributional bias |journal= Psychological Bulletin |volume= 130 |issue= 5 |pages= 711–747 |last2= Abramson |first2= L. Y. |last3= Hyde |first3= J. S. |last4= Hankin |first4= B. L. |doi= 10.1037/0033-2909.130.5.711 }}

[[Category:Cognition]]
[[Category:Cognitive biases]]
[[Category:Memory]]
[[Category:Memory biases]]
[[Category:Psychological theories]]