Editing Prandtl number

{{Short description|Ratio of kinematic to thermal diffusivity}}
{{more citations needed|date=August 2014}}

The '''Prandtl number'''  ('''Pr''') or '''Prandtl group''' is a [[dimensionless number]], named after the German physicist [[Ludwig Prandtl]], defined as the ratio of [[Viscosity#Kinematic viscosity|momentum diffusivity]] to [[thermal diffusivity]].<ref name=C&R>{{cite book |last1=Coulson |first1=J. M. |last2=Richardson |first2=J. F. |title=Chemical Engineering Volume 1 |date=1999 |publisher=Elsevier |isbn=978-0-7506-4444-0 |edition=6th }}</ref> The Prandtl number is given as:{{Equation box 1|cellpadding|border|indent=:|equation=<math> \mathrm{Pr} = \frac{\nu}{\alpha} = \frac{\mbox{momentum diffusivity}}{\mbox{thermal diffusivity}} = \frac{\mu / \rho}{k / (c_p \rho)} = \frac{c_p \mu}{k} </math>|border colour=#0073CF|background colour=#F5FFFA}}where:
* <math>\nu</math> : momentum diffusivity ([[viscosity#Kinematic viscosity|kinematic viscosity]]), <math>\nu = \mu/\rho</math>, ([[SI]] units: m<sup>2</sup>/s)
* <math>\alpha</math> : [[thermal diffusivity]], <math>\alpha = k/(\rho c_p)</math>, (SI units: m<sup>2</sup>/s)
* <math>\mu</math> : [[dynamic viscosity]], (SI units: Pa s = N s/m<sup>2</sup>)
* <math>k</math> : [[thermal conductivity]], (SI units: W/(m·K))
* <math>c_p</math> : [[specific heat]], (SI units: J/(kg·K))
* <math>\rho</math> : [[density]], (SI units: kg/m<sup>3</sup>).

Note that whereas the [[Reynolds number]] and [[Grashof number]] are subscripted with a scale variable, the Prandtl number contains no such length scale and is dependent only on the fluid and the fluid state. The Prandtl number is often found in property tables alongside other properties such as [[viscosity]] and [[thermal conductivity]].

The mass transfer analog of the Prandtl number is the [[Schmidt number]] and the ratio of the Prandtl number and the [[Schmidt number]] is the [[Lewis number]].

== Experimental values ==

=== Typical values ===
For most gases over a wide range of temperature and pressure, {{math|Pr}} is approximately constant. Therefore, it can be used to determine the thermal conductivity of gases at high temperatures, where it is difficult to measure experimentally due to the formation of convection currents.<ref name="C&R" />

Typical values for {{math|Pr}} are:
* 0.003 for molten potassium at 975 K<ref name="C&R" />
* around 0.015 for [[mercury (element)|mercury]]
* 0.065 for molten lithium at 975 K<ref name="C&R" />
* around 0.16–0.7 for mixtures of [[noble gas]]es or noble gases with [[hydrogen]]
* 0.63 for oxygen<ref name="C&R" />
* around 0.71 for [[air]] and many other [[gas]]es
* 1.38 for gaseous ammonia<ref name="C&R" />
* between 4 and 5 for [[Dichlorodifluoromethane|R-12 refrigerant]]
* around 7.56 for [[water]] (At 18 [[degrees Celsius|°C]])
* 13.4 and 7.2 for [[seawater]] (At 0&nbsp;°C and 20&nbsp;°C respectively)
* 50 for ''n''-butanol<ref name="C&R" />
* between 100 and 40,000 for [[engine oil]]
* 1000 for glycerol<ref name="C&R" />
* 10,000 for polymer melts<ref name="C&R" />
* around 1{{e|25}} for [[Earth]]'s [[mantle (geology)|mantle]].

=== Formula for the calculation of the Prandtl number of air and water ===
For air with a pressure of 1 bar, the Prandtl numbers in the temperature range between −100&nbsp;°C and +500&nbsp;°C can be calculated using the formula given below.<ref name="tec-science">{{Cite web|last=tec-science|date=2020-05-10|title=Prandtl number|url=https://www.tec-science.com/mechanics/gases-and-liquids/prandtl-number/|access-date=2020-06-25|website=tec-science|language=en-US}}</ref> The temperature is to be used in the unit degree Celsius. The deviations are a maximum of 0.1% from the literature values.

<math>\mathrm{Pr}_\text{air} = \frac{10^9}{1.1 \cdot \vartheta^3-1200 \cdot \vartheta^2 + 322000 \cdot \vartheta + 1.393 \cdot 10^9}</math>,
where <math>\vartheta </math> is the temperature in Celsius.

The Prandtl numbers for water (1 bar) can be determined in the temperature range between 0&nbsp;°C and 90&nbsp;°C using the formula given below.<ref name="tec-science"/> The temperature is to be used in the unit degree Celsius. The deviations are a maximum of 1% from the literature values.

<math>\mathrm{Pr}_\text{water} = \frac{50000}{\vartheta^2+155\cdot \vartheta + 3700}</math>

== Physical interpretation ==
Small values of the Prandtl number, {{math|Pr ≪ 1}}, means the thermal diffusivity dominates. Whereas with large values, {{math|Pr ≫ 1}}, the momentum diffusivity dominates the behavior.
For example, the listed value for liquid mercury indicates that the [[heat conduction]] is more significant compared to [[convection]], so thermal diffusivity is dominant.
However, engine oil with its high viscosity and low heat conductivity, has a higher momentum diffusivity as compared to thermal diffusivity.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Çengel|first=Yunus A.|title=Heat transfer : a practical approach|date=2003|publisher=McGraw-Hill|isbn=0072458933|edition=2nd|location=Boston|oclc=50192222}}</ref>

The Prandtl numbers of gases are about 1, which indicates that both [[momentum]] and [[heat]] dissipate through the fluid at about the same rate. Heat diffuses very quickly in liquid metals ({{math|Pr ≪ 1}}) and very slowly in oils ({{math|Pr ≫ 1}}) relative to momentum. Consequently [[Thermal boundary layer thickness and shape|thermal boundary layer]] is much thicker for liquid metals and much thinner for oils relative to the [[Boundary layer thickness|velocity boundary layer]].

In heat transfer problems, the Prandtl number controls the relative thickness of the momentum and thermal [[boundary layers]]. When {{math|Pr}} is small, it means that the heat diffuses quickly compared to the velocity (momentum). This means that for liquid metals the thermal boundary layer is much thicker than the velocity boundary layer.

In laminar boundary layers, the ratio of the thermal to momentum boundary layer thickness over a flat plate is well approximated by<ref name="A Heat Transfer Textbook">{{Cite book|last1=Lienhard IV|first1=John Henry|last2=Lienhard V|first2=John Henry|title=A Heat Transfer Textbook|date=2017|publisher=Phlogiston Press|edition=4th|location=Cambridge, MA}}</ref>
: <math>\frac{\delta_t}{\delta} = \mathrm{Pr}^{-\frac13}, \quad 0.6 \leq \mathrm{Pr} \leq 50,</math>
where <math>\delta_t</math> is the thermal boundary layer thickness and <math>\delta</math> is the momentum boundary layer thickness.

For incompressible flow over a flat plate, the two [[Nusselt number]] correlations are asymptotically correct:<ref name="A Heat Transfer Textbook"/>
: <math>\mathrm{Nu}_x = 0.339 \mathrm{Re}_x^{\frac12} \mathrm{Pr}^{\frac13}, \quad \mathrm{Pr} \to \infty,</math>
: <math>\mathrm{Nu}_x = 0.565 \mathrm{Re}_x^{\frac12} \mathrm{Pr}^{\frac12}, \quad \mathrm{Pr} \to 0,</math>

where <math>\mathrm{Re}</math> is the [[Reynolds number]]. These two asymptotic solutions can be blended together using the concept of the [[Norm (mathematics)]]:<ref name="A Heat Transfer Textbook"/>
: <math>\mathrm{Nu}_x = \frac{0.3387 \mathrm{Re}_x^{\frac12} \mathrm{Pr}^{\frac13}}{\left( 1 + \left( \frac{0.0468}\mathrm{Pr} \right)^{\frac23} \right)^{\frac14}}, \quad \mathrm{Re} \mathrm{Pr} > 100.</math>

==See also==
* [[Turbulent Prandtl number]]
* [[Magnetic Prandtl number]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== Further reading ==
* {{cite book |title=Viscous Fluid Flow |first=F. M. |last=White |location=New York |publisher=McGraw-Hill |edition=3rd. |year=2006 |isbn=0-07-240231-8 }}

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[[Category:Convection]]
[[Category:Dimensionless numbers of fluid mechanics]]
[[Category:Dimensionless numbers of thermodynamics]]
[[Category:Fluid dynamics]]