Editing Presidential library system

{{Short description|Research library with the collection of a U.S. president's papers}}
{{About|the network of libraries in the United States|other libraries|Presidential Library}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=December 2023}}
[[File:Seal of the US Presidential Libraries.svg|thumb|Official seal of the presidential libraries]]

The [[United States]] '''presidential library system''' is a nationwide network of 16 libraries administered by the Office of Presidential Libraries, which is part of the [[National Archives and Records Administration]] (NARA). These are repositories for preserving and making available the papers, records, collections and other historical materials of [[List of presidents of the United States|every president of the United States]] since [[Herbert Hoover]], the [[Presidency of Herbert Hoover|31st president from 1929–1933]]. In addition to the library services, museum exhibitions concerning the presidency are displayed.

Although recognized as having historical significance, before the mid-20th century presidential papers and effects were generally understood to be the private property of the president. [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]] (32nd president, 1933–1945) proposed to leave his papers to the public in a building donated by him on his Hyde Park, New York, estate. Since then, a series of laws established the public keeping of documents and the presidential library system. These laws now seek to create a public archive library for each presidential term, with NARA taking control of the library documents immediately upon expiration of a term of office. Additional provisions govern when the documents are made available to the public. While not sanctioned and maintained by NARA, libraries have also been organized for several presidents who preceded Hoover and the official start of the Presidential Library Office.

The library sites are sometimes referred to as '''presidential centers'''. The [[Barack Obama Presidential Center]] (44th president, [[Presidency of Barack Obama|2009–2017]]) is the most recent facility, and operates under a new model. The Barack Obama Presidential Library is fully digitized, preserved, and administered by NARA with archival materials lent to the privately operated Presidential Center for display.<ref>{{Cite web|date=February 25, 2019|title=Information About New Model for Obama Presidential Library|url=https://www.archives.gov/presidential-libraries/information-about-new-model-for-obama-presidential-library|access-date=July 25, 2021|website=National Archives|language=en}}</ref>

==Overview==

[[File:NARA Presidential Libraries Passport.jpg|thumb|NARA Presidential Libraries Passport]]

For every president since [[Herbert Hoover]], presidential libraries have been established in each president's home state in which documents, artifacts, gifts of state and museum exhibits are maintained that relate to the former president's life and career both political and professional. Each library also provides an active series of public programs. When a president leaves office, the National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) establishes a presidential materials project to house and index the documents until they are required by law to make them available to the public, either in a library building or digitally.

The first presidential library is the [[Franklin D. Roosevelt Presidential Library and Museum]], dedicated on June 30, 1941. The [[George W. Bush Presidential Center]] became the thirteenth on May 1, 2013.

The [[National Archives and Records Administration]] uses a passport to promote visiting the Presidential libraries. When a person visits every library, NARA awards them a crystal paperweight.<ref>{{cite web|title=Completing a passport to the president libraries the road to an unusually exciting record|url= https://www.mensjournal.com/entertainment/completing-a-passport-to-the-president-libraries-the-road-to-an-unusually-exciting-record
|date=September 26, 2022 |website=Men’s Journal|access-date= September 26, 2022}}</ref>

===Presidential libraries outside NARA===
{{Presidential library system location map|width=450px}}
The presidential library system is made up of thirteen presidential libraries operated fully, or partially, by NARA.{{refn|group=n|NARA and the Obama Foundation are partnering in a new model, digitizing the Obama presidential records but not creating a new NARA facility.<ref>{{cite web|title=Presidential Libraries Are a Scam. Could Obama Change That?|last=Clark |first=Anthony |url=http://www.politico.com/magazine/story/2017/05/07/presidential-libraries-are-a-scam-could-obama-change-that-215109|date=May 7, 2017 |website=Politico|access-date=May 25, 2017}}</ref>}}<ref name=NixonLibrary>{{cite web| title=National Archives Recognizes Four Historians Who Shaped the Richard Nixon Presidential Library and Museum| url=https://www.nixonlibrary.gov/news/national-archives-recognizes-four-historians-who-shaped-richard-nixon-presidential-library-and| publisher=Nixon Presidential Library and Museum| access-date=June 1, 2023}}</ref> Libraries and museums have been established for earlier presidents, but they are not part of the NARA presidential library system, and are operated by private foundations, historical societies, or state governments, including the [[James K. Polk]], [[William McKinley]], [[Rutherford B. Hayes]], [[Calvin Coolidge]], [[Abraham Lincoln]] and [[Woodrow Wilson]] libraries. For example, the [[Abraham Lincoln Presidential Library and Museum]] is owned and operated by the state of [[Illinois]].

The [[Richard Nixon Presidential Library and Museum|Richard Nixon Library and Birthplace]] was not originally part of the presidential library system. While the Nixon Presidential Materials Staff, which administers the Nixon presidential materials under the terms of the [[Presidential Recordings and Materials Preservation Act]], is part of NARA, the private nonprofit [[Richard Nixon Foundation]] owned and operated the Richard Nixon Library & Birthplace. In January 2004, Congress passed legislation that provided for the establishment of a federally operated Richard Nixon Presidential Library in [[Yorba Linda, California]]. In March 2005, the [[Archivist of the United States]] and John Taylor, the director of the Richard Nixon Library & Birthplace Foundation, exchanged letters on the requirements to allow the Nixon Library to become the twelfth federally funded presidential library operated by NARA by 2007, while the Nixon Foundation would continue to own the campus and operate the Nixon Library complex with NARA.<ref name=NixonLibrary/> On October 16, 2006, Dr. [[Timothy Naftali]] began his tenure as the first federal director of the Richard Nixon Library and Birthplace, and in the winter of 2006 NARA began to transfer the 30,000 presidential gifts from the Nixon Presidential Materials Staff in College Park, Maryland, to the Yorba Linda facility.<ref name=NixonLib>{{cite web| title=Nixon Library Updates| url=http://www.nixonlibrary.gov/newsandevents/library.php| publisher=Nixon Presidential Library and Museum| access-date=September 1, 2015}}</ref><ref name=NixonDir>{{cite press release| url=https://www.archives.gov/press/press-releases/2007/nr07-114.html| title=National Archives Names Director of the Richard Nixon Presidential Library and Museum| date=July 11, 2007| publisher=National Archives and Records Administration| access-date=September 1, 2015}}</ref> On July 11, 2007, NARA began its operations at the Nixon Library site and the facility's name was changed to Richard Nixon Presidential Library and Museum.<ref name=Open>{{cite press release| url=https://www.archives.gov/press/press-releases/2007/nr07-114.html| title=The National Archives Opens Federal Nixon Library, Releases Previously-Restricted Documents and Tapes| date=July 11, 2007| publisher=National Archives and Records Administration| access-date=September 1, 2015}}</ref>

In May 2012, on the fiftieth anniversary of the founding of the [[Ulysses S. Grant]] Foundation, it selected [[Mississippi State University#Mitchell Memorial Library|Mississippi State University]] as the permanent location for Ulysses S. Grant's presidential library.<ref name=MSU>{{cite press release| title=MSU joins exclusive list as presidential library host| url=http://library.msstate.edu/content/templates/level2template-news.aspx?articleid=2280&zoneid=68| date=May 17, 2012| publisher=Mississippi State University| access-date=September 1, 2015}}</ref> Historian John Simon edited Grant's letters into a 32-volume scholarly edition published by Southern Illinois University Press.<ref name=overview>{{cite web| title=Collection Overview| url=http://www.usgrantlibrary.org/access/overview.asp| publisher=Ulysses S. Grant Association| access-date=September 1, 2015}}</ref>

On April 30, 2013, both chambers of the [[North Dakota Legislative Assembly]] passed a bill appropriating $12 million to [[Dickinson State University]] to award a grant to the Theodore Roosevelt Center for construction of a building to be named the [[Theodore Roosevelt]] Presidential Library. To access these funds, the Theodore Roosevelt Center must first raise $3 million from non-state sources.<ref name=TRcenter>{{cite press release| title=Legislative Assembly awards funding for creation of TR Library| url=http://www.theodorerooseveltcenter.org/About-Us/News/2013/Press-Releases/Legislative-Assembly-awards-funding-for-creation-of-TR-Library.aspx| publisher=Theodore Roosevelt Center| date=May 2, 2013| access-date=September 1, 2015| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131007010626/http://www.theodorerooseveltcenter.org/About-Us/News/2013/Press-Releases/Legislative-Assembly-awards-funding-for-creation-of-TR-Library.aspx| archive-date=October 7, 2013| url-status=dead}}</ref> Dickinson State University is also home to the [[Theodore Roosevelt Digital Library]] which has formed partnerships with the Library of Congress and Harvard University, among other institutions. They currently have over 25,000 items online.

On April 12, 2016, Harding 2020, a collaboration between the [[Harding Home]], [[Ohio History Connection]], and [[Marion Technical College]], detailed plans to spend $7.3 million to establish the [[Warren G. Harding Presidential Center]]. Plans include restoring the Harding Home, [[Warren G. Harding]]'s historic home in [[Marion, Ohio]], and its grounds to its 1920 appearance. A 15,000-square-foot presidential center and museum was built adjacent to the house. Harding's presidential papers were moved from its previous location at the Ohio History Connection's headquarters in [[Columbus, Ohio]], to the new center. The culmination of the work, was scheduled to be completed by the spring of 2020, to coincide with the 100th anniversary of Harding's election to the presidency.<ref name="Harding_marionstar">{{cite news |title=7.3M Harding Presidential Center opens in 2020 |work=The Marion Star |date=April 12, 2016 |url=http://www.marionstar.com/story/news/2016/04/12/harding-presidential-center-opens-2020/82900962/ }}</ref> The library was scheduled to open initially on May 23, 2020, with a formal dedication ceremony on Friday, July 17, 2020. This was then delayed until September due largely to back orders on construction materials and other issues. Then, the [[COVID-19 pandemic]] delayed the opening of the museum until May 12, 2021 <ref>https://www.marionstar.com/story/news/2020/08/09/harding-presidential-museum-opening-indefinitely-postponed/3318268001/</ref>

In May 2017, it was announced that the [[Barack Obama Presidential Center]], the planned location of the presidential library of [[Barack Obama]], would not be part of the NARA system, making Obama the first president since Calvin Coolidge not to have a federally owned facility.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/obamalibrary/ct-obama-center-met-0512-20170511-story.html|title=Obama Presidential Center breaks from National Archives model|last=Caputo|first=Blair Kamin, Katherine Skiba, Angela|work=chicagotribune.com|access-date=April 11, 2018|language=en-US}}</ref> Instead, in a "new model" the nonprofit [[Obama Foundation]] will partner with the NARA on digitization and making documents available.<ref name="archives05032017">{{Cite web |url=https://www.archives.gov/press/press-releases/2017/nr17-54 |title=National Archives Announces a New Model for the Preservation and Accessibility of Presidential Records |date=May 3, 2017 |website=National Archives |language=en |access-date=September 21, 2018}}</ref> It was announced that the City of Chicago would own the center.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/obamacenter/ct-met-obama-user-agreement-20180918-story.html|title=New legislation outlines terms of Obama center's use of Jackson Park|first=Lolly|last=Bowean|publisher=Chicago Tribune|date=September 18, 2018|access-date=September 20, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://chicago.cbslocal.com/2018/09/18/city-chicago-jackson-park-obama-presidential-center/|title=City Breaks Promises Regarding Jackson Park, Obama Presidential Center|last= Blakley|first=Derrick|publisher=CBS Chicago|date=September 18, 2018|access-date=September 20, 2018}}</ref>

==History==
Historically, all presidential papers were considered the personal property of the president. Some took them at the end of their terms, others destroyed them, and many papers were scattered.<ref name="gunther1950">{{cite book| url=https://archive.org/details/rooseveltinretro00gunt| url-access=registration| title=Roosevelt in Retrospect| publisher=Harper & Brothers| last=Gunther| first=John| year=1950| pages=[https://archive.org/details/rooseveltinretro00gunt/page/99 99]–100}}</ref> Though many pre-Hoover collections now reside in the Manuscript Division of the [[Library of Congress]],<ref name=LOC>{{cite web |url=http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/presprvw/23pres.html |title=Presidential Papers, Manuscript Division, Library of Congress |publisher=Library of Congress |access-date=January 2, 2012}}</ref> others are split among other libraries, historical societies, and private collections. However, many materials have been lost or deliberately destroyed.

[[Lucretia Rudolph Garfield]], the wife of [[James A. Garfield]] (president from March 4, 1881, until his death on September 19, 1881) added a Memorial Library wing to their family home in [[Mentor, Ohio]], four years after his assassination. The [[James A. Garfield National Historic Site]] is operated by the [[National Park Service]] and the [[Western Reserve Historical Society]].

===National Archives===
In 1939, President [[Franklin Delano Roosevelt]] donated his personal and presidential papers to the federal government. At the same time, Roosevelt pledged part of his estate at [[Hyde Park, New York]], to the United States, and friends of the president formed a non-profit corporation to raise funds for the construction of the library and museum building. Roosevelt's decision stemmed from his belief that presidential papers were an important part of the national heritage and should be accessible to the public. He asked the National Archives to take custody of his papers and other historical materials and to administer his library.{{r|gunther1950}} On June 30, 2013, new interactive and multimedia exhibits developed by the National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) opened to the public as part of the first renovation of this library since its opening.<ref name=HistAssoc>{{cite press release| date=September 27, 2013| url=http://www.historyassociates.com/news/history-associates-assists-with-content-development-for-new-exhibit-at-franklin-d-roosevelt-presidential-library-and-museum/| title=History Associates Assists With Content Development for New Exhibit at Franklin D. Roosevelt Presidential Library and Museum| publisher=History Associates| access-date=May 30, 2014}}</ref>

In 1950, [[Harry S. Truman]] decided that he, too, would build a library to house his presidential papers and helped to galvanize congressional action.

===Presidential Libraries Act of 1955===
In 1955, Congress passed the Presidential Libraries Act of 1955,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.archives.gov/presidential-libraries/laws/1955-act.html|title=Presidential Libraries Act of 1955|date=August 15, 2016|website=National Archives}}</ref> establishing a system of privately erected and federally maintained libraries. The Act encouraged other presidents to donate their historical materials to the government and ensured the preservation of presidential papers and their availability to the people of the United States. Under this and subsequent acts, nine more libraries have been established. In each case, private and non-federal public sources provided the funds to build the library. Generally, once completed the private organization turned over the libraries to the National Archives and Records Administration to operate and maintain. The [[Richard Nixon Presidential Library and Museum|library and museum]] founded for [[Richard Nixon]] remained privately owned and managed for many years, but his heirs ultimately reached an agreement for it to become a NARA facility.

Until 1978, presidents, scholars, and legal professionals held the view dating back to [[George Washington]] that the records created by the president or his staff while in office remained the personal property of the president and were his to take with him when he left office. The first presidential libraries were built on this concept. NARA successfully persuaded presidents to donate their historical materials to the federal government for housing in a presidential library managed by NARA.

===Deeds of Gift===
Apart from the presidency of Richard Nixon, the handling of presidential records by NARA for the presidencies of Hoover through Carter (1929–1969, and 1973–1980) are governed by their [[deed of gift|deeds of gift]], whereby the public took ownership of the records of each president.<ref name="Types">{{Cite web |date=August 15, 2016 |title=Types of Presidential Materials |url=https://www.archives.gov/presidential-libraries/research/types.html |access-date=June 27, 2023 |website=National Archives |language=en}}</ref>

===Nixon presidency and the Preservation Act of 1974===
In the wake of the [[Watergate scandal]], Congress asserted public ownership and control of materials from the Nixon White House (1969–1973), under the [[Presidential Recordings and Materials Preservation Act]] of 1974.<ref name="Types"/><ref>{{Cite web |date=August 15, 2016 |title=Presidential Recordings and Materials Preservation Act (PRMPA) of 1974 |url=https://www.archives.gov/presidential-libraries/laws/1974-act.html |access-date=June 27, 2023 |website=National Archives |language=en}}</ref>

===Presidential Records Act of 1978===
The [[Presidential Records Act of 1978]] established that the presidential records that document the constitutional, statutory, and ceremonial duties of the president are the property of the United States Government. When the president leaves office, the [[Archivist of the United States]] assumes custody of the records. The Act allowed for the continuation of presidential libraries as the repository for presidential records.

===Presidential Libraries Act of 1986===
The {{ws2|Presidential Libraries Act of 1986}}<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.archives.gov/presidential-libraries/laws/1986-act.html|title=Presidential Libraries Act of 1986|date=August 15, 2016|website=National Archives}}</ref> made additional changes to presidential libraries, requiring private endowments linked to the size of the facility. NARA uses these endowments to offset a portion of the maintenance costs for the library.

===Presidential Historical Records Preservation Act of 2008===
The {{ws2|Presidential Historical Records Preservation Act of 2008}} amended {{USC|44|2504}} to authorize grants for Presidential Centers of Historical Excellence.

===Effects of changes in the records laws and modern digital records===
While the libraries for presidents Hoover to George W. Bush eventually conformed to a model whereby the former president funded or fundraised and built a facility for NARA to house the library, presidents are not required to do so under the law (Nixon's was not under NARA for many years). Nonetheless, according to NARA as of 2023, recent changes in these laws have increased significantly the amount of endowment the former president must raise, if they do decide to build a NARA owned facility. According to NARA, not only are the digital nature of modern records changing the needs, plans, and lessening space requirements of physical storage, but the significantly increased endowment requirement may lessen the likelihood that present and future presidents will continue to build NARA facilities.<ref>{{Cite web |date=June 9, 2023 |title=Frequently Asked Questions Concerning Presidential Records and the Presidential Records Act |url=https://www.archives.gov/press/press-releases/2023/nr23-016 |access-date=June 25, 2023 |website=National Archives |language=en}}</ref>

==Holdings==
The thirteen presidential libraries maintain over 400 million pages of textual materials; nearly ten million photographs; over 15 million feet (5,000&nbsp;km) of motion picture film; nearly 100,000 hours of disc, audiotape, and videotape recordings; and approximately half a million museum objects. These varied holdings make each library a valuable source of information and a center for research on the Presidency.

The most important textual materials in each library are those created by the president and his staff in the course of performing the official duties. Libraries also house numerous objects including family heirlooms, items collected by the president and his family, campaign memorabilia, awards, and the many gifts given to the president by American citizens and foreign dignitaries. These gifts range in type from homemade items to valuable works of art. Curators in presidential libraries and in other museums throughout the country draw upon these collections for historical exhibits.

Other significant holdings include the personal papers and historical materials donated by individuals associated with the president. These individuals may include [[United States Cabinet|Cabinet officials]], envoys to foreign governments, political party associates, and the president's family and personal friends. Several libraries have undertaken oral history programs that have produced tape-recorded memoirs. A third body of materials comprises the papers accumulated by the president prior to, and following, his presidency. Such collections include documents relating to Theodore Roosevelt's tenure as [[Governor of New York]] and [[Dwight D. Eisenhower]]'s long military career.

With the exception of [[John F. Kennedy]], [[Lyndon B. Johnson]], and [[Jimmy Carter]], every American president since Hoover is or has chosen to be buried at his presidential library. Kennedy is buried at [[Arlington National Cemetery]]; Johnson is buried at [[Lyndon B. Johnson National Historical Park|his ranch]] in the hill country of Texas, west of Austin; Carter is buried near [[Jimmy Carter National Historic Site|his home]] in [[Plains, Georgia]].<ref name=Carter>{{cite news| title=Carter's Hometown Happy with Burial Plan| url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/01/10/AR2007011001277_pf.html| newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]| last=Minor| first=Elliot| agency=[[Associated Press]]| date=January 10, 2007| access-date=September 1, 2015}}</ref> Bill Clinton will be buried at the [[William Jefferson Clinton Presidential Center]] in Little Rock. [[George W. Bush]] will be buried at the [[George W. Bush Presidential Center]] in Dallas. The future burial sites of 44th president [[Barack Obama]], 45th and 47th president [[Donald Trump]], and 46th president [[Joe Biden]] are still unknown.

Unlike all other presidents whose libraries are part of the NARA system, Ford's [[Gerald R. Ford Presidential Library|library]] and [[Gerald R. Ford Presidential Museum|museum]] are geographically separate buildings, located in different parts of [[Michigan]]; Ford is buried at his museum in [[Grand Rapids, Michigan|Grand Rapids]], while the library is in [[Ann Arbor, Michigan|Ann Arbor]].

==List of presidential libraries==
This is a list of the presidential libraries. {{legend|PaleTurquoise|Denotes libraries outside the NARA Presidential Library Office (all post-Hoover administrations have presidential library holdings administered by NARA, but one will have a physical facility that is outside NARA's ownership, and another remains to be decided).|outline=silver}} {{legend|#BDB76B|Denotes library without presidential site.|outline=silver}} {{legend|LightGray|Denotes library where plans are yet to be announced.|outline=silver}}

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!{{No.}}
!President
!Library name
!Location
!Operated by
!Image
!Logo/website
|-
| style="background: PaleTurquoise" | 1 
| [[George Washington]]
| [[Fred W. Smith National Library for the Study of George Washington]] at [[Mount Vernon]]<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.nbcwashington.com/news/local/Presidential-Reads-119836949.html| title=Mount Vernon Getting New Library| publisher=[[WRC-TV]] News| date=April 14, 2011| access-date=September 1, 2014| last=O'Brien| first=Caitlin}}</ref><br />Opened to public September 27, 2013
| [[Mount Vernon, Virginia]] 
| [[Mount Vernon Ladies' Association]]
| [[File:The Fred W. Smith National Library for the Study of George Washington.jpg|frameless|175px]]
| style="text-align:center;"|<br /><sub>[http://www.mountvernon.org/library website]</sub>
|-
| style="background: PaleTurquoise" | 2 
| [[John Adams]]
| [[Adams National Historical Park#Stone Library|Stone Library]] at [[Adams National Historical Park]]<br />Opened to public 1870
| [[Quincy, Massachusetts]]
| [[National Park Service|National Park Service (NPS)]]
| [[File:Old House, Quincy, Massachusetts.JPG|175px]]
| style="text-align:center;"| <sub>[http://www.nps.gov/adam/learn/historyculture/collections.htm website]</sub>
|-
| style="background: PaleTurquoise" | 3
| [[Thomas Jefferson]]
| [[Thomas Jefferson Foundation#Centers|Robert H. Smith International Center for Jefferson Studies]] at [[Monticello]]<br />Opened to public 1994
| [[Charlottesville, Virginia]]
| [[Thomas Jefferson Foundation]]
| [[File:Monticello 2010-10-29.jpg|175px]]
| style="text-align:center;"| <sub>[http://www.monticello.org/site/research-and-collections/robert-h-smith-international-center-jefferson-studies website]</sub>
|-
| style="background: #BDB76B" | 4
| [[James Madison]]
| The Papers of James Madison at [[University of Virginia#Libraries|Shannon Library]]<br />Opened in 1937, the Papers of James Madison went digital, April 28, 2010.
| [[Charlottesville, Virginia]]
| [[University of Virginia]]
|[[File:Rotunda UVa from the south east.jpg|175px]]
| style="text-align:center;"| <sub>[https://www.montpelier.org Montpelier]</sub>
|-
| style="background: PaleTurquoise" | 5
|[[James Monroe]]
|[[James Monroe Museum and Memorial Library]]<br />Opened to public 1966
|[[Fredericksburg, Virginia]]
|[[University of Mary Washington]]
|[[File:James Monroe Museum, Fredericksburg, VA IMG 4002.JPG|175px]]
| style="text-align:center;" | <sub>[http://jamesmonroemuseum.umw.edu/ website]</sub>
|-
| style="background: PaleTurquoise" | 6 
| [[John Quincy Adams]]
| [[Adams National Historical Park#Stone Library|Stone Library]] at [[Adams National Historical Park]]<br />Opened to public 1870
| [[Quincy, Massachusetts]]
| [[National Park Service|NPS]]
| [[File:Old House, Quincy, Massachusetts.JPG|175px]]
| style="text-align:center;"| <sub>[http://www.nps.gov/adam/learn/historyculture/collections.htm website]</sub>
|-
| style="background: #BDB76B" | 7 
| [[Andrew Jackson]]
| The Papers of Andrew Jackson at Hoskins Library<br />Opened to public 1987
| [[Knoxville, Tennessee]]
| [[University of Tennessee at Knoxville]]
|
| style="text-align:center;"| <sub>[https://thepapersofandrewjackson.utk.edu website]</sub>
|-
| style="background: #BDB76B" | 15 
| [[James Buchanan]]
| James Buchanan papers at the [[Historical Society of Pennsylvania]]<br />Gift of the Buchanan family; transferred to the Historical Society, {{circa|1895–1897}}
| [[Philadelphia]], [[Pennsylvania]]
| [[Historical Society of Pennsylvania]]
| [[File:Historical Society of Pennsylvania Historical Marker 1300 Locust St Philadelphia PA (DSC 3227).jpg|175px]]
| style="text-align:center;" | <sub>[http://www2.hsp.org/collections/manuscripts/b/Buchanan0091.html website]</sub>
|-
| style="background: PaleTurquoise" | 16
| [[Abraham Lincoln]]
| [[Abraham Lincoln Presidential Library and Museum]]<br />Opened to public in 2004<ref>{{cite web |title=Museum History |url=https://www2.illinois.gov/alplm/museum/About/Pages/Museum-History.aspx |website=Abraham Lincoln Presidential Library and Museum |access-date=March 5, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170807164857/https://www.illinois.gov/alplm/museum/About/Pages/Museum-History.aspx |archive-date=August 7, 2017}}</ref>
| [[Springfield, Illinois]] 
| [[State of Illinois]]
| [[File:2013-08-04 AbrahamLincoln PresidentialLibrary and Museum.JPG|175px]]
| style="text-align:center;"| [[File:Abraham Lincoln Presidential Library and Museum wordmark.jpg|100px]]<br /><sub>[https://www2.illinois.gov/alplm/ website]</sub>
|-
| style="background: #BDB76B"| 17
|[[Andrew Johnson]]
|[[President Andrew Johnson Museum and Library]]<br />Opened to public 1993
|[[Tusculum, Tennessee]]
|[[Tusculum College]]
|[[File:Historic American Buildings Survey, Ray Moody, Photographer January 21, 1958 BACK ELEVATION. - Tusculum College, State Route 107, Greeneville Vicinity, Tusculum, Greene County, HABS TENN,30-TUSC,2A-1.tif|175px]]
| style="text-align:center;"| <sub>[http://ajmuseum.tusculum.edu/ website]</sub>
|-
| style="background: #BDB76B" | 18
| [[Ulysses S. Grant]]
| [[Ulysses S. Grant Presidential Library]]<br />Opened to public October 15, 1966
| [[Starkville, Mississippi]]
| [[Mississippi State University#Mitchell Memorial Library|Mississippi State University Library]]<br />and<br />Ulysses S. Grant Association
|
| style="text-align:center;" | <sub>[http://www.usgrantlibrary.org website]</sub>
|-
| style="background: PaleTurquoise" | 19
| [[Rutherford B. Hayes]]
| [[Rutherford B. Hayes Presidential Center]]<br />Opened to public 1916
| [[Fremont, Ohio]]
| [[Ohio Historical Society]]<br />and<br />Hayes Presidential Center, Inc.
| [[File:HayesLibrary.jpg|175px]]
| style="text-align:center;"| <sub>[http://www.rbhayes.org/hayes/library/ website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130901131635/http://www.rbhayes.org/hayes/library/ |date=September 1, 2013 }}</sub>
|-
| style="background: #BDB76B" | 22 and 24
|[[Grover Cleveland]]
| [[Seeley G. Mudd Manuscript Library]]<br />Opened to public October 16, 1976
| [[Princeton, New Jersey]]
| [[Princeton University]]
| [[File:Mudd Library Princeton.JPG|175px]]
| style="text-align:center;" | <sub>[https://rbsc.princeton.edu/collections/grover-cleveland-collection-0 website]</sub>
|-
| style="background: PaleTurquoise"| 25 
| [[William McKinley]]
| [[William McKinley Presidential Library and Museum]]<br />Memorial/Gravesite opened to the public September 1907
| [[Canton, Ohio]]
| Stark County Historical Society
| [[File:William McKinley Presidential Library and Museum 02 (37053630725).jpg|175px]]
| style="text-align:center;"|<br /><sub>[http://mckinleymuseum.org/ website]</sub>
|-
|  style="background: PaleTurquoise"| 26
| rowspan="3" |[[Theodore Roosevelt]]
|[[Theodore Roosevelt Presidential Library]] 
|[[Medora, North Dakota]]<br>(planned)
|Theodore Roosevelt Presidential Library Foundation
|
| style="text-align:center;"| <sub>[https://www.trlibrary.com website]</sub>
|-
| style="background: #BDB76B"| 26
|[[Houghton Library]] <br />Collection donated in 1943
|[[Cambridge, Massachusetts]]
|[[Harvard University]]
|[[File:Houghton exterior.jpg|175px]]
| style="text-align:center;"| <sub>[https://library.harvard.edu/collections/theodore-roosevelt-collection website]</sub>
|-
| style="background: #BDB76B"| 26
| [[Dickinson State University#Theodore Roosevelt Presidential Library|The Theodore Roosevelt Center at Dickinson State University]]<br />Launched in 2009
|[[Dickinson, North Dakota|Dickinson]], [[North Dakota|ND]]
|[[Dickinson State University]]
|
| style="text-align:center;"| <sub>[https://www.theodorerooseveltcenter.org website]</sub>
|-
| style="background: PaleTurquoise" | 28 
| rowspan="2" | [[Woodrow Wilson]]
| [[Woodrow Wilson Presidential Library]]<br />Opened to the public in 1990
| [[Staunton, Virginia]]
| Woodrow Wilson Presidential Library Foundation
| [[File:Wilson Birthplace Jan 2007.jpg|175px]]
| style="text-align:center;" | <sub>[http://www.woodrowwilson.org/ website]</sub>
|-
| style="background: #BDB76B" | 28
| [[Seeley G. Mudd Manuscript Library]]<br />Opened to public October 16, 1976
| [[Princeton, New Jersey]]
| [[Princeton University]]
| [[File:Mudd Library Princeton.JPG|175px]]
| style="text-align:center;"| <sub>[https://findingaids.princeton.edu/collections/MC168 website]</sub>
|- 
| style="background: PaleTurquoise" | 29
|[[Warren G. Harding]]
| [[Warren G. Harding Presidential Center]]<br />Opened to the public on May 12, 2021<ref name="Harding_marionstar" />
|[[Marion, Ohio]]
|[[Ohio History Connection]]
| [[File:Warren G. Harding Presidential Center.jpg|175px]]
| style="text-align:center;" | <sub>[https://www.ohiohistory.org/give/harding-2020 website]</sub>
|- 
| style="background: PaleTurquoise" | 30
| [[Calvin Coolidge]]
| [[Calvin Coolidge Presidential Library and Museum]]<br />Opened to the public in 1956
| [[Northampton, Massachusetts]]
| [[Forbes Library]]
| [[File:1899 Northampton Forbes public library Massachusetts.png|175px]]
| style="text-align:center;" | <sub>[http://www.forbeslibrary.org/coolidge/coolidge.shtml#research website]</sub>
|-
| 31
| [[Herbert Hoover]]
| [[Herbert Hoover Presidential Library and Museum]]<br />Dedication August 10, 1962 <br />Rededicated August 8, 1992
| [[West Branch, Iowa]]
| [[National Archives and Records Administration|National Archives and Records Administration (NARA)]]
| [[File:Herbert Hoover Presidential Library 003.jpg|175px]]
| style="text-align:center;"| [[File:Official logo of the Herbert Hoover Presidential Library and Museum.png|100px]]<br /><sub>[http://hoover.archives.gov/ website]</sub>
|-
| 32
| [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]]
| [[Franklin D. Roosevelt Presidential Library and Museum]]<br />Dedicated June 30, 1941 <br />Rededicated June 30, 2013
| [[Hyde Park, New York]]
| [[National Archives and Records Administration|NARA]] 
| [[File:Franklin D. Roosevelt Presidential Library.jpg|175px]]
| style="text-align:center;"| [[File:Official logo of the Franklin D. Roosevelt Presidential Library.svg|75px]]<br /><sub>[http://www.fdrlibrary.marist.edu/ website]</sub>
|-
| 33
| [[Harry S. Truman]]
| [[Harry S. Truman Presidential Library and Museum]]<br />Dedicated on July 6, 1957 <br /> Rededicated December 9, 2001
| [[Independence, Missouri]]
| [[National Archives and Records Administration|NARA]]
| [[File:Harry S. Truman Presidential Library and Museum July 2007.jpg|175px]]
| style="text-align:center;"| [[File:Official logo of the Harry S. Truman Presidential Library.svg|100px]]<br /><sub>[http://trumanlibrary.org/ website]</sub>
|-
| 34
| nowrap | [[Dwight D. Eisenhower]]
| [[Dwight D. Eisenhower Presidential Library, Museum and Boyhood Home]]<br />Dedicated on May 1, 1962<br />Rededicated on October 7, 2019
| [[Abilene, Kansas]]
| [[National Archives and Records Administration|NARA]]
| [[File:Eisenhower library.jpg|175px]]
| style="text-align:center;"| [[File:Official logo of the Dwight D. Eisenhower Presidential Library.svg|70px]]<br /><sub>[http://eisenhower.archives.gov/ website]</sub>
|-
| 35
| [[John F. Kennedy]]
| [[John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum]]<br />Dedicated on October 20, 1979 <br /> Rededicated October 29, 1993
| [[Boston]], [[Massachusetts]]
| [[National Archives and Records Administration|NARA]]
| [[File:JFK library Stitch Crop.jpg|175px]]
| style="text-align:center;"| [[File:Official logo of the John F. Kennedy Presidential Library.svg|100px]]<br /><sub>[http://jfklibrary.org/ website]</sub>
|-
| 36 
| [[Lyndon B. Johnson]]
| [[Lyndon Baines Johnson Library and Museum]]<br />Dedicated on May 22, 1971
| [[Austin, Texas]]
| [[National Archives and Records Administration|NARA]]<br />and<br />[[The University of Texas at Austin]] 
| [[File:Johnson library.jpg|175px]]
| style="text-align:center;"| [[File:Official logo of the LBJ Presidential Library.svg|75px]]<br /><sub>[http://lbjlibrary.org website]</sub>
|-
| 37 
| [[Richard Nixon]]
| [[Richard Nixon Presidential Library and Museum]]<br />Dedicated on July 19, 1990 <br /> Rededicated October 14, 2016
| [[Yorba Linda, California]]|| [[National Archives and Records Administration|NARA]]<br>and<br />[[Richard Nixon Foundation]]
| [[File:Nixon Library and Gardens.jpg|175px]]
| style="text-align:center;"| [[File:Official logo of the Richard Nixon Presidential Library.png|75px]]<br /><sub>[http://www.nixonlibrary.gov/ website]</sub>
|-
| rowspan="2" | 38
| rowspan="2" | [[Gerald Ford]]
| [[Gerald R. Ford Presidential Museum]]<br />Dedicated on September 18, 1981 <br /> Rededicated April 17, 1997
| [[Grand Rapids, Michigan]]
| rowspan="2" | [[National Archives and Records Administration|NARA]]
| [[File:GRFord-Presidential.jpg|175px]]
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;" | [[File:Official logo of the Gerald R. Ford Presidential Library.svg|75px]]<br /><sub>[http://www.fordlibrarymuseum.gov/ website]</sub>
|-
| [[Gerald R. Ford Presidential Library]]<br />Dedicated on April 27, 1981
| [[Ann Arbor, Michigan]]
| [[File:Gerald R. Ford Presidential Library, spring..jpg|175px]]
|-
| 39
| [[Jimmy Carter]]
| [[Jimmy Carter Library and Museum]]<br />Dedicated on October 1, 1986
| [[Atlanta]], [[Georgia (U.S. state)|Georgia]]
| [[National Archives and Records Administration|NARA]]
| [[File:Carter lib1.JPG|175px]]
| style="text-align:center;"| [[File:Official logo of the Jimmy Carter Presidential Library.svg|100px]]<br /><sub>[http://jimmycarterlibrary.gov/ website]</sub>
|-
| 40
| [[Ronald Reagan]]
| [[Ronald Reagan Presidential Library]]<br />Dedicated on November 4, 1991
| [[Simi Valley, California]]
| [[National Archives and Records Administration|NARA]]
| [[File:View of the Reagan Library from the south.jpg|175px]]
| style="text-align:center;"| [[File:Seal of the Ronald Reagan Presidential Library.svg|75px]]<br /><sub>[http://www.reaganlibrary.gov/ website]</sub>
|-
| 41 
| [[George H.W. Bush]]
| [[George H.W. Bush Presidential Library and Museum]]<br />Dedicated on November 6, 1997
| nowrap | [[College Station, Texas]]
| [[National Archives and Records Administration|NARA]]<br />and<br />[[Texas A&M University]] 
| [[File:BushLibrary.JPG|175px]]
| style="text-align:center;"| [[File:Official logo of the George Bush Presidential Library.svg|100px]]<br /><sub>[https://www.bush41.org/ website]</sub>
|-
| 42
| [[Bill Clinton]]
| [[Clinton Presidential Center|William J. Clinton Presidential Center and Park]]<br />Dedicated on November 18, 2004
| [[Little Rock, Arkansas]]
| [[National Archives and Records Administration|NARA]]
| [[File:William J. Clinton Presidential Library, Little Rock, Arkansas (exterior view - 2007).jpg|175px]]
| style="text-align:center;"| [[File:Official logo of the Bill Clinton Presidential Library.svg|100px]]<br /><sub>[http://clintonlibrary.gov/ website]</sub>
|-
| 43
| [[George W. Bush]]
| [[George W. Bush Presidential Center]]<br />Dedicated on April 25, 2013
| [[Dallas]], [[Texas]]
| [[National Archives and Records Administration|NARA]]<br />and<br />[[Southern Methodist University]]
| [[File:George W. Bush Presidential Center 07 - jpfagerback - 2013-04-26.JPG|175px]]
| style="text-align:center;"| [[File:Official logo of the George W. Bush Presidential Library.svg|100px]]<br /><sub>[http://www.georgewbushlibrary.smu.edu/ website]</sub>
|-
| 44
| rowspan="2" |[[Barack Obama]]
| [[Barack Obama Presidential Center|Barack Obama Presidential Library]]
| ''Digital,'' NARA facilities
| [[National Archives and Records Administration|NARA]]
|
| style="text-align:center;"| [https://www.obamalibrary.gov/about-us website]
|-
| style="background: PaleTurquoise" |44
| [[Barack Obama Presidential Center]]<br />Scheduled to open in spring 2026
| [[Chicago]], [[Illinois]]<ref>{{cite news| title=Chicago to Get Obama Presidential Library| url=http://www.nbcchicago.com/blogs/ward-room/OBAMA-LIBRARY-301023511.html| date=April 30, 2015| work=[[WMAQ-TV]] News| last=Lutz| first=BJ| access-date=September 1, 2015}}</ref>
| [[Obama Foundation]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://medium.com/@anthony_clark/obama-foundation-changes-presidential-libraries-perhaps-forever-247921dcccf6|title=Obama Foundation Changes Presidential Libraries – Perhaps Forever|last=Clark|first=Anthony|website=medium.com|date=January 8, 2017|access-date=June 3, 2017|language=en-US|quote=[I]t seems quite certain that the Obama Foundation anticipates keeping and operating both the foundation space as well as the museum on its own ... }}</ref><br>and<br>[[University of Chicago]]<ref name="May2015Announcement">Julie Bosman & Mitch Smith, [https://www.nytimes.com/2015/05/13/us/chicago-president-obama-library.html?_r=0 Chicago Wins Bid to Host Obama Library], ''[[New York Times]]'', May 12, 2015.</ref>
|
| style="text-align:center;"| [[File:Obama Foundation logo.svg|100px]]<br /><sub>[https://www.obama.org/the-center/ website]</sub> 
|-
| rowspan="2" | 45 and 47
| rowspan="2" |[[Donald Trump]]
| [[Donald J. Trump Presidential Library]]
| ''Digital,'' NARA facilities
| [[National Archives and Records Administration|NARA]]
| 
| style= "text-align:center;"| [[File:Donald J. Trump Presidential library logo.jpg|100px]]<br /><sub>[https://www.trumplibrary.gov website]</sub>
|-
| [[Donald J. Trump Presidential Center]]<br />(in planning)
| TBA
| 
| 
|
|- 
| style="background: LightGray" |46
| [[Joe Biden]]
| [[Joseph R. Biden Jr. Presidential Library]]<br />(in planning)
| TBA
|
|
| style= "text-align:center;"| [[File:Joseph R. Biden Jr. Presidential library logo.png|100px]]<br /><sub>[https://www.bidenlibrary.gov website]</sub>
|-
|}

==Locations of other presidents' papers==
[[Grover Cleveland]] and [[Woodrow Wilson]] left their papers to Princeton University where they may be found at the [[Seeley G. Mudd Manuscript Library]]. The [[Theodore Roosevelt Association]] collected [[Theodore Roosevelt]]'s papers and donated them to [[Harvard University]] in 1943, where they reside at its Widener and Houghton libraries.<ref>{{Cite web|title=TR Center – Harvard College Library|url=https://www.theodorerooseveltcenter.org/Research/Collections/Harvard%20College%20Library|access-date=January 23, 2021|website=www.theodorerooseveltcenter.org}}</ref>

[[James Buchanan]] left his papers to the [[Historical Society of Pennsylvania]] in Philadelphia, where they may still be found. ''The Papers of Andrew Jackson'' is a project sponsored by the [[University of Tennessee at Knoxville]] to collect [[Andrew Jackson]]'s papers on microfilm.<ref>{{Cite web|title=About the Project {{!}} The Papers of Andrew Jackson|url=https://thepapersofandrewjackson.utk.edu/the-project/|access-date=January 23, 2021|language=en-US}}</ref> A microfilm edition of [[Martin Van Buren]]'s papers was produced at [[Pennsylvania State University]] in 1987; a digital edition of the [[Papers of Martin Van Buren]] is being produced at [[Cumberland University]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Papers of Martin Van Buren|url=http://vanburenpapers.org/|access-date=October 7, 2020}}</ref> A similar project is underway on behalf of [[The Papers of James Madison|James Madison]] by the Universities of Virginia and Chicago.

For many presidents, especially before the development of the NARA system, substantial collections may be found in multiple private and public collections.<ref>Montgomery, Bruce P. “Presidential Materials: Politics and the Presidential Records Act.” The American Archivist, vol. 66, no. 1, 2003, pp. 102–138.</ref> Until the Obama Administration's library is ready for service, its papers are being held in a facility in [[Hoffman Estates, Illinois]], and except for classified materials are available through [[Freedom of Information Act (United States)|FOIA]] since 2023.

==See also==
* [[United States presidential memorial]]s
* {{section link|National Archives facilities|Presidential libraries}}
* [[First Ladies National Historic Site]]
* [[Jefferson Davis Presidential Library and Museum]]
* [[Gladstone's Library]]
* [[Churchill Archives Centre]]
* [[National Churchill Museum]]
* [[Vicente Fox Center of Studies, Library and Museum]]
* [[Quayle Vice Presidential Learning Center]]
* [[Olusegun Obasanjo Presidential Library]]
* [[Atchison County Historical Museum#Background on the World's Smallest Presidential Library|World's Smallest Presidential Library]] ([[David Rice Atchison]])
* [[Perdana Leadership Foundation]]

==Notes==

{{reflist|group=n}}

==References==
{{reflist}}
* ''Portions of this article based on public domain text from the [https://www.archives.gov/presidential_libraries/addresses/addresses.html National Archives and Records Administration]''

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{{Lists of US Presidents and Vice Presidents}}
{{US Presidential Memorials}}
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