Editing Preterite

{{Short description|Grammatical tense denoting a past event}}
{{About|the grammatical term|the eschatological interpretation|Preterism}}
The '''preterite''' or '''preterit''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|p|ɹ|ɛ|t|əɹ|ɪ|t}} {{respell|PRET|ər|it}}; [[list of glossing abbreviations|abbreviated]] '''{{sc|pret}}''' or '''{{sc|prt}}''') is a [[grammatical tense]] or [[verb]] form serving to denote events that took place or were completed in the past; in some languages, such as Spanish, French, and English, it is equivalent to the '''[[simple past]]''' tense. In general, it combines the [[perfective aspect]] (event viewed as a single whole; it is not to be confused with the similarly named [[Perfect (grammar)|perfect]]) with the [[past tense]] and may thus also be termed the ''perfective past''. In grammars of particular languages the preterite is sometimes called the ''past historic'', or (particularly in the [[Ancient Greek|Greek]] grammatical tradition) the ''[[aorist]]''.
When the term "preterite" is used in relation to specific languages, it may not correspond precisely to this definition. In English it can be used to refer to the simple past verb form, which sometimes (but not always) expresses perfective aspect. The case of [[German verbs|German]] is similar: the ''Präteritum'' is the simple (non-compound) past tense, which does not always imply perfective aspect, and is anyway often replaced by the ''Perfekt'' (compound past) even in perfective past meanings.

Preterite may be denoted by the [[list of glossing abbreviations|glossing abbreviation]] {{sc|'''pret'''}} or {{sc|'''prt'''}}. The word derives from the Latin ''praeteritum'' (the [[perfective aspect|perfective]] [[participle]] of ''praetereo''), meaning "passed by" or "past."

==Romance languages==
===Latin===
In [[Latin language|Latin]], the '''perfect''' tense most commonly functions as the '''preterite''', and refers to an action ''completed'' in the past. If the past action was not completed, one would use the imperfect. The perfect in Latin also functions in other circumstances as a [[present perfect]].

Typical conjugation:
{|class="wikitable"
!&nbsp; || dūcō, dūcere, dūxī, ductus
|--
|''ego'' || -ī (dūxī)
|--
|''tū'' || -istī (dūxistī)
|--
|''is, ea, id'' || -it (dūxit)
|--
|''nōs'' || -imus (dūximus)
|--
|''vōs'' || -istis (dūxistis)
|--
|''eī, eae, ea'' || -ērunt (dūxērunt)
|}

''Dūxī'' can be translated as (preterite) "I led", "I did lead", or (in the present perfect) "I have led."

A pronoun subject is often omitted, and usually used for emphasis.

===French===
{{Main|Passé simple}}

In [[French language|French]], the preterite is known as ''le passé simple'' (the simple past). It is a past tense that indicates an action taken once in the past that was completed at some point in the past (translated: "<verb>ed"). This is as opposed to the imperfect (''l'imparfait''), used in expressing repeated, continual, or habitual past actions (often corresponding to English's past [[continuous aspect|continuous]] ''was/were &lt;verb>ing'' or [[habitual aspect|habitual]] ''used to &lt;verb>''). In the spoken language, the compound tense known as ''le passé composé'' ("the compound past") began to compete with it from the 12th century onwards, and has since replaced it almost entirely.<ref>Emmanuelle Labeau, Carl Vetters, Patrick Caudal, ''Sémantique et Diachronie du Système Verbal Français'', Éd. Rodopi B.V. 10 janvier 2007, Coll. Cahiers Chronos, p.125.</ref> French simple past is mostly used in a narrative way to tell stories and describe successive actions. Novelists use it commonly: it brings more suspense, as the sentence can be short without any temporal reference needed. In oral language, the simple past is rarely used except while telling a story; therefore, it would be atypical to hear it in a standard discussion.

Typical conjugations:
{|class="wikitable"
!&nbsp; || -er verbs (aimer) || -ir verbs (finir) || -re verbs (rendre) || -oir(e) verbs<sup>1</sup> (vouloir) (croire) || Irregular (tenir)<sup>2</sup>
|-
|''je'' || -ai (aimai) || -is (finis) || -is (rendis) || -us (crus) || tins
|--
|''tu'' || -as (aimas) || -is (finis) || -is (rendis) || -us (crus) || tins
|--
|''il/elle/on'' || -a (aima) || -it (finit) || -it (rendit) || -ut (crut) || tint
|--
|''nous'' || -âmes (aimâmes) || -îmes (finîmes) || -îmes (rendîmes) || -ûmes (crûmes) || tînmes
|--
|''vous'' || -âtes (aimâtes) || -îtes (finîtes) || -îtes (rendîtes) || -ûtes (crûtes) || tîntes
|--
|''ils/elles'' || -èrent (aimèrent) || -irent (finirent) || -irent (rendirent) || -urent (crurent) || tinrent
|-
| colspan="6" |
#also ''être'' (''je fus…'') and ''avoir'' (''j'eus'')
#includes ''tenir'', ''venir'' (''je vins'', ''tu vins'', ...), and all of their derivations
|}

===Romanian===
[[File:Romanian Perfect Simple.svg|thumb|300px|Use in interwar Romania:
<br />
{{Legend inline|#e34a33|Area of use}}
{{Legend inline|#f7a071|Area of partial use}}
<br />
{{Legend inline|#feddb9|Area of infrequent use}}
{{Legend inline|#fff5e4|Not used}}
<br />
''Historical region of [[Oltenia]] highlighted'']]
In [[Romanian language|Romanian]], the preterite is known as ''perfectul simplu'' (literally, the simple past or simple perfect). The preterite indicates a past accomplished action (translated: "verbed"); however, this tense is not frequent in the official language and not frequent in the standard speech (not used in Republic of Moldova and not used in the Romanian regions of Transylvania, Muntenia and Moldova). The general tendency is to use the compound past (''perfectul compus'') to express a past action that is perceived as completed at the moment of speaking. 

Simple past is still actively used in current speech in the southwestern part of Romania, especially in [[Oltenia]], but also in [[Banat]], Crișana and Maramureș, mostly in rural areas. Usage of the preterite is very frequent in written narrative discourse, the simple past of the speech verbs being generally after a dialogue line in narration:

*''Aici avem o crimă!, zise polițistul.'' This is  a murder! said the policeman.

When used in everyday speech in standard Romanian, the preterite is used with the value of recent past, a recently completed action:
*''Tocmai îl auzii pe George la radio.'' I have just heard George on the radio.

The second person is often used in questions about finishing an action in progress that is supposed to be over, giving the question a more informal tone:
*''Gata, citirăți?'' Are you done, have you read [the texts]?

The forms of the simple perfect are made of an unstressed stem of the [[infinitive]], a stressed suffix that is different in each group of verbs, and the endings ''-i, -și, -∅, -răm, -răți, -ră'',<ref>[http://www.seelrc.org:8080/grammar/pdf/stand_alone_romanian.pdf Romanian Grammar] detailed guide of Romanian grammar and usage.</ref> which are the same for all the verbs:
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! &nbsp;
! -a verbs (a intra)
! -ea verbs (a tăcea)
! -e verbs (a cere)
! -e verbs (a merge)
! -i verbs (a dormi)
! -î verbs (a coborî)
|-
! &nbsp;
! suffix ''a''
! suffix ''u''
! suffix ''u''
! suffix ''se''
! suffix ''i''
! suffix ''â/î''
|-
| eu
| -ai (intrai)
| -ui (tăcui)
| -ui (cerui)
| -sei (mersei)
| -ii (dormii)
| -âi (coborâi)
|-
| tu
| -ași (intrași)
| -uși (tăcuși)
| -uși (ceruși)
| -seși (merseși)
| -iși (dormiși)
| -âși (coborâși)
|-
| el/ea
| -ă (intră)
| -u (tăcu)
| -u (ceru)
| -se (merse)
| -i (dormi)
| -î (coborî)
|-
| noi
| -arăm (intrarăm)
| -urăm (tăcurăm)
| -urăm (cerurăm)
| -serăm (merserăm)
| -irăm (dormirăm)
| -ârăm (coborârăm)
|-
| voi/dumneavoastră
| -arăți (intrarăți)
| -urăți (tăcurăți)
| -urăți (cerurăți)
| -serăți (merserăți)
| -irăți (dormirăți)
| -ârăți (coborârăți)
|-
| ei/ele
| -ară (intrară)
| -ură (tăcură)
| -ură (cerură)
| -seră (merseră)
| -iră (dormiră)
| -âră (coborâră)
|}

===Italian===

In [[Italian language|Italian]], the preterite is called ''passato remoto'' (literally "remote past"). It is a past tense that indicates an action taken once and completed far in the past (''mangiai'', "I ate"). This is opposed to the ''imperfetto'' tense, which refers to a repeated, continuous, or habitual past action (''mangiavo'', "I was eating" or "I used to eat") and to the ''passato prossimo'' (literally "close past"), which refers to an action completed recently (''ho mangiato'', "I have eaten").

In colloquial usage, the use of the ''passato remoto'' becomes more prevalent going from the [[Northern Italy|North]] to the [[Southern Italy|South]] of Italy. While Northern Italians and [[Sardinia]]ns use ''passato prossimo'' in any perfective situation, Southern Italians will use ''passato remoto'' even for recent events.

Typical conjugations:
{|class="wikitable"
!&nbsp; || -are verbs (parlare) || [Regular] -ere verbs (credere)* || [Irregular] -ere verbs (prendere)* || -ire verbs (finire) || ''essere''
|--
|''io'' || -ai (parlai) || -ei (credei) / -etti (credetti) || -i ('''presi''') || -ii (finii) || fui
|--
|''tu'' || -asti (parlasti) || -esti (credesti) || -esti (prendesti) || -isti (finisti) || fosti
|--
|''lui'' || -ò (parlò) || -é (credé) / -ette (credette) || -e ('''prese''') || -ì (finì) || fu
|--
|''noi'' || -ammo (parlammo) || -emmo (credemmo) || -emmo (prendemmo) || -immo (finimmo) || fummo
|--
|''voi'' || -aste (parlaste) || -este (credeste) || -este (prendeste) ||  -iste (finiste) || foste
|--
|''loro'' || -arono (parlarono) || -erono (crederono) / -ettero (credettero) || -ero ('''presero''') || -irono (finirono) || furono
|}

<nowiki>*</nowiki>Many -ere verbs in Italian have stem alternations in the 1st person singular, 3rd person singular and 3rd person plural.  Some verbs (with d/t in their stem, including credere) also have endings -etti (1st person singular), -ette (3rd person singular), and -ettero (3rd person plural). Additionally, unlike in most languages, the third person plural is stressed on the irregular root. (Posero is stressed on the first syllable (POH-se-ro), not the second syllable (poh-SEH-ro).)

In a few remarkable cases, all three options exist for a single verb, although usage of each of these forms may vary. For ''perdere'' for example, the first person singular can occur as ''persi'' (irregular and most correct form), ''perdei'' or ''perdetti'' (compare to the past participle which can be ''perso'' (irregular, most correct) or ''perduto'' (regular)).

===Portuguese===
In [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]], the preterite is the ''pretérito perfeito''. The Portuguese preterite has the same form as the Spanish preterite, but the meaning is like the "composed past" of French and Italian in that, for example, ''corri'' means both "I ran" and "I have run."  As in other Romance languages, it is opposed to the ''pretérito imperfeito'' ([[imperfect]]).  Note that there does exist a ''pretérito perfeito composto'' ([[present perfect]]) but its meaning is not that of a [[perfect (grammar)|perfect]]; instead it shows an [[iterative aspect]].  For example, ''tenho corrido'' does ''not'' mean "I have run" but rather "I've been running."

Typical conjugations:
{|class="wikitable"
!&nbsp; || -ar verbs (amar) || -er verbs (correr) || -ir verbs (partir) || most irregular verbs (saber as an example) || ''ser/ir''
|--
|''eu'' || -ei (amei) || -i (corri) || -i (parti) || -e (soube) || fui
|--
|''tu'' || -aste (amaste) || -este (correste) || -iste (partiste) || -este (soubeste) || foste
|--
|''ele'' || -ou (amou) || -eu (correu) || -iu (partiu) || -e (soube)  || foi
|--
|''nós'' || -ámos, -amos (amámos, amamos) || -emos (corremos) || -imos (partimos) || -emos (soubemos) || fomos
|--
|''vós'' || -astes (amastes) || -estes (correstes) || -istes (partistes) || -estes (soubestes) || fostes
|--
|''eles'' || -aram (amaram) || -eram (correram) || -iram (partiram) || -eram (souberam) || foram
|}
Some verbs change the stressed vowel in their preterite root in the third person singular to prevent confusion between it and the first person singular, like ''ter'' (''eu tive'' versus ''você/ele/ela teve'') and ''poder'' (''eu pude'' versus ''você/ele/ela pôde''). Certain other verbs also use only the root in the first and third person singulars, such as ''pôr'' (''eu pus'', ''você/ele/ela pôs'').

===Spanish===
In [[Spanish language|Spanish]], the preterite (''pretérito perfecto simple,'' or ''pretérito indefinido'') is a [[verb]] [[Grammatical tense|tense]] that indicates that an action taken once in the past was completed at a specific point in time in the past. (Traditional Spanish terminology calls all past tenses ''pretéritos'', irrespective of whether they express completed or incomplete actions or events.) Usually, a definite start time or end time for the action is stated.  This is opposed to the [[imperfect]], which refers to any repeated, continuous, or habitual past action. Thus, "I ran five miles yesterday" would use the [[grammatical person|first-person]] preterite form of ran, ''corrí'', whereas "I ran five miles every morning" would use the first-person [[imperfect]] form, ''corría''. This distinction is actually one of [[perfective aspect|perfective vs. imperfective aspect]].

The special spellings for the "yo" form of the preterite are listed below (the accent mark goes over the 'e'); these are needed to keep their respective sounds.
*-gar verbs: -gué (jugar>jugué)
*-car verbs: -qué (buscar>busqué)
*-zar verbs: -cé  (almorzar>almorcé)
*-guar verbs: -güé  (aguar>agüé)

The endings for -er and -ir verbs are identical.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.studyspanish.com/lessons/pretimp1.htm|title=Preterite vs Imperfect: Part I - StudySpanish.com|website=studyspanish.com}}</ref>

The third person singular and plural forms of all verbs ending in -uir and -oír, as well as some verbs ending in -aer (excluding traer), end in -yó and -yeron, respectively; these are needed to keep their respective sounds.

Examples of verbs that have [[Spanish irregular verbs|anomalous stems in the preterite]] include most verbs ending in -ducir as well as most verbs that are irregular in the "yo" form of the present tense (including traer).

In most Iberian Mainland Spanish and, to a lesser extent, [[Mexican Spanish]], there is still a strong distinction between the preterite and the [[present perfect]]. The preterite denotes an action that began and ended in the past, while the [[present perfect]] denotes an action that began in the past and is over; thus,

*'''Comí''' todo el día. (I ate all day long.)
*'''He comido''' todo el día (I have eaten all day.)

In most other variants of Spanish, such as in the Americas and in the Canary Islands, this distinction has tended to fade, with the preterite being used even for actions in the immediate pre-present with continuing relevance.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Latin American Spanish: Preterite Versus Present Perfect [+7 Examples & Quiz] {{!}} Language Atlas |url=https://languageatlas.com/spanish-a2/preterite-versus-present-perfect/ |access-date=2024-01-03 |language=en-US}}</ref>

Typical conjugations:
{|class="wikitable"
! || -ar verbs (hablar) || -er verbs (comer) || -ir verbs (vivir) || most irregular verbs || ''ser/ir''
|--
|''yo'' || -é (hablé) || -í (comí) || -í (viví) || -e (puse) || fui
|--
|''tú'' || -aste (hablaste) || -iste (comiste) || -iste (viviste) || -iste (pusiste) || fuiste
|--
|''él/ella'' <br> ''usted'' || -ó (habló) || -ió (comió) || -ió (vivió) || -o (puso) || fue
|--
|''nosotros'' || -amos (hablamos) || -imos (comimos) || -imos (vivimos) || -imos (pusimos) || fuimos
|--
|''vosotros'' || -asteis (hablasteis) || -isteis (comisteis) || -isteis (vivisteis) || -isteis (pusisteis) ||fuisteis
|--
|''ellos/as'' <br> ''ustedes'' || -aron (hablaron) || -ieron (comieron) || -ieron (vivieron) || -ieron (pusieron) || fueron
|}
<!-- In most cases, vivir is used as the basic -ir verb. -->

==Germanic languages==
In [[Germanic languages]], the term "preterite" is sometimes used for the [[past tense]].

===English===
{{main|Simple past}}
The majority of [[English language|English]]'s preterites (often called ''[[simple past]]'' or just ''past tense'') are formed by adding ''-ed'' or ''-d'' to the verb's plain form ([[Infinitive#Uses of the bare infinitive|bare infinitive]]), sometimes with spelling modifications. This is the result of the conjugation system of [[Germanic weak verb|weak verbs]], already in the majority in [[Old English]], being raised to paradigmatic status and even [[Germanic weak verb#Strong to weak transformations|taking over earlier conjugations of some old strong verbs]]. As a result, all newly introduced verbs have the weak conjugation. Examples:

* He '''planted''' corn and oats.
* They '''studied''' grammar.
* She '''shoved''' the Viking aside. (Original preterite ''scēaf'', from an Old English strong verb.)
* I '''friended''' him on social media. (A verb with a weak preterite.)

A number of English verbs form their preterites by [[suppletion]], a result of either [[ablaut]], a regular set of sound changes (to an interior vowel) in the conjugation of a [[Germanic strong verb|strong verb]], or because the verb conjugations are the remains of a more complex system of tenses in [[English irregular verbs|irregular verbs]]:

* She '''went''' to the cinema. (Preterite of "go"; uses a completely different verb - the Anglo-Saxon 'wendan' from which comes 'to wend'.)
* I '''ate''' breakfast late this morning. (Preterite of "eat.")
* He '''ran''' to the store. (Preterite of "run.")

With the exception of "to be" and [[auxiliary verb|auxiliary]] and [[modal verb]]s, [[interrogative]] and negative clauses do not use their main verbs' preterites; if their [[Declarative sentence|declarative]] or positive counterpart does not use any auxiliary or modal verb, then the auxiliary verb ''did'' (the preterite of ''do'') is [[do-support|inserted]] and the main verb appears in its plain form, as an [[infinitive]]:

* '''Was''' she busy today?
* He '''was''' not there.
* '''Could''' she play the piano when she was ten?
* The editor '''had''' not read the book yet.
* '''Did''' he plant corn and oats?
* She '''did''' not '''go''' to the cinema.

For more details, see [[English verbs]], [[Simple past]], and [[Uses of English verb forms]].

===German===
[[German language|German]] has a grammatical distinction between preterite (''Präteritum'') and perfect (''Perfekt''). (Older grammar books sometimes use ''Imperfekt'' instead of ''Präteritum'', a borrowing from Latin terminology.) Originally the distinction was as strong as in English: The Präteritum was the standard, most neutral form for past actions, and could also express an event in the remote past, contrasting with the ''Perfekt'', which expressed an event that has consequences reaching into the present.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Die Grammatik|trans-title=Grammar|publisher=Duden Verlag|pages=[https://archive.org/details/dudengrammatikde0000unse_h0u1/page/84 84–86]|location=Mannheim|year=1973|isbn=3-411-00914-4|url=https://archive.org/details/dudengrammatikde0000unse_h0u1/page/84}}</ref>
* Präteritum: ''Es regnete.'' "It rained. / It was raining." (I am talking about a past event.)
* Perfekt: ''Es hat geregnet.'' "It has rained." (The street is still wet.)

In modern German, however, these tenses no longer reflect any distinction in aspect ("Es hat geregnet" means both rained/was raining), which parallels this lack of distinction in the present, which has no separate verb form for the present progressive ("Es regnet": It rains, it is raining).  The Präteritum now has the meaning of a [[narrative]] tense, i.e. a tense used primarily for describing connected past actions (e.g. as part of a story), and is used most often in formal writing and in literature.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Die Grammatik|trans-title=Grammar|publisher=Duden Verlag|pages=[https://archive.org/details/dudengrammatikde0000unse_h0u1/page/90 90–91]|location=Mannheim|year=1973|isbn=3-411-00914-4|url=https://archive.org/details/dudengrammatikde0000unse_h0u1/page/90}}</ref>

Typical conjugations with the word ''sein'' (be) are:
{|class="wikitable"
!&nbsp; || Ind. Präsens || Ind. Präteritum || Konj. Präsens || Konj. Präteritum
|--
| ich || ''bin'' || ''war'' || ''sei'' || ''wäre''
|--
| du || ''bist'' || ''warst'' || ''seist'' || ''wärest''
|--
| er/sie/es ||''ist'' || ''war'' || ''sei'' || ''wäre''
|--
| wir || ''sind'' || ''waren'' || ''seien'' || ''wären''
|--
| ihr || ''seid'' || ''wart'' || ''seiet'' || ''wäret''
|--
| sie || ''sind'' || ''waren'' || ''seien'' || ''wären''
|}

For example, in spoken [[Upper German]] (in South [[Germany]], [[Austria]] and [[Switzerland]]), beyond the auxiliary verbs ''sein'' (to be), ''werden'' (to become), ''können'' (to be able), ''wollen'' (to want), ''haben'' (to have), the Präteritum is rarely used in the spoken language and informal writing, though the grammatical form is fundamental to producing the [[subjunctive]] and conditional forms, while compound verb conjugations are used instead.<ref>Bavarian ''i machad'', I'd do, comes from archaic ''ich machete'', which used to be both indicative of the preterite (today: ich machte) and subjunctive of the (in this respect rightly so-called) imperfect (today: ich machte in subclauses, ich würde machen in main clauses and colloquially).</ref> [[Yiddish language|Yiddish]] has gone even further and has no preterite at all.  Rather, there is only one past tense, which is formed using what was originally perfect.<ref>{{cite book|title=A Guide to Old Literary Yiddish|author=Jerold C. Frakes|isbn=978-0191087943|year=2017|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|page=60}}</ref> The dialect of German spoken in North America known as [[Pennsylvania Dutch language|Pennsylvania German]] has also undergone this change with the exception of the verb ''to be,'' which still retains a simple past.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Huffines |first=Marion Lois |date=1984-12-01 |title=Pennsylvania German Stereotype: Particles, Prepositions, and Adverbs |url=https://journals.ku.edu/ygas/article/view/19369 |journal=Yearbook of German-American Studies |volume=19 |pages=27 |doi=10.17161/ygas.v19i.19369 |issn=0741-2827|doi-access=free }}</ref>

The [[Alemannic German]] has also largely lost the preterite form. The only exception were the speakers of the isolated [[Highest Alemannic]] [[Saleytitsch]] dialect which disappeared around 1963/64.<ref>{{Cite book|title=''Walserdeutsch in Saley. Wortinhaltliche Untersuchungen zu Mundart und Weltsicht der altertümlichen Siedlung Salecchio/Saley (Antigoriotal).''|last=Frei|first=Gertrud|publisher=Haupt|pages=362–371|location=Bern/Stuttgart|year=1970|asin=B0014PPI66}}</ref>

Conjugations with the word ''siin'' (be) were:
{|class="wikitable"
!&nbsp; || Ind. Präsens || Ind. Präteritum || Konj. Präsens || Konj. Präteritum
|--
| ich || ''bìn'' || ''wass'' || ''siigì'' || ''weijì''
|--
| du || ''bìscht'' || ''wasscht'' || ''siigìscht'' || ''weijìscht''
|--
| är/schi/äs || ''ìscht'' || ''wass'' || ''siigì'' || ''weijì''
|--
| wier || ''sin'' || ''wassùn/wan'' || ''siigì'' || ''weijì''
|--
| ier || ''siit'' || ''wassùt'' || ''siigìt'' || ''weijìt''
|--
| schi || ''sìn'' || ''wassùn/wan'' || ''siigì'' || ''weijì''
|}

==Semitic languages==

The preterite was a common Semitic form, well attested in the [[Akkadian language]], where the preterite almost always referred to the past and was often interchangeable with the perfect.<ref>{{cite book|title=Studies in the Akkadian of Ugarit: dating and grammar|author=[[Wilfred van Soldt]]|year=1991|publisher=Butzon & Bercker|isbn=3788713372|page=506}}</ref> In the course of time the preterite fell into disuse in all [[West Semitic languages]], leaving traces such as the "imperfect with [[waw-consecutive]]" in Hebrew and "imperfect with lam" in Arabic.<ref>{{cite book|title=Development of the Cannanite dialects: an investigation in linguistic history|author=[[Zellig Harris]]|year=1939|publisher=[[American Oriental Society]]|page=47}}</ref>

==See also==

*[[Aorist]]
*[[Grammatical tense]]
*[[Grammatical aspect]]
*[[Wiktionary:Appendix:English irregular verbs|Wiktionary list of English irregular verbs]]

== Notes ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Grammatical aspects]]
[[Category:Grammatical tenses]]