Editing Pride

{{Short description|Positive effect from the perceived value of a person}}
{{Other uses}}
{{emotion}}
[[File:Allegory of Pride Met DP888806.jpg|thumb|Allegory of pride, from {{Circa|1590}}–1630, engraving, 22.3&nbsp;cm × 16.6&nbsp;cm, in the [[Metropolitan Museum of Art]] (New York City)]]
'''Pride''' is a human [[Emotion|secondary emotion]] characterized by a sense of satisfaction with one's [[Identity (philosophy)|identity]], performance, or accomplishments. It is often considered the opposite of [[shame]] or of [[humility]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/thesaurus/pride |title=PRIDE synonyms |website=Merriam-Webster |access-date=2023-12-01}}</ref> and, depending on context, may be viewed as either [[virtue]] or [[vice]]. ''Pride'' may refer to a feeling of satisfaction derived from one's own or another's choices and actions, or one's belonging to a group of people. Typically, it is a product of [[praise]], independent [[self-reflection]] and/or a fulfilled feeling of [[belongingness|belonging]]. 

Other possible objects of ''pride'' may include  one's [[Racial pride|ethnicity]], [[sexual identity]] (for example, [[LGBT pride|LGBTQ pride]]), [[Nation|national]] or regional identity, or other affiliations (for example, proud to be a [[university]] [[alumnus]]). It may also refer to foolhardiness<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/hubris|title=hubris|website=Merriam-Webster|access-date=3 April 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160406134932/http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/hubris|archive-date=6 April 2016}}</ref> or a corrupt, irrational sense of one's personal value, [[social status|status]], or accomplishments<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|title=Pride and Authenticity|last=Steinvorth|first=Ulrich|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|year=2016|isbn=9783319341163|location=Cham|pages=10}}</ref> and in this sense can be used [[synonym]]ously with [[hubris]] or [[vanity]].

While some [[philosophers]] such as [[Aristotle]] (and [[George Bernard Shaw]]) consider pride (but not hubris) a profound [[virtue]], some world [[religion]]s consider pride as a form<ref>{{Citation |title=LGBTQ |date=2024-10-21 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LGBTQ |access-date=2024-10-24 |language=en}}</ref> of [[sin]], as stated in [[Book of Proverbs|Proverbs]] {{bibleverse|Proverbs|11:2|nobook=yes}} of the [[Hebrew Bible]]. In [[Judaism]], pride is called the root of all evil. In Catholicism, it is considered one of the [[seven deadly sins]]. When viewed as a virtue, pride in one's abilities is known as virtuous pride, greatness of soul, or [[magnanimity]], but when viewed as a vice, it is often known to be self-[[idolatry]], sadistic contempt or [[vainglory]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Babblu |first=Sambi reddy |date=2021-07-17 |title=PRIDE |url=https://medium.com/@vsrvangala2002/pride-cf1461083cb9 |access-date=2024-11-20 |website=Medium |language=en}}</ref>

==Etymology==
''Proud'' comes from late [[Old English]] {{lang|ang|prut}}, probably from [[Old French]] {{lang|fro|prud}} "brave, valiant" (11th century) (which became {{lang|fr|preux}} in French), from [[Late Latin]] term {{lang|la|prodis}} "useful," which is compared with the Latin {{lang|la|prodesse}} "be of use."<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thefreedictionary.com/proud|title=proud|website=The Free Dictionary|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100603153635/http://www.thefreedictionary.com/proud |archive-date=3 June 2010 |access-date=9 November 2008}}</ref> The sense of "having a high opinion of oneself," not in French, may reflect the Anglo-Saxons' opinion of the Norman knights who called themselves "proud."<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.etymonline.com/word/proud|title=proud|website=Online Etymology Dictionary|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140606194147/http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=proud |archive-date=6 June 2014 |access-date=20 June 2014}}</ref>

== Ancient Greek philosophy ==
Aristotle identified pride ({{transliteration|grc|megalopsuchia}}, variously translated as proper pride, the greatness of soul and magnanimity)<ref>{{cite book|title=[[Nicomachean Ethics]]|author=[[Aristotle]]|at=[https://standardebooks.org/ebooks/aristotle/nicomachean-ethics/f-h-peters/text/book-4#chapter-4-1-2 IV.2–3]}}</ref> as the crown of the virtues, distinguishing it from vanity, temperance and humility, thus:
{{blockquote|By a high-minded man we seem to mean one who claims much and deserves much: for he who claims much without deserving it is a fool; but the possessor of a virtue is never foolish or silly. The man we have described, then, is high-minded. He who deserves little and claims little is temperate [or modest], but not high-minded: for high-mindedness [or greatness of soul] implies greatness, just as beauty implies stature; small men may be neat and well proportioned, but cannot be called beautiful.<ref name=TNE4.3>{{cite book|title=[[Nicomachean Ethics]]|author=[[Aristotle]]|at=[https://standardebooks.org/ebooks/aristotle/nicomachean-ethics/f-h-peters/text/book-4#chapter-4-1-3 IV.3]}}</ref>}}

He then concludes that,
{{blockquote|High-mindedness, then, seems to be the crowning grace, as it were, of the virtues; it makes them greater, and cannot exist without them. And on this account it is a hard thing to be truly high-minded; for it is impossible without the union of all the virtues.{{r|TNE4.3}} }}

By contrast, Aristotle defined the vice of hubris as follows:
{{blockquote|to cause shame to the victim, not in order that anything may happen to you, nor because anything has happened to you, but merely for your own gratification. Hubris is not the requital of past injuries; this is revenge. As for the pleasure in hubris, its cause is this: naive men think that by ill-treating others they make their own superiority the greater.<ref>{{cite book|author=[[Aristotle]]|title=[[Rhetoric (Aristotle)|Rhetoric]]|at=[http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0060%3Abekker+page%3D1378b 1378b]}}</ref>}}

Thus, although pride and hubris are often deemed the same thing, for Aristotle and many philosophers hubris is an entirely different thing from pride.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Hubris Greek Mythology {{!}} Definition, Examples & Use |url=https://study.com/academy/lesson/greek-hubris-definition-examples-quiz.html |access-date=2024-11-20 |website=study.com}}</ref>

== Psychology ==
Pride, when classified as an emotion or passion, is both cognitive and evaluative; its object, that it cognizes and evaluates, is the self and its properties, or something the proud individual identifies with.<ref name=":1" /> The field of psychology classifies it with [[Guilt (emotion)|guilt]] and shame as a [[Self-conscious emotions|self-conscious emotion]] that results from the evaluations of oneself and one's behavior according to internal and external standards.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Handbook of Environmental Psychology|url=https://archive.org/details/handbookenvironm00bech|url-access=limited|last1=Bechtel|first1=Robert|last2=Churchman|first2=Arza|publisher=John Wiley & Sons, Inc.|year=2002|isbn=978-0471405948|location=Hoboken, N.J.|pages=[https://archive.org/details/handbookenvironm00bech/page/n562 547]}}</ref> Pride results from satisfying or conforming to a standard; guilt or shame from defying it. There is a lack of research that addresses pride, perhaps because it is despised as well as valued in the individualist [[western culture|West]], where it is experienced as pleasurable.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Positive Psychology in Search for Meaning|last=Leontiev|first=Dmitry|publisher=Routledge|year=2016|isbn=9781138806580|location=Oxon|pages=100}}</ref>

=== Emotion ===
In psychological terms, positive pride is a "pleasant, sometimes exhilarating, emotion that results from a positive self-evaluation."<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Lewis | first1 = M. | last2 = Takai-Kawakami | first2 = K. | last3 = Kawakami | first3 = K. | last4 = Sullivan | first4 = M. W. | year = 2010 | title = Cultural differences in emotional responses to success and failure | journal = International Journal of Behavioral Development | volume = 34 | issue = 1| pages = 53–61 | doi = 10.1177/0165025409348559 | pmc = 2811375 | pmid=20161610}}</ref> It was added to the University of California, Davis, "Set of Emotion Expressions", as one of three "self-conscious" emotions known to have recognizable [[Emotional expression|expressions]] (along with [[embarrassment]] and [[shame]]).<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Tracy | first1 = J. L. | last2 = Robins | first2 = R. W. | last3 = Schriber | first3 = R. A. | year = 2009 | title = Development of a FACS-verified set of basic and self-conscious emotion expressions | journal = Emotion | volume = 9 | issue = 4| pages = 554–559| doi = 10.1037/a0015766 | pmid = 19653779 }}</ref>

The term "{{lang|it|fiero}}" was coined by Italian psychologist Isabella Poggi to describe the pride experienced and expressed in the moments following a personal triumph over adversity.<ref>{{multiref2
|1={{cite web |last1=Lazzaro |first1=Nicole |date=8 March 2004 |title=Why We Play Games: Four Keys to More Emotion Without Story |publisher=XEODesign |url=https://gamemodworkshop.com/readings/xeodesign_whyweplaygames.pdf |access-date=7 November 2022 |archive-date=8 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230308042222/http://gamemodworkshop.com/readings/xeodesign_whyweplaygames.pdf |url-status=live }}
|2={{cite web |last=Brown |first=Jack |url=http://www.bodylanguagesuccess.com/2010/10/fiero-feels-good-mirror-neurons.html |title=Sincerity Secret # 20: Fiero Feels Good |publisher=Body Language Success |date=23 October 2010 |access-date=11 March 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120426091428/http://www.bodylanguagesuccess.com/2010/10/fiero-feels-good-mirror-neurons.html |archive-date=26 April 2012}}
}}</ref> Facial expressions and gestures that demonstrate pride can involve a lifting of the chin, smiles, or arms on hips to demonstrate victory. Individuals may implicitly grant status to others based solely on their expressions of pride, even in cases in which they wish to avoid doing so. Indeed, some studies indicate that the nonverbal expression of pride conveys a message that is automatically perceived by others about a person's high social status in a group.<ref name="Shariff">{{cite journal |last1=Shariff |first1=Azim F. |last2=Tracy |first2=Jessica L. |year=2009 |title=Knowing who's boss: Implicit perceptions of status from the nonverbal expression of pride |journal=Emotion |volume=9 |issue=5 |pages=631–639 |doi=10.1037/a0017089 |pmid=19803585}}</ref>

Behaviorally, pride can also be expressed by adopting an expanded posture in which the head is tilted back and the arms extended out from the body. This postural display is innate, as it is shown in congenitally blind individuals who have lacked the opportunity to see it in others.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Tracy |first1=Jessica L. |last2=Matsumoto |first2=David |title=The spontaneous expression of pride and shame: Evidence for biologically innate nonverbal displays |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |date=19 August 2008 |volume=105 |issue=33 |pages=11655–11660 |doi=10.1073/pnas.0802686105 |jstor=25463738 |pmid=18695237 |pmc=2575323 |bibcode=2008PNAS..10511655T |doi-access=free }}</ref>

=== Positive outcomes ===
Pride results from self-directed satisfaction with meeting personal goals; for example, positive performance outcomes elicit pride in a person when the event is appraised as having been caused by that person alone.<ref>Weiner ''et al.''</ref>{{full citation needed|date=September 2023}} 

Pride as a display of the strong self that promotes feelings of similarity to strong others, as well as differentiation from weak others. Seen in this light, pride can be conceptualized as a hierarchy-enhancing emotion, as its experience and display helps rid negotiations of conflict.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Oveis | first1 = C. | last2 = Horberg | first2 = E. J. | last3 = Keltner | first3 = D. | year = 2010 | title = Compassion, pride, and social intuitions of self-other similarity | journal = Journal of Personality and Social Psychology | volume = 98 | issue = 4| pages = 618–630 | doi = 10.1037/a0017628 | pmid=20307133| citeseerx = 10.1.1.307.534 }}</ref>

Pride involves exhilarated [[pleasure]] and a feeling of accomplishment. It is related to "more positive behaviors and outcomes in the area where the individual is proud."<ref>Weiner, 1985</ref>{{full citation needed|date=September 2023}} Pride is associated with positive social behaviors such as helping others and {{clarify|reason=what's that?|text=outward promotion|date=September 2023}}. Along with hope, it is an emotion that facilitates performance attainment, as it can help trigger and sustain focused efforts, helping individuals prepare for upcoming evaluative events. It may also help enhance the quality and flexibility of the effort expended.<ref>Fredrickson, 2001</ref>{{full citation needed|date=September 2023}} Pride can enhance creativity, productivity, and [[altruism]].<ref>Bagozzi ''et al.''</ref>{{full citation needed|date=September 2023}} Researchers have found that among African-American youth, pride is associated with a higher [[GPA]] in less socioeconomically advantaged neighborhoods, whereas in more advantaged neighborhoods, pride is associated with a lower GPA.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Byrd | first1 = C. M. | last2 = Chavous | first2 = T. M. | year = 2009 | title = Racial identity and academic achievement in the neighborhood context: a multilevel analysis | journal = Journal of Youth and Adolescence | volume = 38 | issue = 4| pages = 544–559| doi = 10.1007/s10964-008-9381-9 | pmid = 19636727 | s2cid = 45063561 }}</ref>

=== Economics ===
In the field of [[economic psychology]], pride is conceptualized on a spectrum ranging from "proper pride," associated with genuine achievements, and "false pride," which can be maladaptive or even pathological. Lea ''et al.'' examined the role of pride in various economic situations and claim that {{clarify|reason=it's not clear what this is asserting|text=in all cases pride is involved because economic decisions are not taken in isolation from one another, but are linked together by the selfhood of the people who take them|date=September 2023}}.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Lea | first1 = S. E. G. | last2 = Webley | first2 = P. | year = 1996 | title = Pride in economic psychology | journal = Journal of Economic Psychology | volume = 18 | issue = 2–3| pages = 323–340 | doi=10.1016/s0167-4870(97)00011-1}}</ref> Understood in this way, pride is an emotional state that works to ensure that people take financial decisions that are in their long-term interests, even when in the short term they would appear irrational.

=== Sin and self-acceptance ===
{{See also|Self-esteem#Contingent vs. non-contingent}}
[[File:Pride, Jacob Matham.png|thumb|180px|''Pride, from the Seven Deadly Sins'' by [[Jacob Matham]] {{Circa|1592}}]]

Inordinate self-esteem is called "pride".<ref name="oed-151185">{{cite web |title=pride|at= n.1 |url=https://www.oed.com/view/Entry/151185 |website=[[Oxford English Dictionary]] Online |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |access-date=19 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150907090311/https://www.oed.com/view/Entry/151185 |archive-date=7 September 2015 |quote=A high, esp. an excessively high, opinion of one's own worth or importance which gives rise to a feeling or attitude of superiority over others; inordinate self-esteem.}}</ref> Classical Christian theology views pride as being the result of high self-esteem, and thus{{non sequitur|reason=|text=|date=September 2023}} high self-esteem was viewed as the primary human problem, but beginning in the 20th century, "[[humanistic psychology]]" diagnosed the primary human problem as low self-esteem stemming from a lack of belief in one's "true worth." [[Carl Rogers]] observed that most people "regard themselves as worthless and unlovable." Thus, they lack self-esteem.<ref name=Cooper2003>{{cite book|first=Terry D.|last=Cooper|title=Sin, Pride & Self-Acceptance: The Problem of Identity in Theology & Psychology|publisher=InterVarsity Press|location=Chicago|year=2003}}</ref>{{rp|40, 87, 95}}

In the [[King James Bible]], people exhibiting excess pride are labeled with the term, [[:wikt:haughty|"Haughty"]].

{{quote|[[:wikt:pride comes before a fall|Pride goeth before destruction, and an haughty spirit before a fall.]]|[[King James Version of the Bible]] (1611), [[Book of Proverbs]], [[:wikisource:Bible (King James)/Proverbs#Chapter 16|16:18]]}}

Terry Cooper describes excessive pride (along with low self-esteem) as an important framework in which to describe the human condition. He examines and compares the [[Augustine of Hippo|Augustinian]]-[[Reinhold Niebuhr|Niebuhrian]] conviction that pride is primary, the feminist concept of pride as being absent in the experience of women, the [[humanistic psychology]] position that pride does not adequately account for anyone's experience, and the humanistic psychology idea that if pride emerges, it is always a false front designed to protect an undervalued self.{{r|Cooper2003}}

He considers that the work of certain [[Neo-Freudianism|Neo-Freudian]] psychoanalysts, namely [[Karen Horney]], and offers promise in addressing what he describes as a "deadlock between the overvalued and undervalued self."{{r|Cooper2003|pages=112–13}}

Cooper refers to their work in describing the connection between religious and psychological pride as well as sin to describe how a neurotic pride system underlies an appearance of self-contempt and low self-esteem:
<blockquote>
The "idealized self," the "tyranny of the should," the "pride system," and the nature of self-hate all point toward the intertwined relationship between neurotic pride and self-contempt. Understanding how a neurotic pride system underlies an appearance of self-contempt and low self-esteem.{{Sentence fragment|date=September 2023}}{{r|Cooper2003|pages=112–13}}
</blockquote>

Thus, [[hubris]], which is an exaggerated form of self-esteem, is sometimes actually a lie used to cover the lack of self-esteem the hubristic person feels deep down.

=== Hubris and group narcissism ===
{{Main|Hubris}}{{See also|Group narcissism}}
Hubris is associated with more intra-individual negative outcomes and {{clarify|text=is commonly related to|date=September 2023}} expressions of aggression and hostility.<ref>Tangney, 1999</ref>{{full citation needed|date=September 2023}} Hubris is not necessarily associated with high [[self-esteem]] but with highly fluctuating or variable self-esteem. Excessive feelings of hubris tend to create conflict and sometimes to terminate close relationships, which has led it to be understood as one of the few emotions with no clear positive or adaptive functions.<ref>Rhodwalt, ''et al.''</ref>{{full citation needed|date=September 2023}}

A group that boasts, gloats, or denigrates others tends to become a group with low social status or to be vulnerable to threats from other groups.<ref>Study by UC Davis psychologist Cynthia Picket currently in revision</ref>{{better source needed|date=September 2023}} "[H]ubristic, pompous displays of group pride might be a sign of group insecurity rather than a sign of strength,"{{cite quote|date=September 2023}} while those who express pride by being filled with [[humility]] whilst focusing on members' efforts and hard work tend to achieve high social standing in both the adult public and personal eyes.

Research from the [[University of Sydney]] found that hubristic pride correlates with arrogance and self-aggrandizement, and promotes [[prejudice]] and discrimination. But authentic pride is associated with self-confidence and accomplishment and promotes more positive attitudes toward outgroups and stigmatized individuals.<ref>{{Cite journal|first=Claire|last=Ashton-James|year=2011|title=Pride and Prejudice: How Feelings About the Self Influence Judgments of Others|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/51822831|access-date=8 February 2021|journal=Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin|volume=38|number=4|pages=466–76|doi=10.1177/0146167211429449|pmid=22109249 |language=en}}</ref>

== Ethnic ==
{{Globalize|date=May 2010}}

=== Across the world===

Pride in ones own ethnicity or ones own culture seems to universally have positive connotations,{{dubious|reason=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_pride|date=September 2023}}<ref>{{multiref2
|1={{cite news |last1=Specia |first1=Megan |last2=Kwai |first2=Isabella |title=Sunak's Ascent Is a Breakthrough for Diversity, With Privilege Attached |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/10/24/world/europe/uk-rishi-sunak.html |work=The New York Times |date=24 October 2022 |access-date=1 November 2022 |archive-date=1 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221101184749/https://www.nytimes.com/2022/10/24/world/europe/uk-rishi-sunak.html |url-status=live }}
|2={{cite news |last1=Gemechu |first1=Berhanu |title=The Ethiopians changing their names as a show of pride |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-61511681 |work=BBC News |date=7 June 2022 |access-date=1 November 2022 |archive-date=1 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221101184749/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-61511681 |url-status=live }}
|3={{cite journal |last1=Pullar |first1=Gordon L. |title=Ethnic identity, cultural pride, and generations of baggage: a personal experience |journal=Arctic Anthropology |volume=29 |issue=2 |date=1992 |pages=182–191 |jstor=40316321 |oclc=5547262802 }}
|4={{cite journal |last1=Castro |first1=Felipe González |last2=Stein |first2=Judith A. |last3=Bentler |first3=Peter M. |title=Ethnic Pride, Traditional Family Values, and Acculturation in Early Cigarette and Alcohol Use Among Latino Adolescents |journal=The Journal of Primary Prevention |date=July 2009 |volume=30 |issue=3–4 |pages=265–292 |doi=10.1007/s10935-009-0174-z |pmid=19415497 |pmc=2818880}}
}}</ref> though like earlier discussions on pride, when pride tips into hubris, people have been known to commit atrocities.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Dimijian |first1=Gregory G. |title=Warfare, genocide, and ethnic conflict: a Darwinian approach |journal= Baylor University Medical Center Proceedings|date=July 2010 |volume=23 |issue=3 |pages=292–300 |doi=10.1080/08998280.2010.11928637 |pmid=21240320 |pmc=2900985 }}</ref>

Types of pride across the world seem to have a broad variety. The difference of type may have no greater contrast than that between the U.S. and China.{{ambiguous|date=September 2023}}<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Liu |first1=Conghui |last2=Li |first2=Jing |last3=Chen |first3=Chuansheng |last4=Wu |first4=Hanlin |last5=Yuan |first5=Li |last6=Yu |first6=Guoliang |title=Individual Pride and Collective Pride: Differences Between Chinese and American Corpora |journal=Frontiers in Psychology |date=19 May 2021 |volume=12 |pages=513779 |doi=10.3389/fpsyg.2021.513779 |pmid=34093292 |pmc=8170025 |doi-access=free }}</ref> In the U.S., individual pride {{clarify|reason=I don't think this verb works that way|text=tends|date=September 2023}} and seems to be held more often in thought. The people in China seem to hold {{clarify|reason=what are greater views?|text=greater views|date=September 2023}} for the nation as a whole.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Robson |first1=David |title=How East and West think in profoundly different ways |url=https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20170118-how-east-and-west-think-in-profoundly-different-ways |work=BBC Future |date=19 January 2017 |access-date=1 November 2022 |archive-date=1 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221101191918/https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20170118-how-east-and-west-think-in-profoundly-different-ways |url-status=live }}</ref>

The value of pride in the individual or the society as a whole seems to be a running theme and debate among cultures.<ref name="Van Osch Breugelmans Zeelenberg Fontaine 2013">{{cite book |doi=10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199592746.003.0026 |chapter=The meaning of pride across cultures |title=Components of Emotional Meaning |year=2013 |last1=Van Osch |first1=Yvette M. J. |last2=Breugelmans |first2=Seger M. |last3=Zeelenberg |first3=Marcel |last4=Fontaine |first4=Johnny R. J. |pages=377–387 |isbn=978-0-19-959274-6 }}</ref> This debate shadows the discussion on pride so much so that perhaps the discussion on pride should not be about whether pride is necessarily good or bad, but about which form of it is the most useful.<ref name="Van Osch Breugelmans Zeelenberg Fontaine 2013"/>

Pride has gained a lot of negative recognition in the western cultures, largely due to its status as one of the Seven Deadly Sins. It was popularized by the Pope Gregory I of the Catholic Church in the late sixth century, but before that it was recognized by a Christian Monk named [[Evagrius Ponticus]] in the fourth century as one of the evils human beings should resist. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Glausser |first=Wayne |date=2018-03-22 |title=The Seven Deadly Sins |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190864170.003.0006 |journal=Oxford Scholarship Online |volume=1 |doi=10.1093/oso/9780190864170.003.0006|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

=== German ===
{{Main|German nationalism}}

In [[Germany]], "national pride" ("{{lang|de-DE|Nationalstolz}}") is often associated with [[Nazism]]. Strong displays of national pride are therefore considered to be in poor taste by many Germans. There is an ongoing public debate about the issue of German [[patriotism]]. The [[FIFA World Cup 2006|World Cup]] in 2006, held in Germany, saw a wave of patriotism sweep the country in a manner not seen for many years. Although many were hesitant to show such blatant support as the hanging of the national flag from windows, as the [[Germany national football team|team]] progressed through the tournament, so too did the level of support across the nation.<ref>{{cite book|last=Sullivan|first=G. B.|year=2009|chapter=Germany during the 2006 World Cup: The role of television in creating a national narrative of pride and 'party patriotism'|editor-last1=Castelló|editor-first1=E.|editor-last2=Dhoest|editor-first2=A.|editor-last3=O'Donnell|editor-first3=H.|title=The Nation on Screen, Discourses of the National in Global Television|publisher=Cambridge Scholars Press|location=Cambridge}}</ref>

=== Asian ===
{{Main|Asian pride}}
The term "[[Asian pride]]" in modern usage refers mostly to those of [[East Asian]] descent, though it can include anyone of [[Asian people|Asian]] descent. Asian pride was originally fragmented, as Asian nations have long had conflicts with each other; examples are the old Japanese and Chinese religious beliefs about their superiority. Asian pride emerged prominently during European [[colonialism]].<ref name=Gerd>{{cite journal|last=Langguth|first=Gerd|journal=German Foreign Affairs Review|volume=47|number=4|title=Dawn of the 'Pacific' Century?|year=1996|url=http://www.gerd-langguth.de/fremdsprachtext/asian_values.htm |access-date=18 December 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120610190612/http://www.gerd-langguth.de/fremdsprachtext/asian_values.htm |archive-date=10 June 2012 }}</ref> At one time, Europeans controlled 85% of the world's land through colonialism, resulting in [[Anti-Western sentiment|anti-Western]] feelings among Asian nations.<ref name=Gerd /> Today, some Asians still look upon European involvement in their affairs with suspicion.<ref name=Gerd /> In contrast, Asian [[empire]]s are proudly remembered by adherents of Asian Pride.

=== Black ===
{{Main|Black pride}}
"[[Black pride]]" is a slogan used primarily in the United States to raise awareness for a black racial identity. The slogan has been used by [[African Americans]] of sub-Saharan African origin or ancestry to denote a feeling of self-confidence, self-respect, celebrating one's heritage, and being proud of one's worth.

=== White ===
{{Main|White pride}}
[[White pride]] is a slogan mainly (but not exclusively) used by [[White separatism|white separatist]], [[White nationalism|white nationalist]], [[Neo-Nazism|neo-Nazi]], and [[White supremacy|white supremacist]] organizations in the [[United States]] for a [[White people|white]] [[Race (classification of humans)|race]] identity.<ref>{{Harvnb|Dobratz|Shanks-Meile|2001}}</ref>{{full citation needed|date=September 2023}} White pride also consists of white ethnic/cultural pride.

== Mad Pride ==
{{Main|Mad pride}}
[[File:2016-05-16-Mad Pride Köln 2016-4988.jpg|thumb|180px|Bed Push at Mad Pride parade in Cologne, Germany, in 2016]]
Mad pride is a worldwide movement and philosophy that individuals with [[Mental disorder|mental illnesses]], disorders or difficulties should be proud of their ‘madness’. The movement advocates for mutual support and rallies for the rights of individuals who define themselves as ‘mad’,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://themighty.com/2017/03/healing-voices-mad-pride/|title=The Power of 'Healing Voices'|publisher=The Mighty|first=Oryx|last=Cohen|date=9 March 2017|access-date=12 September 2018|archive-date=12 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180912054651/https://themighty.com/2017/03/healing-voices-mad-pride/|url-status=live}}</ref> and aims to popularize and destigmatize the word "mad" as a self-descriptor.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://wayahead.org.au/mad-pride/|title=MAD Pride|publisher=WayAhead|first=Ben|last=Graham|date=5 June 2018|access-date=12 September 2018|archive-date=12 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180912100430/https://wayahead.org.au/mad-pride/|url-status=live}}</ref>

== LGBT Pride ==
{{Main|LGBT pride}}
[[File:2017-05-27 Düsseldorf, Christopher Street Day (10) (freddy2001) (cropped).jpg|thumb|180px|[[Pride parade]], [[Düsseldorf]] 2017]]
[[LGBT pride]] is a worldwide movement which recognizes that [[lesbian]], [[gay]], [[bisexual]], [[transgender]], and [[queer]] ([[LGBTQ+]]) individuals should be proud of their [[sexual orientation]] and [[gender identity]]. LGBT pride includes advocacy for equal [[human rights|rights]] and [[rights and responsibilities of marriages in the United States|benefits]] for LGBT people.<ref>{{multiref2
|1={{cite news|first=Rex|last=Wockner|date=12 July 2007|url=http://www.pridesource.com/rssarticle.shtml?article=26004 |title=Pride celebrated worldwide |access-date=31 July 2007 |publisher=PrideSource |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071228093336/http://www.pridesource.com/rssarticle.shtml?article=26004 |archive-date=28 December 2007 }}
|2={{cite news|first=Doug|last=Ireland| url=https://direland.typepad.com/direland/2007/07/gay-pride-in-eu.html| title=Gay Pride in Europe Looks Globally| access-date=31 July 2007| publisher=Direland|date=5 July 2007| url-status=live| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927115835/http://direland.typepad.com/direland/2007/07/gay-pride-in-eu.html| archive-date=27 September 2007}}
|3={{cite web| url=http://www.ucu.org.uk/media/docs/s/t/lgbteqguide_1.doc| archive-url=https://archive.today/20121209183827/http://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:xE6eFqA2mfkJ:www.ucu.org.uk/media/docs/s/t/lgbteqguide_1.doc+Gay+pride+believes+the+history+and+diversity+of+Lesbian,+Gay,+Bisexual,+and+Transgender+people+is+important&hl=en&ct=clnk&cd=14&gl=us| url-status=dead| archive-date=9 December 2012| title=Lesbian Gay Bisexual Transgender Equality—an Issue for us All| access-date=31 July 2007| publisher=www.ucu.org.uk}}
}}</ref> The movement has three main premises: that people should be proud of their [[sexual orientation]] and [[gender identity]]; that [[sexual diversity]] is a gift; and that sexual orientation and gender identity are inherent and cannot be intentionally altered.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bates.ctc.edu/studentservices/Diversity/pdf/June%202007%20Word.pdf |title=Gay and Lesbian History Month |access-date=31 July 2007|date=June 2007 |publisher=www.bates.ctc.edu |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070808064230/http://www.bates.ctc.edu/studentservices/Diversity/pdf/June%202007%20Word.pdf |archive-date=8 August 2007 }}</ref>{{better source needed|date=September 2023}}

The word "pride" is used in this case as an antonym for "[[shame]]." It is an affirmation of self and community. The modern gay pride movement began after the [[Stonewall riots]]—the nearly week-long uprising between New York City youth and police officers following a raid of [[Stonewall Inn]]—of the late 1960s. In June 1970, the first [[pride parade]] in the United States commemorated the one-year anniversary of the Stonewall riots.<ref>{{cite web|first=Bianca|last=Wythe|date=9 June 2011|title = WGBH American Experience – Inside American Experience|url = https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/blog/2011/06/09/pride-parade/|website = American Experience|access-date = 16 February 2016|url-status = dead|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160422105803/http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/blog/2011/06/09/pride-parade/|archive-date = 22 April 2016}}</ref> Today, there are pride parades and celebrations in many cities and towns throughout the world, and numerous countries recognize an annual Pride Month, most commonly in June. 

== Vanity ==
{{Main|Vanity}}
[[File:Jheronimus Bosch Table of the Mortal Sins (Superbia).jpg|thumb|left|Detail of "Pride" in ''[[The Seven Deadly Sins and the Four Last Things]]'' by [[Hieronymus Bosch]]]]
In conventional parlance, vanity is sometimes used in a positive sense to refer to a rational concern for one's appearance, attractiveness, and dress, and is thus not the same as pride. It can also refer to an excessive or irrational belief in or concern with one's abilities or attractiveness in the eyes of others and may, in that sense, be compared to pride. The term ''vanity'' originates from the Latin word {{lang|la|[[vanitas]]}} meaning ''emptiness'', ''untruthfulness'', ''futility'', ''foolishness'', and ''empty pride''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.archives.nd.edu/cgi-bin/wordz.pl?keyword=vanitas|title=vanitas|website=William Whitaker's Words|access-date=26 June 2008|archive-date=9 May 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120509221700/http://www.archives.nd.edu/cgi-bin/wordz.pl?keyword=vanitas|url-status=dead}}</ref> Here, ''empty pride'' means a fake pride, in the sense of vainglory, unjustified by one's own achievements and actions, but sought by pretense and appeals to superficial characteristics.

[[File:Alexandre_Cabanel_-_Fallen_Angel.jpg|thumb|"The Fallen Angel" (1847) by [[Alexandre Cabanel]], depicting [[Lucifer]]]]
[[File:The Father and Mother.jpg|alt=|thumb|''The Father and Mother'' by [[Boardman Robinson]] depicting [[War]] as the [[offspring]] of [[Greed]] and Pride]]

[[File:Jacques Callot, Pride (Vanity), probably after 1621, NGA 5360.jpg|thumb|left|Jacques Callot, ''Pride (Vanity)'', probably after 1621]]
In many religions, vanity is considered a form of self-[[idolatry]], in which one rejects God for the sake of one's own [[image]], and thereby becomes divorced from the [[Divine grace|grace]]s of [[God]]. The stories of [[Lucifer]] and [[Narcissus (mythology)|Narcissus]] (who gave us the term [[narcissism]]), and others, attend to a pernicious aspect of vanity.

In Western art, vanity was often symbolized by a [[peacock]], and in [[Bible|Biblical]] terms, by the [[Whore of Babylon]]. During the [[Renaissance]], it was invariably represented as a naked [[woman]], sometimes seated or reclining on a couch. She attends to her hair with a comb and mirror. The mirror is sometimes held by a [[demon]] or a [[putto]]. Other symbols include jewels, gold coins, a purse, and [[Personifications of death|Death himself]].

[[File:Allisvanity.jpg|thumb|upright|"All Is Vanity" by [[C. Allan Gilbert]], evoking the inevitable decay of life and beauty toward death]]Often depicted is an inscription on a scroll that reads {{lang|la|Omnia Vanitas}} ("All is Vanity"), a quote from the Latin translation of the Book of [[Ecclesiastes]].<ref>{{cite book|first=James|last=Hall|title=Dictionary of Subjects & Symbols in Art|location=New York|publisher=Harper & Row|year=1974|page=318}}</ref> Although that phrase—itself depicted in a type of still life called [[vanitas]]—originally referred not to an obsession with one's appearance, but to the ultimate fruitlessness of man's efforts in this world, the phrase summarizes the complete preoccupation of the subject of the picture. "The artist invites us to pay [[lip service (disambiguation)|lip-service]] to condemning her", writes [[Edwin Mullins]], "while offering us full permission to drool over her. She admires herself in the glass, while we treat the picture that purports to incriminate her as another kind of glass—a window—through which we peer and secretly desire her."<ref>{{cite book|author-link=Edwin Mullins|first=Edwin|last=Mullins|title=The Painted Witch: How Western Artists Have Viewed the Sexuality of Women|location=New York|publisher=Carroll & Graf Publishers, Inc.|year=1985|pages=62–63}}</ref> The theme of the recumbent woman often merged artistically with the non-allegorical one of a reclining [[Venus (god)|Venus]].

In his table of the [[seven deadly sins]], [[Hieronymus Bosch]] depicts a [[bourgeoisie|bourgeois]] woman admiring herself in a mirror held up by a devil. Behind her is an open jewelry box. A painting attributed to [[Nicolas Tournier]], which hangs in the [[Ashmolean Museum]], is ''An Allegory of Justice and Vanity''. A young woman holds a [[Beam balance|balance]], symbolizing [[justice]]; she does not look at the mirror or the [[human skull|skull]] on the table before her. [[Johannes Vermeer|Vermeer's]] famous painting ''[[Girl with a Pearl Earring]]'' is sometimes believed to depict the sin of vanity, as the young girl has adorned herself before a glass without further positive allegorical attributes.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://essentialvermeer.20m.com/cat_about/necklace.htm |first1=Arthur|last1=Wheelock|first2=John|last2=Nash|title=Information about Johannes Vermeer's 'Woman with a Pearl Necklace' |access-date=21 June 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071011175732/http://essentialvermeer.20m.com/cat_about/necklace.htm |archive-date=11 October 2007 }}</ref> ''All is Vanity'', by [[Charles Allan Gilbert]] (1873–1929), carries on this theme. An [[optical illusion]], the painting depicts what appears to be a large grinning skull. Upon closer examination, it reveals itself to be a young woman gazing at her reflection in the mirror of her [[vanity table]]. Such artistic works served to warn viewers of the ephemeral nature of youthful beauty, as well as the brevity of human life and the inevitability of [[death]].
{{clear}}

== See also ==
{{Portal|Philosophy|Psychology}}
* {{annotated link|[[Confidence]]}}
* {{annotated link|[[Dignity]]}}
* {{annotated link|[[Dunning–Kruger effect]]}}
* {{annotated link|[[Grandiose delusions]]}}
* {{annotated link|[[Groupthink]]}}
* {{annotated link|[[Haughtiness]]}}
* {{annotated link|[[Hubris]]}}
* {{annotated link|[[Icarus complex]]}}
* {{annotated link|[[Narcissism]]}}
* {{annotated link|[[Overconfidence effect]]}}
* {{annotated link|[[Selfishness]]}}
* {{annotated link|[[Self-serving bias]]}}
* {{annotated link|[[The Seven Deadly Sins and the Four Last Things]]}}
* {{annotated link|[[Seven virtues]]}}
* {{annotated link|[[Vanity]]}}
* {{annotated link|[[Vanity gallery]]}}
* {{annotated link|[[Victory disease]]}}

== Notes ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

== References ==
* {{cite journal | last1 = Cairns | first1 = Douglas L | year = 1996 | title = ''Hybris'', Dishonour, and Thinking Big | url = https://www.pure.ed.ac.uk/ws/files/11874467/Hybris_Dishonour_and_Thinking_Big.pdf| journal = Journal of Hellenic Studies | volume = 116 | pages = 1–32 | doi=10.2307/631953| jstor = 631953 | hdl = 20.500.11820/d7c5e485-cef7-490a-b67d-1b1eb4a200ef | s2cid = 59361502 | hdl-access = free }}
* {{cite journal | last1 = MacDowell | first1 = Douglas | year = 1976 | title = ''Hybris'' in Athens | journal = Greece and Rome | volume = 23 | pages = 14–31 | doi=10.1017/s0017383500018210| s2cid = 163033169 }}
* Owen, David (2007) [https://web.archive.org/web/20071214025850/http://www.politicospublishing.co.uk/titles.php/itemcode/178  ''The Hubris Syndrome: Bush, Blair and the Intoxication of Power''] Politico's, Methuen Publishing Ltd.

==Further reading==
* {{cite book |author=Jessica Tracy |title=Take Pride: Why the Deadliest Sin Holds the Secret to Human Success |publisher=	Houghton Mifflin Harcourt |year=2016 |isbn=978-0544273177 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_BVfjwEACAAJ }}

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