Editing Primula veris

{{Short description|Species of flowering plant}}
{{Speciesbox
| image = Primula veris 230405.jpg
| genus = Primula
| species = veris
| authority = [[Carl Linnaeus|L.]]
| subdivision_ranks = Subspecies
| subdivision = ''Primula veris'' subsp. ''macrocalyx''
}}
{{distinguish|Cowslip (bovine podiatry)}}
'''''Primula veris''''', the '''cowslip''', '''common cowslip''', or '''cowslip primrose''' ([[syn.]] ''Primula officinalis'' [[John Hill (author)|{{small|Hill}}]]), is a [[herbaceous perennial]]  [[flowering plant]] in the [[Primula vulgaris|primrose]] [[family (biology)|family]] [[Primulaceae]]. The [[species]] is [[native plant|native]] throughout most of temperate Europe and western Asia,<ref name=powo>{{cite web|work=Plants of the World Online |publisher=Royal Botanic Gardens Kew |url=https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:702751-1 |title=''Primula veris'' L. |access-date=19 March 2023 }}</ref> and although absent from more northerly areas including much of northwest Scotland, it reappears in northernmost Sutherland and Orkney and in Scandinavia.<ref>{{cite book | author = Preston, Pearman & Dines | date = 2002 | title = New Atlas of the British Flora | publisher = Oxford University Press}}</ref> This species frequently [[hybrid plant|hybridizes]] with other ''Primulas'' such as the common primrose ''[[Primula vulgaris]]'' to form false oxlip ([[Primula polyanthus#Garden hybrids and cultivars|''Primula'' × ''polyantha'']]) which is often confused with true oxlip (''[[Primula elatior]]''), a much rarer plant.

==Names==
The common name ''cowslip'' may derive from the old English for cow dung, probably because the plant was often found growing amongst the manure in cow pastures.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.word-origins.com/definition/cowslip.html|title=Cowslip|last=Anon|work=Word-Origins|publisher=Word-Origins.com|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110718083004/http://www.word-origins.com/definition/cowslip.html|archive-date=18 July 2011|access-date=8 May 2010}}</ref> An alternative derivation simply refers to slippery or boggy ground; again, a typical habitat for this plant.<ref name=SOED>{{cite book|title=Shorter Oxford English dictionary, 6th ed.|year=2007|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=United Kingdom|isbn=978-0199206872|pages=3804}}</ref> The name "cowslop" derived from Old English still exists in some dialects, but the politer-sounding cowslip became standard in the 16th century.<ref>Grigson G. 1974. ''A Dictionary of English Plant Names''. Allen Lane. {{ISBN|0-71-390442-9}}</ref>

The species name ''veris'' ('of spring', referring to the season) is the genitive case form of Latin {{Lang|la|ver}} ('spring').<ref>{{L&S|ver|ref}}</ref> However, [[Primula vulgaris|primrose]] ''P. vulgaris'', flowers earlier, from December to May in the British Isles.<ref name=CTW>{{cite book |first1=A.R. |last1=Clapham |first2=T.G. |last2=Tutin |first3=E.F. |last3=Warburg |title=Excursion flora of the British isles |date=1981 |edition=3 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |location=Cambridge, U.K. |isbn=0521232902 }}</ref>{{rp|240}}

Other historical common names include cuy lippe, herb peter, paigle or pagil,<ref>Notes to Beachy Head; with Other Poems: Charlotte Smith, 1807</ref> peggle, key flower, key of heaven, fairy cups, petty mulleins, crewel, buckles, palsywort, and plumrocks.<ref>[http://botanical.com/botanical/mgmh/c/cowsl112.html Cowslip], from ''A Modern Herbal''</ref>

==Description==
[[Image:Primula veris flowers - Keila.jpg|thumb|Flowers]]
[[File:Primula veris MHNT.BOT.2011.3.11.jpg|thumb|''Primula veris'' – [[MHNT]]]]
[[File:Albrecht Dürer, Tuft of Cowslips, 1526, NGA 74162.jpg|alt=Image of a trust of cowslips, gouache on vellum|thumb|[[Albrecht Dürer]], Tuft of Cowslips, 1526, [[National Gallery of Art]], [[Washington, D.C.]], NGA 74162]]
''Primula veris'' is a variable [[evergreen]] or semi-evergreen [[perennial plant]] growing to {{convert|25|cm|0|abbr=on}} tall and broad, with a rosette of [[leaf|leaves]] 5–15&nbsp;cm long and 2–6&nbsp;cm broad. The deep yellow [[flower]]s are produced in spring, in clusters of 10–30 blooms together on a single stem.<ref name=RHSAZ>{{cite book|title=RHS A-Z encyclopedia of garden plants|year=2008|publisher=Dorling Kindersley|location=United Kingdom|isbn=978-1405332965|pages=1136}}</ref> Each flower is 9–15&nbsp;mm broad.  Red- and orange-flowered plants occur rarely but can be locally widespread in areas where coloured primula hybrids bloom at the same time as the native cowslip, enabling cross-pollination.

==Distribution and habitat==
[[File:Cowslips, Dalgarven.JPG|thumb|''Primula veris'' in a meadow.]]
The cowslip is frequently found on more open ground than the primrose, including open fields, meadows, coastal dunes, and clifftops.

==Conservation==
The plant suffered a decline due to changing agricultural practices throughout the 1970s and 1980s in Britain. It may therefore be rare locally, though where found it may be abundant. Additionally the seeds are now often included in wildflower seed mixes used to landscape motorway banks and similar civil engineering earthworks where the plants may be seen in dense stands. This practice has led to a revival in its fortunes.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.brc.ac.uk/plantatlas/index.php?q=node/2709|title=Primula veris – Online Atlas of the British and Irish Flora|work=brc.ac.uk}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.naturespot.org.uk/species/cowslip|title=Cowslip – Primula veris|website=Naturespot.org.uk}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://your.caerphilly.gov.uk/countryside/sites/your.caerphilly.gov.uk.countryside/files/pdf/actionplan/vol2-10-cowslip.pdf |title=Cowslip |website= |access-date=29 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150518090040/http://your.caerphilly.gov.uk/countryside/sites/your.caerphilly.gov.uk.countryside/files/pdf/actionplan/vol2-10-cowslip.pdf |archive-date=18 May 2015 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Cultivation==
In cultivation this plant has gained the [[Royal Horticultural Society]]'s [[Award of Garden Merit]].<ref>{{cite web|title=RHS Plant Selector – ''Primula veris''|url=https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/13892/Primula-veris-(Pr)/Details | access-date=15 April 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.rhs.org.uk/plants/pdfs/agm-lists/agm-ornamentals.pdf | title = AGM Plants – Ornamental | date = July 2017 | page = 82 | publisher = Royal Horticultural Society | access-date = 14 May 2018}}</ref>

==Similar species==
[[Image:Red flowered cowslip.JPG|thumb|Red-flowered ''Primula veris'' plants]]
The cowslip may be confused with the closely related ''[[Primula elatior]]'' (oxlip) which has a similar general appearance and habitat, although the oxlip has larger, pale yellow flowers more like a primrose, and a [[Corolla (flower)|corolla]] tube without folds.

==Chemical constituents==
The roots of ''Primula veris'' contain several [[glycoside]]s of 5-methoxysalicylic methyl ester, such as primeverin<ref>See {{PubChem|3038513}} for chemical structure</ref> and primulaverin.<ref>See [http://www.rsc.org/Merck-Index/monograph/mono1500007867/primulaverin Merck Index monograph] for chemical details</ref> In the crude dried root, their phenolic [[aglycones]] are responsible for the typical odour reminiscent of [[methyl salicylate]] or [[anethole]]. The dried roots contain significant amounts of [[triterpene]] [[saponin]]s, such as primula acid I/II, while in the flower these constituents are located in the [[sepal]]s, and the dominating constituents are [[flavonoid]]s.<ref>{{cite book |editor1-last=Wichtl |editor1-first=Max |title=Herbal Drugs and Phytopharmaceuticals: A Handbook for Practice on a Scientific Basis |date=2004 |publisher=CRC Press |isbn=978-0-8493-1961-7 |page=473 }}</ref> Rare side effects of the saponins can be nausea or diarrhoea while some of the phenolic constituents are possibly responsible for [[allergy|allergic]] reactions.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Howard |first1=Michael |title=Traditional Folk Remedies: A Comprehensive Herbal |date=1987 |publisher=Century |isbn=978-0-7126-1731-4 |pages=128–129 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.biotox.cz/toxikon/rostliny/glykosidy.php | title = Glykosidy | publisher = biotox.cz | language = cs}}</ref>

The subspecies ''macrocalyx'', growing in Siberia, contains the phenolic compound [[riccardin C]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Kosenkova |first1=Yu. S. |last2=Polovinka |first2=M. P. |last3=Koarova |first3=N. I. |last4=Korchagina |first4=D. V. |last5=Kurochkina |first5=N. Yu. |last6=Cheremushkina |first6=V. A. |last7=Salakhutdinov |first7=N. F. |title=Seasonal Dynamics of Riccardin C Accumulation in Primula macrocalyx Bge |journal=Chemistry for Sustainable Development |volume=17 |year=2009 |pages=507–511 |citeseerx=10.1.1.1052.8459 }}</ref>

==Cuisine==
Cowslip leaves have been traditionally used in Spanish cooking as a salad green.  Uses in English cookery include using the flowers to flavor country wine<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|title = The Country Child|last = Uttley|first = Alison|publisher = Faber and Faber|year = 1952|location =London |pages =156 }}</ref> and vinegars; sugaring to be a sweet or eaten as part of a composed salad while the juice of the cowslip is used to prepare [[tansy]] for frying.{{citation needed|date=May 2018}}  The close cousin of the cowslip, the primrose ''[[Primula vulgaris|P. vulgaris]]'' has often been confused with the cowslip and its uses in cuisine are similar with the addition of its flowers being used as a colouring agent in desserts.

English children's writer [[Alison Uttley]] in her story "The Country Child" (1931) of family life on an English farm from the perspective of a 9-year-old farmer's daughter Susan describes cowslips among the favourite flowers of her heroine and mentions her participation in preparing them for making cowslip wine, a locally important process. After its initial preparation, cowslip wine "would change to sparkling yellow wine" offered in "little fluted glasses" with a biscuit to important "morning visitors" of the farm: such as the curate coming for subscriptions,  the local squire (landowner) and an occasional dealer (of their produce). This wine "was more precious than elderberry wine, which was the drink for cold weather, for snow and sleet".<ref name=":0" />
<blockquote> In the midland and southern counties of England, a sweet and pleasant wine resembling the muscadel is made from the cowslip flower, and it is one of the most wholesome and pleasant of home-made wines, and slightly [[Sedative|narcotic]] in its effects. In times when English wines were more used, every housewife in Warwickshire could produce her clear cowslip wine…the cowslip is still sold in many markets for this purpose, and little cottage girls still ramble the meadows during April and May in search of it…country people use it as a salad or boil it for the table.<ref>Anne Pratt</ref> <br /><br />[[Anne Pratt]]</blockquote>

==Myth and folklore==
This herb was already mentioned by [[Pliny the Elder]] for its early blooming attributes. Species from the genus ''Primula'' along with other ritual plants played a significant role in the pharmacy and mythology of the [[celts|Celtic]] [[druids]], likely as an ingredient of magical potions to increase the absorption of other herbal constituents. In the Middle-Ages it was also known as St. Peter's herb or Petrella and was sought after by Florentine apothecaries. [[Hildegard von Bingen]] recommended the medicinal parts only for topical use but the leaves were also consumed as food. Other common names at the time were 'Herba paralysis', 'Verbascum', primrose, or mullein leaves. It was frequently misidentified as or confused with similar species from the genus ''Primula''.<ref>ES Burgess (Jan. 1902). [https://books.google.com/books?id=39JdK5LR0S4C&q=paralysis&pg=PA72 History of Pre-Clusian Botany in Its Relation to Aster] pgs 70, 72, 246,  324, 332, 334/5, 435, 440. Retrieved 19 December 2015.</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons}}
* Davidson, Alan.  Oxford Companion to Food (1999), "Cowslip". p.&nbsp;221  {{ISBN|0-19-211579-0}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Gilmartin |first1=Philip M. |title=On the origins of observations of heterostyly in Primula |journal=New Phytologist |date=October 2015 |volume=208 |issue=1 |pages=39–51 |doi=10.1111/nph.13558 |pmid=26255981 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2015NewPh.208...39G }}
*{{Cite Americana|wstitle=Cowslip|year=1920 |short=x}}
*{{Cite Collier's|wstitle=Cowslip|year=1921 |short=x}}

{{Taxonbar|from=Q157552}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Primula|veris]]
[[Category:Medicinal plants]]
[[Category:Garden plants of Asia]]
[[Category:Garden plants of Europe]]
[[Category:Flora of France]]
[[Category:Flora of Denmark]]
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[[Category:Flora of Georgia (country)]]
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[[Category:Flora of Ireland]]
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[[Category:Flora of Spain]]
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[[Category:Flora of Great Britain]]
[[Category:Plants described in 1753]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus]]