Editing Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory

{{Short description|National laboratory for plasma physics and nuclear fusion science at Princeton, New Jersey}}
{{Infobox laboratory
|name             = Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory
|image            = PPPL.svg
|established      = {{Start date and age|1961}}
|research_field   = [[Nuclear fusion|Fusion]], [[Plasma Physics]], [[Quantum Information Sciences]], [[Microelectronics]], [[Sustainability Sciences]]
|vice-president   = [[David J. McComas]]
|director         = [[Steven Cowley]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.pppl.gov/news/press-releases/2018/06/10-questions-steven-cowley-new-director-princeton-plasma-physics|title=10 Questions for Steven Cowley, New Director of the Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory &#124; Princeton Plasma Physics Lab|website=www.pppl.gov}}</ref>
|budget           = $116 million (2021)
|address          = 100 Stellarator Road, [[Princeton, New Jersey]]
|city             = [[Plainsboro Township, New Jersey|Plainsboro Township]]
|state            = New Jersey
|country          = United States
|coordinates      = {{Coord|40.348825|N|74.602183|W|type:landmark|display=inline,title}}
|location_map     = USA New Jersey
|zipcode          = 08536
|campus           = Forrestal Campus
|operating_agency = [[U.S. Department of Energy]]
|nobel_laureates  = <!-- No. of Nobel Laureates for work done in lab -->
|website          = {{URL|https://www.pppl.gov|pppl.gov}}
|footnotes        =  
}}
'''Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory''' ('''PPPL''') is a [[United States Department of Energy]] [[United States Department of Energy National Labs|national laboratory]] for [[plasma physics]] and [[nuclear fusion]] science. Its primary mission is research into and development of [[fusion energy|fusion as an energy source]]. It is known for the development of the [[stellarator]] and [[tokamak]] designs, along with numerous fundamental advances in plasma physics and the exploration of many other plasma confinement concepts.

PPPL grew out of the top-secret [[Cold War]] project to control thermonuclear reactions, called '''Project Matterhorn'''. The focus of this program changed from [[H-bomb]]s to fusion power in 1951, when [[Lyman Spitzer]] developed the stellarator concept and was granted funding from the [[United States Atomic Energy Commission|Atomic Energy Commission]] to study the concept. This led to a series of machines in the 1950s and 1960s. In 1961, after declassification, Project Matterhorn was renamed the Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory.<ref>Tanner, Earl C. (1977) ''Project Matterhorn: an informal history'' Princeton University Plasma Physics Laboratory, Princeton, New Jersey, p. 77, {{OCLC|80717532}}.</ref>

PPPL's stellarators proved unable to meet their performance goals. In 1968, Soviet's claims of excellent performance on their tokamaks generated intense scepticism, and to test it, PPPL's [[Model C stellarator]] was converted to a tokamak. It verified the Soviet claims, and since that time, PPPL has been a worldwide leader in tokamak theory and design, building a series of record-breaking machines including the [[Princeton Large Torus]], [[Tokamak Fusion Test Reactor|TFTR]] and many others. Dozens of smaller machines were also built to test particular problems and solutions, including the ATC, [[National Spherical Torus Experiment|NSTX]], and [[Lithium Tokamak Experiment|LTX]].

PPPL is operated by [[Princeton University]] on the Forrestal Campus in [[Plainsboro Township, New Jersey]].

==History==
===Formation===
In 1950, [[John Archibald Wheeler|John Wheeler]] was setting up a secret [[H-bomb]] research lab at [[Princeton University]]. [[Lyman Spitzer|Lyman Spitzer, Jr.]], an avid mountaineer, was aware of this program and suggested the name "Project Matterhorn".<ref>{{cite web |title=Timeline |website=Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory |url=https://www.pppl.gov/about/history/timeline |ref=CITEREFTimeline}}</ref>

Spitzer, a professor of astronomy, had for many years been involved in the study of very hot rarefied gases in interstellar space. While leaving for a ski trip to [[Aspen, Colorado|Aspen]] in February 1951, his father called and told him to read the front page of the ''[[New York Times]]''. The paper had a story about claims released the day before in [[Argentina]] that a relatively unknown German scientist named [[Ronald Richter]] had achieved nuclear fusion in his [[Huemul Project]].<ref>Burke, James (1999) ''The Knowledge Web: From Electronic Agents to Stonehenge and Back – And Other Journeys Through Knowledge'' Simon & Schuster, New York, pp.&nbsp;241–242, {{ISBN|0-684-85934-3}}.</ref> Spitzer ultimately dismissed these claims, and they were later proven erroneous, but the story got him thinking about fusion. While riding the [[chairlift]] at Aspen, he struck upon a new concept to confine a [[Plasma (physics)|plasma]] for long periods so it could be heated to fusion temperatures. He called this concept the [[stellarator]].

Later that year he took this design to the [[United States Atomic Energy Commission|Atomic Energy Commission]] in Washington. As a result of this meeting and a review of the invention by scientists throughout the nation, the stellarator proposal was funded in 1951. As the device would produce high-energy [[neutron]]s, which could be used for breeding weapon fuel, the program was classified and carried out as part of Project Matterhorn. Matterhorn ultimately ended its involvement in the bomb field in 1954, becoming entirely devoted to the fusion power field.

In 1958, this magnetic fusion research was declassified following the [[International Atomic Energy Agency#History|United Nations International Conference on the Peaceful Uses of Atomic Energy]].  This generated an influx of graduate students eager to learn the "new" physics, which in turn influenced the lab to concentrate more on basic research.<ref>Bromberg, Joan Lisa (1982) ''Fusion: Science, Politics, and the Invention of a New Energy Source'' [[MIT Press]], Cambridge, Massachusetts, [https://books.google.com/books?id=ECOvgg7b3MQC&pg=PA97 p. 97], {{ISBN|0-262-02180-3}}.</ref>

The early figure-8 stellarators included: Model-A, Model-B, Model-B2, Model-B3.<ref name=Stix/> Model-B64 was a square with round corners, and Model-B65 had a racetrack configuration.<ref name=Stix>{{Cite web|url=http://www.jspf.or.jp/JPFRS/PDF/Vol1/jpfrs1998_01-003.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://www.jspf.or.jp/JPFRS/PDF/Vol1/jpfrs1998_01-003.pdf |archive-date=2022-10-09 |url-status=live|title=Highlights in Early Stellarator Research at Princeton. Stix. 1997}}</ref> The last and most powerful stellarator at this time was the "racetrack" [[Model C stellarator|Model&nbsp;C]] (operating from 1961 to 1969).<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Yoshikawa |first=S. |last2=Stix |first2=T.H. |date=1985-09-01 |title=Experiments on the Model C stellarator |url=https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/0029-5515/25/9/047 |journal=Nuclear Fusion |volume=25 |issue=9 |pages=1275–1279 |doi=10.1088/0029-5515/25/9/047 |issn=0029-5515|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

===Tokamak===
By the mid-1960s it was clear something was fundamentally wrong with the stellarators, as they leaked fuel at rates far beyond what theory predicted, rates that carried away energy from the plasma that was far beyond what the fusion reactions could ever produce. Spitzer became extremely skeptical that fusion energy was possible and expressed this opinion in very public fashion in 1965 at an international meeting in the UK. At the same meeting, the Soviet delegation announced results about 10 times better than any previous device, which Spitzer dismissed as a measurement error.

At the next meeting in 1968, the Soviets presented considerable data from their devices that showed even greater performance, about 100 times the [[Bohm diffusion]] limit. An enormous argument broke out between the AEC and the various labs about whether this was real. When a UK team verified the results in 1969, the AEC suggested PPPL to convert their Model&nbsp;C to a tokamak to test it, as the only lab willing to build one from scratch, [[Oak Ridge National Laboratory|Oak Ridge]], would need some time to build theirs. Seeing the possibility of being bypassed in the fusion field, PPPL eventually agreed to convert the Model&nbsp;C to what became the Symmetric Tokamak (ST), quickly verifying the approach.

Two small machines followed the ST, exploring ways to heat the plasma, and then the [[Princeton Large Torus]] (PLT) to test whether the theory that larger machines would be more stable was true. Starting in 1975, PLT verified these "scaling laws" and then went on to add [[neutral beam injection]] from Oak Ridge that resulted in a series of record-setting plasma temperatures, eventually topping out at 78&nbsp;million [[kelvin]]s<!-- the SI unit is in lower case and pluralized regularly -->, well beyond what was needed for a practical fusion power system. Its success was major news.

With this string of successes, PPPL had little trouble winning the bid to build an even larger machine, one specifically designed to reach [[fusion energy gain factor|"breakeven"]] while running on an actual fusion fuel, rather than a test gas. This produced the [[Tokamak Fusion Test Reactor]], or TFTR, which was completed in 1982. After a lengthy breaking-in period, TFTR began slowly increasing the temperature and density of the fuel, while introducing [[deuterium]] gas as the fuel. In April 1986, it demonstrated a combination of density and confinement, the so-called [[fusion triple product]], well beyond what was needed for a practical reactor. In July, it reached a temperature of 200&nbsp;million kelvins, far beyond what was needed. However, when the system was operated with both of these conditions at the same time, a high enough triple product and temperature, the system became unstable. Three years of effort failed to address these issues, and TFTR never reached its goal.<ref>{{cite journal |title=Results and Plans for the Tokamak Fusion Test Reactor |first=Dale |last=Meade |journal=Journal of Fusion Energy |volume = 7|issue=2–3 |date= September 1988 |page=107|doi = 10.1007/BF01054629|bibcode=1988JFuE....7..107M |s2cid=120135196 }}</ref> The system continued performing basic studies on these problems until being shut down in 1997.<ref name="TFTR-end">Staff (1996) "Fusion Lab Planning Big Reactor's Last Run", ''[[The Record (Bergen County)|The Record]]'', 22 December 1996, p.&nbsp;N-07.</ref> Beginning in 1993, TFTR was the first in the world to use 1:1 mixtures of [[deuterium]]–[[tritium]]. In 1994 it yielded an unprecedented 10.7&nbsp;megawatts of fusion power.<ref name="TFTR-end"/>

===Later designs===
In 1999, the [[National Spherical Torus Experiment]] (NSTX), based on the spherical tokamak concept, came online at the PPPL. 

Odd-parity heating was demonstrated in the 4&nbsp;cm radius PFRC-1 experiment in 2006. PFRC-2 has a plasma radius of 8&nbsp;cm. Studies of electron heating in PFRC-2 reached 500&nbsp;[[electronvolt|eV]] with pulse lengths of 300&nbsp;ms.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |url=https://www.nextbigfuture.com/2019/06/game-changing-direct-drive-fusion-propulsion-progress.html |title=Game Changing Direct Drive Fusion Propulsion Progress |last=Wang |first=Brian |date=June 22, 2019 |website=NextBigFuture |language=en-US |access-date=2019-06-22}}</ref>

In 2015, PPPL completed an upgrade to NSTX to produce NSTX-U that made it the most powerful experimental fusion facility, or tokamak, of its type in the world.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.pppl.gov/nstx |title=National Spherical Torus Experiment Upgrade (NSTX-U) |website=Princeton Plasma Physics Lab}}</ref>

In 2017, the group received a Phase II NIAC grant along with two NASA STTRs funding the RF subsystem and superconducting coil subsystem.<ref name=":0" />

In 2024, the lab announced MUSE, a new [[stellarator]]. MUSE uses rare-earth permanent magnets with a field strength that can exceed 1.2 [[Tesla (unit)|teslas]]. The device uses quasiaxisymmetry, a subtype of [[quasisymmetry]]. The research team claimed that its use of quasisymmetry was more sophisticated than prior devices.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Paul |first=Andrew |date=2024-04-05 |title=Stellarator fusion reactor gets new life thanks to a creative magnet workaround |url=https://www.popsci.com/environment/stellarator-fusion-reactor/ |access-date=2024-04-11 |website=Popular Science |language=en-US}}</ref> Also in 2024, PPL announced a [[reinforcement learning]] model that could forecast tearing mode instabilities up to 300 milliseconds in advance. That is enough time for the plasma controller to adjust operating parameters to prevent the tear and maintain [[High-confinement mode|H-mode]] performance.<ref>{{Cite web |date=March 4, 2024 |title=AI can predict and prevent fusion plasma instabilities in milliseconds |url=https://www.ans.org/news/article-5835/ai-can-predict-and-prevent-fusion-plasma-instabilities-in-milliseconds/ |access-date=2024-05-20 |website=www.ans.org |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Seo |first=Jaemin |last2=Kim |first2=SangKyeun |last3=Jalalvand |first3=Azarakhsh |last4=Conlin |first4=Rory |last5=Rothstein |first5=Andrew |last6=Abbate |first6=Joseph |last7=Erickson |first7=Keith |last8=Wai |first8=Josiah |last9=Shousha |first9=Ricardo |last10=Kolemen |first10=Egemen |date=2024 |title=Avoiding fusion plasma tearing instability with deep reinforcement learning |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-024-07024-9 |journal=Nature |language=en |volume=626 |issue=8000 |pages=746–751 |doi=10.1038/s41586-024-07024-9 |issn=1476-4687|pmc=10881383 }}</ref>

==Directors==
In 1961 Gottlieb became the first director of the renamed Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory.<ref>Bromberg, Joan Lisa (1982) ''Fusion: Science, Politics, and the Invention of a New Energy Source'', MIT Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts, [https://books.google.com/books?id=ECOvgg7b3MQC&pg=PA130 p.&nbsp;130], {{ISBN|0-262-02180-3}}.</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=History |url=https://www.pppl.gov/history.cfm |website=Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090512012758/www.pppl.gov/history.cfm |archive-date=2009-05-12}}</ref>
* 1951–1961: [[Lyman Spitzer]], director of Project Matterhorn
* 1961–1980: [[Melvin B. Gottlieb]]
* 1981–1990: [[Harold Fürth]]
* 1991–1996: [[Ronald C. Davidson]]<ref name="TFTR-end"/>
* 1997 (January–July): John A. Schmidt, interim director<ref name="TFTR-end"/>
* 1997–2008: [[Robert J. Goldston]]<ref>Stern, Robert (2007) "Princeton fusion center to lose influential leader", ''The Star-Ledger'', Newark, New Jersey, 15 December 2007, p.&nbsp;20.</ref>
* 2008–2016: Stewart C. Prager<ref>{{cite web |url=http://media-newswire.com/release_1068963.html |title=Press Release, Prager to lead DOE's Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory |access-date=2008-08-09}}</ref>
* 2016–2017: Terrence K. Brog (interim)<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.pppl.gov/news/2016/09/pppl-director-stewart-prager-steps-down |title=PPPL Director Stewart Prager Steps Down |website=Princeton Plasma Physics Lab}}</ref>
* 2017–2018: Richard J. Hawryluk (interim)<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.pppl.gov/news/2017/09/pppl-has-new-interim-director-and-moving-ahead-construction-prototype-magnets |title=PPPL has a new interim director and is moving ahead with construction of prototype magnets |website=Princeton Plasma Physics Lab}}</ref>
* 2018–present: [[Steven Cowley|Sir Steven Cowley]], 1 July 2018<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.princeton.edu/news/2018/05/16/steven-cowley-named-director-does-princeton-plasma-physics-laboratory |date=2018-05-16|title=Steven Cowley named director of DOE's Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180516154600/https://www.princeton.edu/news/2018/05/16/steven-cowley-named-director-does-princeton-plasma-physics-laboratory |archive-date=2018-05-16}}</ref>

== Timeline of major research projects and experiments ==
<timeline>
DateFormat = yyyy
ImageSize  = width:1000 height:auto barincrement:25
PlotArea   = left:125 right:65 bottom:70 top:15

Colors     =
  id:canvas      value:rgb(0.97,0.97,0.97)
  id:grid1       value:rgb(0.80,0.80,0.80)
  id:grid2       value:rgb(0.86,0.86,0.86)
  id:dir         value:rgb(0.86,0.86,0.26)
  id:dir2        value:rgb(0.96,0.96,0.26)
  id:lightblue   value:rgb(0.60,0.99,0.99)

  id:sphe        value:rgb(0.80,0.80,0.99)     legend: Spherator
  id:sphtok      value:rgb(0.58,0.90,0.98)     legend: Spherical_Tokamak
  id:stella      value:rgb(0.95,0.70,0.70)     legend: Stellarator
  id:tok         value:rgb(0.38,0.70,0.88)     legend: Tokamak
  id:other       value:rgb(0.38,0.88,0.38)     legend: Other

Period     = from:1950 till:2020
TimeAxis   = orientation:horizontal format:yyyy
ScaleMajor = unit:year  increment:5  start:1950 gridcolor:grid1
ScaleMinor = unit:year  increment:1   start:2020 gridcolor:grid2
AlignBars  = justify
Legend     = position:bottom

BackgroundColors = canvas:canvas bars:canvas

BarData=
  bar:dir        text: Directors
  barset:fusion  
  bar:fusion1    text: Fusion program
  bar:fusion2
  bar:fusion3    text: Other_fusion_related
  bar:fusion4
  bar:fusion5
  bar:fusion6
  barset:other   
  
PlotData=
  width:25 fontsize:9 textcolor:black anchor:from align:left color:dir shift:(0,-4) bar:dir
  from:1951  till:1961  text: "[[Lyman Spitzer|Spitzer]]"
  from:1961  till:1980  color: dir2  text: "[[Melvin B. Gottlieb|Gottlieb]]"
  from:1981  till:1990  text: "[[Harold Fürth|Fürth]]"
  from:1991  till:1996  color: dir2  text: "[[Ronald C. Davidson|Davidson]]"
  from:1997  till:2008  text: "[[Robert J. Goldston|Goldston]]"
  from:2008  till:2016  color: dir2  text: "Prager"
  from:2018  till:end   text: "[[Steven Cowley|Cowley]]"

  width:25 fontsize:10 textcolor:black anchor:from align:left color:tok
  bar:fusion1  from:1953  till:1962  shift:(0,-4)  color:stella  text: "Model A/B stellarators" 
  bar:fusion2  from:1962  till:1969  shift:(0,-4)  color:stella  text: "[[Model C stellarator]]"
  bar:fusion1  from:1970  till:1974  shift:(0,-4)  color:tok  text: "Symmetric Tokamak"
  bar:fusion2  from:1975  till:1986  shift:(0,-4)  color:tok  text: "[[Princeton Large Torus]]"
  bar:fusion1  from:1982  till:1997  shift:(0,-4)  color:tok  text: "[[Tokamak Fusion Test Reactor]]"
  bar:fusion1  from:1999  till:end   shift:(0,-4)  color:sphtok  text: "[[National Spherical Torus Experiment]]"

  width:25 fontsize:10 textcolor:black anchor:from align:left color:other barset:other
  bar:fusion3  from:1971  till:1976  shift:(0,-4)  color:sphe  text: "Floating Multipole-1"
  bar:fusion4  from:1972  till:1976  shift:(0,-4)  color:tok   text: "Adiabatic Toroidal Compressor"
  bar:fusion5  from:1978  till:1983  shift:(0,-4)  text: "Poloidal Divertor Experiment"
  bar:fusion6  from:1984  till:1992  shift:(0,-4)  text: "Princeton Beta Experiment"
  bar:fusion3  from:2005  till:2008  shift:(0,-4)  color:sphtok  text: "Current Drive Experiment"
  bar:fusion4  from:2008  till:end   shift:(0,-4)  color:sphtok  text: "[[Lithium Tokamak Experiment]]"
  bar:fusion5  from:1995  till:end   shift:(0,-4)  text: "Magnetic Reconnection Experiment"
  bar:fusion6  from:1999  till:end   shift:(0,-4)  text: "Hall Thruster Experiment"
  from:2008  till:end   shift:(0,-4)  text: "[[Princeton field-reversed configuration|Field Reversed Configuration]]"

</timeline>
<!--  unknown end year
  from:1958  till:???   shift:(0,-4)  text: "L-1"
  from:1966  till:???   shift:(0,-4)  text: "Linear Multipole-1"
  from:1982  till:???   shift:(0,-4)  text: "Advanced Concepts Torus-1"
  from:1988  till:???   shift:(0,-4)  text: "Princeton Beta Experiment-Modification"
  source: http://www.firefusionpower.org/ASME_PPPL_Historical_DMM-4.pdf
-->

== Other domestic and international research activities==

Laboratory scientists are collaborating with researchers on fusion science and technology at other facilities, including [[DIII-D]] in San Diego, [[Experimental Advanced Superconducting Tokamak|EAST]] in China, [[Joint European Torus|JET]] in the United Kingdom, [[KSTAR]] in South Korea, the [[Large Helical Device|LHD]] in Japan, the [[Wendelstein 7-X]] (W7-X) device in Germany, and the [[International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor]] (ITER) in France.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.pppl.gov/research/iter-and-other-collaborations |title=ITER and other Collaborations |website=www.pppl.gov}}</ref> 

PPPL manages the U.S. ITER project activities together with [[Oak Ridge National Laboratory]] and [[Savannah River National Laboratory]]. The lab delivered 75% of components for the fusion energy experiment's electrical network in 2017 and has been leading the design and construction of six diagnostic tools for analyzing ITER plasmas. The PPPL physicist Richard Hawryluk served as ITER Deputy Director-General from 2011 to 2013. In 2022, PPPL staff developed with researchers from other national labs and universities over several months a US ITER research plan during the joint Fusion Energy Sciences Research Needs Workshop.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.iterresearch.us/ |title=Fusion Energy Sciences Research Needs Workshop |website=www.iterresearch.us}}</ref> 

Staff are applying knowledge gained in fusion research to a number of theoretical and experimental areas including [[materials science]], [[solar physics]], [[chemistry]], and [[manufacturing]]. PPPL also aims to speed the development of fusion energy through the development of an increased number of public-private partnerships.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://innovation.princeton.edu/news/2021/future-entrepreneurs-get-outside-their-comfort-zone-energy-i-corps-workshop |title=Future entrepreneurs get outside their comfort zone in Energy I-Corps workshop |website=innovation.princeton.edu}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.newswise.com/doescience/new-public-private-partnership-comes-to-pppl-through-a-novel-program-to-speed-the-development-of-fusion-energy/?article_id=764674 |title=New public-private partnership comes to PPPL through a novel program to speed the development of fusion energy |website=www.newswise.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.miragenews.com/princeton-plasma-physics-lab-teams-up-with-tech-939175/ |title=Princeton Plasma Physics Lab Teams Up With Tech Start-Up |website=www.miragenews.com}}</ref>

===Plasma science and technology===
* Beam Dynamics and Nonneutral Plasma
* Laboratory for Plasma Nanosynthesis (LPN)<ref>[https://nano.pppl.gov/ "Laboratory for Plasma Nanosynthesis (LPN)"], Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory, accessed 16 May 2018.</ref>

===Theoretical plasma physics===
* DOE Scientific Simulation Initiative
* U.S. MHD Working Group
* Field Reversed Configuration (FRC) Theory Consortium
* Tokamak Physics Design and Analysis Codes
* TRANSP Code
* National Transport Code Collaboration (NTCC) Modules Library

==Transportation==
[[Tiger Transit|Tiger Transit's]] Route 3 runs to Forrestal Campus and terminates at PPPL.

==See also==
*[[Project Sherwood]]
*[[National Compact Stellarator Experiment]] (NCSX)

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{Commons category-inline}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20100806091710/diglib.princeton.edu/xquery?_xq=getCollection&_xsl=collection&_pid=ppl1 Project Matterhorn Publications and Reports, 1951–1958]. Princeton University Library Digital Collections
* {{official website|name=Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory Official Website}}

{{Princeton}}
{{U.S. National Labs}}
{{Princeton, New Jersey}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Plainsboro Township, New Jersey]]
[[Category:Princeton University]]
[[Category:United States Department of Energy national laboratories]]
[[Category:Federally Funded Research and Development Centers]]
[[Category:Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory| ]]
[[Category:1961 establishments in New Jersey]]
[[Category:Research institutes in New Jersey]]