Editing Principense Creole

{{Short description|Portuguese-based creole of São Tomé and Príncipe}}
{{Infobox language
| name             = Principense Creole
| nativename       = {{lang|pre|Lunguyê}}
| states           = [[São Tomé and Príncipe]]
| speakers         = 200
| date             = 2021
| ref              = e25
| familycolor      = Creole
| fam1             = [[Portuguese-based creole]]
| fam2             = Lower Guinea
| iso3             = pre
| glotto           = prin1242
| glottorefname    = Principense
| lingua           = 51-AAC-acb
| map              = Location São Tomé and Príncipe AU Africa.svg
| mapcaption       = Location of São Tomé and Príncipe
}}

'''Principense Creole''' (endonym: {{lang|pre|Lunguyê}}) is a [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]]-based [[creole language]] spoken in [[São Tomé and Príncipe]], specifically the island of [[Príncipe]]. There are two [[Portuguese creoles]] on the island of [[São Tomé]], [[Angolar Creole|Angolar]] and [[Forro Creole|Forro]].<ref name="Holm">{{cite book
|last = Holm
|first = John A.
|authorlink = 
|title = Pidgins and Creoles: Reference Survey
|publisher = Cambridge UP
|year = 1989
|location = Cambridge
|page = 277
|url = https://archive.org/details/pidginscreoles00holm
|url-access = registration
|isbn = 978-0-521-35940-5}}</ref> Today, younger generations of São Toméans are not likely to speak Principense, which has led to its fast decline and [[moribund language|moribund]] status.<ref name="santomense">[http://repositorio.ul.pt/bitstream/10451/18319/1/ulfl183078_tm.pdf Estudo do Léxico do São-Tomense com Dicionário, Carlos Fontes - Universidade de Coimbra.]</ref> It is mostly spoken by the elderly ([[Ethnologue]] gives a figure of approximately 200 native speakers in total), while most of the island's community speaks noncreole [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]]; some also speak another, closely related creole, [[Forro Creole|Forro]].

Principense presents many similarities with the Forro on [[São Tomé]] and may be regarded as a Forro dialect. Like Forro, it is a [[creole language]] heavily lexified by [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]] with substrates of [[Bantu language|Bantu]] and [[Kwa language|Kwa]].

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Further reading==
{{refbegin}}
* {{Cite journal |last=Schuchardt |first=Hugo |date=1889 |title=Beiträge zur Kenntnis des kreolischen Romanisch IV. Zum Negerportugiesischen der Ilha do Principe |trans-title=Contributions to the knowledge of Romance Creoles IV. On the Negro Portuguese of Ilha do Principe |url=http://schuchardt.uni-graz.at/id/publication/780 |journal=Zeitschrift für romanische Philologie |language=German |volume=13 |pages=464–475}}
* {{Cite book |last=Günther |first=Wilfried |title=Das portugiesische Kreolisch der Ilha do Príncipe |year=1973 |location=Marburg an der Lahn |trans-title=The Portuguese Creole of Ilha do Príncipe}}
* {{Cite book |last=Maurer |first=Philippe |title=Principense (Lung'Ie): Grammar, Texts, and Vocabulary of the Afro-Portuguese Creole of the island of Príncipe, Gulf of Guinea |date=2009 |publisher=Battlebridge |location=London}}
* {{Cite thesis |last=Araujo |first=Vanessa Pinheiro de |title=Um dicionário principense-português |date=2012 |degree=Master's |publisher=Universidade de São Paulo |doi=10.11606/d.8.2013.tde-11062013-101052 |doi-access=free |language=pt |trans-title=A Principe-Portuguese dictionary}}
* {{Cite thesis |last=Agostinho |first=Ana Lívia |title=Fonologia e método pedagógico do lung'le |date=2015 |degree=Doctor's |publisher=Universidade de São Paulo |doi=10.11606/t.8.2014.tde-22062015-141126 |doi-access=free |language=pt |trans-title=Phonology and pedagogical method of Lung'le}}
{{refend}}

==External links==
* [https://apics-online.info/surveys/37 APiCS Online - Survey chapter: Principense]

{{Languages of São Tomé and Príncipe}}

{{Portuguese Creoles}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Principense Creole}}
[[Category:Languages of São Tomé and Príncipe|Lunguye]]
[[Category:Portuguese-based pidgins and creoles]]
[[Category:Príncipe]]
[[Category:Portuguese language in Africa]]

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