Editing Private press

{{Short description|Type of book publisher}}
{{For|the album by DJ Shadow|The Private Press}}
{{distinguish|Self-publishing}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=August 2021}}
'''Private press''' publishing, with respect to books, is an endeavor performed by craft-based expert or aspiring artisans, either amateur or professional, who, among other things, print and build books, typically by hand, with emphasis on [[Book design|design]], [[graphic design|graphics]], [[Page layout|layout]], [[fine printing]], [[Bookbinding|binding]], [[Hardcover|covers]], paper, stitching, and the like.

== Description ==
The term "private press" is not synonymous with "[[fine press]]", "[[small press]]", or "[[university press]]" – though there are similarities. One similarity shared by all is that they need not meet higher commercial thresholds of commercial presses.  Private presses, however, often have no profit motive.  A similarity shared with [[fine press|fine]] and [[small press]]es, but not [[university press]]es, is that for various reasons – namely quality – production quantity is often limited. University presses are typically more automated. A distinguishing quality of private presses is that they enjoy sole discretion over literary, scientific, artistic, and aesthetic merits. Criteria for other types of presses vary. From an aesthetic perspective, critical acclaim and public appreciation of artisans' works from private presses is somewhat analogous to that of [[luthiers]]' works of fine [[string instruments]] and [[Bow maker|bows]].

== Etymological perspective ==
The private press movement, and its renowned body of work – relative to the larger world of book arts in [[Western culture|Western civilization]] – is narrow and recent. From one perspective, collections relating to book arts date back to before the [[High Middle Ages]]. As an illustration of scope and influence, a 1980 exhibition at the [[Catholic University of America]], "The Monastic Imprint," highlighted the influence of book arts and textual scholarship from 1200 to 1980, displaying hundreds of diplomas, manuscript [[codices]], [[incunabula]], printed volumes, and [[calligraphic]] and private press [[ephemera]]. The displays focused on five areas: (1) [[Christian monasticism|Medieval Monasticism]], Spirituality, and Scribal Culture, A.D. 1200–1500; (2) Early Printing and the Monastic Scholarly Tradition, ca. 1450–1600; (3) Early modern Monastic Printing and Scholarly Publishing, A.D. 1650–1800; (4) Modern Survivals: Monastic Scriptoria, Private Presses, and Academic Publishing, 1800–1980.<ref name="Monastic-Imprint 1980" /><ref name="Journal-Library-History 1980 Fall" />

The earliest descriptive references to private presses were by Bernardus A. Mallinckrodt of [[Mainz]], Germany, in {{lang|la|De ortu ac progressu artis typographicae dissertatio historica}} (Cologne, 1639). The earliest in-depth writing about private presses was by [[Adam Heinrich Lackmann]] [[:de:Adam Heinrich Lackmann|(de)]] (1694–1754) in {{lang|la|Annalium Typographicorum, Selecta Quaedam Capita}} (Hamburg, 1740).<ref name="Dekker-Encyclopedia Vo. 24" />

== Private press movement ==
===By location===
====United Kingdom====
The term "private press" is often used to refer to a movement in book production which flourished around the [[Turn of the century|turn]] of the 20th century under the influence of the scholar-artisans [[William Morris]], Sir [[Emery Walker]] and their followers. The movement is often considered to have begun with the founding of Morris' [[Kelmscott Press]] in 1890, following a lecture on printing given by Walker at the [[Arts and Crafts Exhibition Society]] in November 1888. Morris decried that the [[Industrial Revolution]] had ruined man's joy in work and that mechanization, to the extent that it has replaced handicraft, had brought ugliness with it. Those involved in the private press movement created books by traditional printing and binding methods, with an emphasis on the book as a work of art and manual skill, as well as a medium for the transmission of information. Morris was greatly influenced by medieval codices and early printed books and the 'Kelmscott style' had a great, and not always positive, influence on later private presses and commercial book-design. The movement was an offshoot of the [[Arts and Crafts movement]], and represented a rejection of the cheap mechanised book-production methods which developed in the Victorian era. The books were made with high-quality materials (handmade paper, traditional inks and, in some cases, specially designed typefaces), and were often bound by hand. Careful consideration was given to format, page design, type, illustration and binding, to produce a unified whole. The movement dwindled during the worldwide depression of the 1930s, as the market for luxury goods evaporated. Since the 1950s, there has been a resurgence of interest, especially among artists, in the experimental use of [[letterpress printing]], paper-making and hand-bookbinding in producing small editions of 'artists' books', and among amateur (and a few professional) enthusiasts for traditional printing methods and for the production 'values' of the private press movement.<ref name="Yale-Library-Gazette 1991 Apr" /><ref name="Horowitz 2006 Fall" /><ref name="Guardian 1970 Jun 25" />

====New Zealand====
In New Zealand university private presses have been significant in the private press movement.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Vangioni|first1=Peter|title=Pressed Letters: Fine Printing in New Zealand since 1975, 30 August – 24 September 2012|date=2012|publisher=Christchurch Art Gallery|location=Christchurch, NZ |url= http://christchurchartgallery.org.nz/media/uploads/2012_11/Pressed_Letters_booklet.pdf |access-date=June 10, 2015}}</ref> Private presses are active at three New Zealand universities: Auckland ([[Holloway Press]]<ref name="Holloway-Press-info" />), Victoria (Wai-te-ata Press<ref>{{cite web|title=Wai-te-Ata Press|url=http://www.victoria.ac.nz/wtapress/|website=[[Victoria University of Wellington]] |publisher=Victoria University of Wellington|access-date=July 21, 2015}}</ref>) and Otago (Otakou Press<ref>{{cite web|title=Otakou Press|url=http://www.otago.ac.nz/library/exhibitions/burns/otakou.html|website=University of Otago Library, Special Collections Exhibitions|publisher=University of Otago|access-date=July 21, 2015}}</ref>).

====North America====
A 1982 ''[[Newsweek]]'' article about the rebirth of the hand press movement asserted that [[Harry Duncan (publisher)|Harry Duncan]] was "considered the father of the post-[[World War II]] private-press movement."<ref name="Newsweek 1982 Aug 16" /> [[Will Ransom]] has been credited as the father of American private press [[historiographers]].<ref name="Journal-Library-History 1970 Oct" />

===Selected history===
====Quality control====
Beyond aesthetics, private presses, historically, have served other needs. [[John Hunter (surgeon)|John Hunter]] (1728–1793), a Scottish surgeon and medical researcher, established a private press in 1786 at his house at 13 Castle Street, [[Leicester Square]], in [[West End of London]], in an attempt to prevent unauthorized publication of cheap and foreign editions of his works. His first book from his private press: ''A Treatise on the Venereal Disease.'' One thousand copies of the first edition were printed.<ref name="Journal-History-Medicine 1970 Jul" />

====Academics====
[[Porter Garnett]] (1871–1951), of [[Carnegie Mellon University]], was an exponent of the anti-industrial values{{Vague|date=May 2019}} of the great private presses – namely those of [[Kelmscott Press|Kelmscott]], [[Doves Press|Doves]], and [[Ashendene Press|Ashendene]]. Following Garnett's inspirational proposal to [[Carnegie Mellon]], Garnett designed and inaugurated on April 7, 1923, the institute's Laboratory Press – for the purpose of teaching printing, which he believed was the first private press devoted solely for that purpose. The press closed in 1935.<ref name="Library-Quarterly 1992 Jan" />

===Selected examples===
====United States====
{{div col|colwidth=50em}}
* {{Hanging indent |text=[[Abattoir Editions]], founded by [[Harry Duncan (publisher)|Harry Alvin Duncan]] (1916–1997), subsidized by the [[University of Nebraska Omaha]]}}
* {{Hanging indent |text=[[Appledore Private Press]], set-up in 1867 by [[William James Linton]] at [[Atwater-Linton House|Appledore]] (his house), in [[Hamden, Connecticut]]}}
* {{Hanging indent |text=[[Arion Press]], founded 1974 by [[Andrew Hoyem]] in San Francisco}}
* {{Hanging indent |text=[[Ashantilly Press]], founded 1954 in [[Darien, Georgia]], by William Greaner Haynes, Jr. (1908–2001)<ref name="Amer-Book-Collector" />}}
* {{Hanging indent |text=Bird & Bull Press, founded 1952 by Henry Martin Morris (born 1925), located in [[Newtown, Bucks County, Pennsylvania|Newtown, Pennsylvania]]}}
* {{Hanging indent |text=[[Black Rock Press – University of Nevada, Reno|Black Rock Press]], founded 1965 by Kenneth J. Carpenter at the [[University of Nevada, Reno]]}}
* {{Hanging indent |text=William Murray Cheney (1907–2002) of Los Angeles<ref name="Amer-Book-Collector" />}}
* {{Hanging indent |text=[[Gehenna Press]], founded 1942 by [[Leonard Baskin]] (1922–2000) in [[New Haven, Connecticut]]; in the late 1940s, Baskin moved it to [[Northampton, Massachusetts]]}}
* {{Hanging indent |text=[[Hammer Creek Press]], founded 1954 by [[John Strobel Fass]] (1890–1973) in [[The Bronx]]}}
* {{Hanging indent |text=[[The Mosher Press]], set up by [[Thomas Bird Mosher]] in 1891 in [[Portland, Maine]]<ref name="Recorder 1968 Jan 3" />}}
* {{Hanging indent |text=[[Walter Hamady|The Perishable Press]], founded 1964 by [[Walter Hamady]] in Detroit<ref name="Hamady-exhibition 1984" />}}
* {{Hanging indent |text=[[Roycroft Press]] set-up in 1895 by [[Elbert Hubbard]] in [[East Aurora, New York]]}}
* {{Hanging indent |text=[[Something Else Press]], founded 1963 in New York City by [[Dick Higgins]]; the press moved to [[West Glover, Vermont]]}}
* {{Hanging indent |text=Stone Wall Press (1957–2013) of Karl Kimber Merker (1932–2013), [[Iowa City]]<ref name="NYTs 2013 May 27" />}}
* {{Hanging indent |text=[[Stratford Press (Cincinnati)|Stratford Press]] of [[Cincinnati]], Ohio (1920–1965), was the private press of Elmer Frank Gleason (1882–1965)<ref name="Amer-Book-Collector" />}}
* {{Hanging indent |text=[[Trovillion Press]] at the Sign of the Silver Horse, set up 1908 by Hal W. Trovillion ''(né'' Hal Weeden Trovillion; 1879–1967) in [[Herrin, Illinois]]}}

====Canada====
* {{Hanging indent |text=[[M. Bernard Loates]], A Private Press, founded in 1968}}
* {{Hanging indent |text=Locks' Press, founded in 1979 in [[Brisbane]], Australia, by Fred Lock, PhD ''(né'' Frederick Peter Lock; born 1948), and wife (an artist), Margaret Lock ''(née'' Margaret Helen Capper); in 1987, they moved to [[Kingston, Ontario]]<ref name="Locks-Press-catalog 2014" />}}

====Ireland====
* {{Hanging indent |text=[[Dun Emer Press]], founded by [[Elizabeth Yeats]] in 1903}}

====United Kingdom====
* {{Hanging indent |text=[[Daniel Press]] in Oxford from 1874 to 1903}}
* {{Hanging indent |text=[[Doves Press]], founded by [[T. J. Cobden Sanderson]] and [[Emery Walker]] in 1900}}
* {{Hanging indent |text=[[Essex House Press]], founded in 1897 by [[Charles Robert Ashbee]] (1863–1942) in London}}
* {{Hanging indent |text=[[Golden Cockerel Press]], founded 1920 in [[Waltham St Lawrence]] by Harold Midgley Taylor (1893–1925)}}
* {{Hanging indent |text=[[Gregynog Press]], founded 1922 near [[Newtown, Powys]], [[Wales]], by [[Gwendoline Davies|Gwendoline]] (1882–1951) and [[Margaret Davies]] (1884–1963)}}
* {{Hanging indent |text=[[Happy Dragons' Press]] founded in 1969 in North [[Essex]]}}
* {{Hanging indent |text=[[Hogarth Press]] founded in 1917 by authors [[Leonard Woolf]] and [[Virginia Woolf]] in [[Richmond, London|Richmond]]}}
* {{Hanging indent |text=[[Jericho Press]], founded 1985 in [[Lancaster, Lancashire|Lancaster]] by "Chip" Coakley, PhD ''(né'' James Farwell Coakley)}}
* {{Hanging indent |text=[[Kelmscott Press]], set up by [[William Morris]] in 1891}}
* {{Hanging indent |text=[[Kynoch Press]], a company-owned press that produced artisan-type books in private editions, founded in 1876, closed 1981<ref name="Archer 2000" />}}
* {{Hanging indent |text=[[Nonesuch Press]], founded in 1922 in London by Sir [[Francis Meynell]] (1891–1975), his 2nd wife, Vera Meynell ''(née'' Vera Rosalind Wynn Mendel; 1895–1947), and [[David Garnett]] (1892–1981)}}
* {{Hanging indent |text=Officina Typographica (the namesake of a bygone constellation), established in 1963 by [[Stanisław Gliwa]] [[:pl:Stanisław Gliwa|(pl)]] (1910–1986), a Polish [[expatriate]] living in London<ref name="Polish-Review 1971 Spr" />}}
* {{Hanging indent |text=[[Gaetano Polidori]]'s Private Press in London ''c.'' 1800}}
* {{Hanging indent |text=[[Rampant Lions Press]], founded 1924 in [[Cambridge]] by Will Carter ''(né'' William Nicholas Carter; 1912–2001), who was 12, and continued by his son Sebastian until 2008}}
* {{Hanging indent |text=[[Stanbrook Abbey]] Press, which was revived by Dames [[Hildelith Cumming]] and [[Felicitas Corrigan]]}}
* {{Hanging indent |text=[[Strawberry Hill Press]] &mdash; the ''Officina Arbuteana'' &mdash; of [[Horace Walpole]]}}

====France====
* {{Hanging indent |text=[[Black Sun Press]], founded 1927 by [[Harry Crosby]] (1898–1929) and [[Caresse Crosby]] in Paris}}
* {{Hanging indent |text=[[Contact Publishing Company]], founded 1923 by Robert McAlmon (1895–1956) in Paris}}
* {{Hanging indent |text=[[Harrison of Paris]], founded 1930 by [[Monroe Wheeler]] (1899–1988) and [[Barbara Harrison Wescott]] (1904–1977) in Paris}}
* {{Hanging indent |text=[[Hours Press]], founded 1928 in [[La Chapelle-Réanville]], Normandy, by [[Nancy Cunard]] (1896–1965)}}
* {{Hanging indent |text=[[Plain Edition Press]], founded around 1930 by [[Alice B. Toklas]] (1877–1967) and operated by her and [[Gertrude Stein]] (1874–1946) in Paris}}

====Asia-Pacific====
* {{Hanging indent |text=[[Finlay Press]], founded 1997 by Ingeborg Hansen and [[Phil Day (artist)|Phil Day]] at [[Goulburn]], [[New South Wales]]}}
* {{Hanging indent |text=[[Holloway Press]], established 1994 by poet [[Alan Loney]] at the [[University of Auckland]]}}

====Western Asia====
* {{Hanging indent |text=The Private Press of Ariel Wardi ''(surname alt spelling, converting [[Polish alphabet|Polish phonological]] use of "W" to English "V"'' – "Vardi"), established 1989 in [[Jerusalem]]; Ariel (born 1929) is the son of [[Haim Wardi]], PhD ''(ne'' Rosenfeld; 1901–1975) [[:he:חיים ורדי|(he)]]<ref name="Avrin 1998 Jul 16" /><ref name="Wardi 1995" /><ref name="Haaretz 2016 Oct 29" />}}
{{div col end}}

=== Opponents ===
[[William Addison Dwiggins]] (1880–1956), a commercial artist, is lauded for high quality work, namely with [[Alfred A. Knopf|Alfred Knopf]]. And, in contrast to many first-rate book designers joining private presses, he refused.  Historian [[Paul Shaw (design historian)|Paul Shaw]] explained, "He had no patience with those who insisted on retaining hand processes in printing and publishing in the belief that they were inherently superior to machine processes." Dwiggins's "principal concern ultimately centered on readers and their reading needs, esthetic as well as financial. [His] goal was to make books that were beautiful, functional, and inexpensive."<ref name="Shaw 1995" /><ref name="Franciosi 2008" />

== Gallery ==

<gallery mode=packed heights=200>
File:Roycroft_printing_press.jpg|[[Roycroft]] printing press
File:Kelmscott_Press_Typefaces.jpg|[[Kelmscott Press]] font styles
File:The_Daniel_press._Memorials_of_C._H._O._Daniel,_with_a_bibliography_of_the_press,_1845-1919_(1921)_(14778974891).jpg|[[Albion press]] used by the [[Daniel Press]]
</gallery>

==See also==
{{Portal |Books }} <!-- delete the word "bar" if there are enough ordinary See also -->
{{div col|colwidth=50em}}
* [[Alternative media]]
* [[Arts and Crafts movement]]
* [[Bookbinding]]
* [[Fine press]]
* [[Israeli printmaking]]
* [[Small press]]
* [[Censorship in the United States#Internet|Private Internet connections]] ''vs.'' [[onion routing]]
* [[Private Libraries Association]]
* [[City Lights Bookstore]] of San Francisco
{{div col end}}

==References==
{{Reflist|30em|refs=

<ref name="Monastic-Imprint 1980">"The Monastic Imprint," co-sponsored by (i) the Rare Books Department of the John K. Mullen Library at [[Catholic University of America]] and (ii) the [[University of Maryland College of Information Studies|College of Library and Information Services]] at the [[University of Maryland]] (1980)</ref>

<ref name="Journal-Library-History 1980 Fall">{{cite journal |title=Communications |journal=The Journal of Library History |date=1980 |volume=15 |issue=4 |pages=521–524 |jstor=25541165 }}</ref>

<ref name="Holloway-Press-info">{{cite web|title=The Holloway Press|url=http://www.hollowaypress.auckland.ac.nz/|publisher=[[The University of Auckland]]|access-date=July 21, 2015}}</ref>

<ref name="Recorder 1968 Jan 3">[http://fultonhistory.com/Newspaper%2018/Greenfield%20MA%20Recorder/Greenfield%20MA%20Recorder%20Gazette%201968/Greenfield%20MA%20Recorder%20Gazette%201968%20-%200017.pdf "Quality Books Slated For Display At UMass,"] ''[[Greenfield Recorder]],'' January 3, 1968, p. 5</ref>

<ref name="Horowitz 2006 Fall">{{cite journal |last1=Horowitz |first1=Sarah |title=The Kelmscott Press and William Morris: A Research Guide |journal=Art Documentation: Journal of the Art Libraries Society of North America |date=2006 |volume=25 |issue=2 |pages=60–65 |doi=10.1086/adx.25.2.27949442 |jstor=27949442 |s2cid=163588697 |oclc=5966431137 }}</ref>

<ref name="NYTs 2013 May 27">{{cite news |last1=Vitello |first1=Paul |title=Kim Merker, Hand-Press Printer of Poets, Is Dead at 81 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/05/28/books/kim-merker-hand-press-printer-of-poets-is-dead-at-81.html |work=The New York Times |date=27 May 2013 }}</ref>

<ref name="Dekker-Encyclopedia Vo. 24">''[https://books.google.com/books?id=MCwqxVvW3zMC&pg=PA205 Encyclopedia of Library and Information Science],'' "Private Presses" (Note 1: "References and Notes"), entry by Roderick Cave, Vol. 24, New York City: [[Marcel Dekker, Inc.]], p. 205</ref>

<ref name="Journal-Library-History 1970 Oct">{{cite journal |last1=Schwarz |first1=Philip John |title=The Contemporary Private Press |journal=The Journal of Library History |date=1970 |volume=5 |issue=4 |pages=297–322 |jstor=25540254 |oclc=5547099053 }}</ref>

<ref name="Hamady-exhibition 1984">"Two Decades of Hamady and the Perishable Press Limited" (exhibition inventory), [[University of Missouri–St. Louis]], October 3, 1984, through November 4, 1984<div style="margin-left:2em">Subtitled: "Hamady's Perishable Press, A 20th Anniversary Sampling of Hand Crafted Books"</div>{{OCLC|270104287|723892183}}</ref>

<ref name="Amer-Book-Collector">"News and Reviews of Private Presses" (monthly column), by James Lamar Weygand (1919–2003), ''American Book Collector,'' Vols. 14 and 15<div style="margin-left:2em">
including:<br />
Press of Roy A. Squires<div style="margin-left:2em">''(né'' Roy Asahel Squires; 1920–1988), [[Pacific Grove, California]]<br/>Vol. 14, No. 6, February 1964, p. 13</div>
Ashantilly Press<div style="margin-left:2em">William Greaner Haynes, Jr. (1908–2001), [[Darien, Georgia]]<br/>Vol. 14, No. 6, February 1964, p. 13</div>
Red Barn Press<div style="margin-left:2em">James Marsden, [[Foxboro, Massachusetts]]<br/>Vol. 14, No. 5, January 1964, p. 8</div>
Innominate Press<div style="margin-left:2em">Blaine Lewis, Jr., [[Doctor of Medicine|MD]] (1919–2001), [[Louisville, Kentucky|Louisville]]<br/>Vol. 14, No. 7, March 1964, p. 15</div>
The Hudson Press<div style="margin-left:2em">William H. Hudson, [[Houston]]<br/>Vol. 14, No. 7, March 1964, p. 15</div>
The Stratford Press<div style="margin-left:2em">Elmer Gleason of [[Cincinnati]]<br/>Vol. 14, No. 9, May 1964, p. 16</div>
William M. Cheney<div style="margin-left:2em">''(né'' William Murray Cheney; 1907–2002), Los Angeles<br/>Vol. 15, No. 1, September 1964, p. 7</div>
The Stone Wall Press<div style="margin-left:2em">Karl Kimber Merker (1932–2013), [[Iowa City]]<br/>Vol. 15, No. 2, October 1964, p. 7</div>
Bayberry Hill Press<div style="margin-left:2em">Foster Macy Johnson, [[Meriden, Connecticut]]<br/>Vol. 15, No. 3, November 1964, p. 6</div>
{{ISSN|0196-5654}}</div></ref>

<ref name="Locks-Press-catalog 2014">''Locks' Press, Kingston, Ontario,'' Fred and Margaret Lock (proprietors) (a reissue of a March 2012 catalog, with an additional folded sheet tipped in) (2014), p. 1; {{OCLC|963257551}}</ref>

<ref name="Guardian 1970 Jun 25">"Modern Fine Printing," by [[Colin Franklin (bibliographer)|Colin Franklin]], ''[[The Guardian]],'' June 25, 1970, p. 9 (accessible ''via'' [[Newspapers.com]] at {{URL|https://www.newspapers.com/image/259842980}})</ref>

<ref name="Avrin 1998 Jul 16">{{cite journal |last1=Avrin |first1=Leila |title=Private Presses in Israel |journal=Ariel |date=1997 |volume=104 |url=https://mfa.gov.il/MFA/MFA-Archive/1998/Pages/Private%20Presses%20in%20Israel.aspx }}</ref>

<ref name="Wardi 1995">''The Private Press of Ariel Wardi,'' [[Jerusalem]]: A. Wardi (1995); {{OCLC|1089387256|32640988}}</ref>

<ref name="Haaretz 2016 Oct 29">{{cite news |last1=Karpel |first1=Dalia |title=The Enigmatic Life of a Hebrew Graphic Design Pioneer |url=https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/.premium.MAGAZINE-the-enigmatic-life-of-a-hebrew-graphic-design-pioneer-1.5453831 |work=Haaretz |date=29 October 2016 }}</ref>

<ref name="Archer 2000">''The Kynoch Press: The Anatomy of a Printing House, 1876–1981,'' by Caroline Archer, PhD (since married to Alexandre Parré and is known as Caroline Archer-Parré), [[Oak Knoll Press]] (2000); {{OCLC|45137620}}; {{ISBN|9780712347044}}</ref>

<ref name="Journal-History-Medicine 1970 Jul">{{cite journal |last1=Robb-Smith |first1=A. H. T. |title=John Hunter's Private Press |journal=Journal of the History of Medicine and Allied Sciences |date=1970 |volume=25 |issue=3 |pages=262–269 |doi=10.1093/jhmas/XXV.3.262 |jstor=24622127 |pmid=4912881 }}</ref>

<ref name="Library-Quarterly 1992 Jan">{{cite journal |last1=Benton |first1=Megan L. |title=Orchids from Pittsburgh: An Appraisal of the Laboratory Press, 1922-1935 |journal=The Library Quarterly: Information, Community, Policy |date=1992 |volume=62 |issue=1 |pages=28–54 |doi=10.1086/602419 |jstor=4308664 |s2cid=144544855 }}</ref>

<ref name="Yale-Library-Gazette 1991 Apr">{{cite journal |last1=Purves |first1=Drika |title=The Gazette |journal=The Yale University Library Gazette |date=1991 |volume=65 |issue=3/4 |pages=111–115 |jstor=40859000 }}</ref>

<ref name="Polish-Review 1971 Spr">{{cite journal |journal=The Polish Review |date=1971 |volume=16 |issue=2 |pages=105–113 |jstor=25776978 |title=Jurzykowski Foundation Awards, 1970 }}</ref>

<ref name="Shaw 1995">"Tradition and Innovation: the design work of William Addison Dwiggins," by [[Paul Shaw (design historian)|Paul Shaw]], ''Design History: An Anthology,'' Dennis P. Doordan (ed.), [[MIT Press]] (1995), pps. 33–35; {{OCLC|32859908}}</ref>

<ref name="Franciosi 2008">{{cite journal |last1=Franciosi |first1=Robert |title=Designing John Hersey's 'The Wall': W. A. Dwiggins, George Salter, and the Challenges of American Holocaust Memory |journal=Book History |date=2008 |volume=11 |pages=245–274 |doi=10.1353/bh.0.0012 |jstor=30227420 |s2cid=161112866 }}</ref>

<ref name="Newsweek 1982 Aug 16">"Reading the Fine Print," by Ray Anello, ''[[Newsweek]],'' August 16, 1982, p. 64</ref>

}}

==Further reading==
{{div col|colwidth=50em}}
* [[Will Ransom]], ''Private Presses and Their Books.'' New York City: [[R. R. Bowker]], 1929; {{OCLC|27326913}}
* Roderick Cave, ''The Private Press'' (2nd ed.). New York City: [[R. R. Bowker]], 1983; {{OCLC|969849170}}
* [[Johanna Drucker]], ''The Century of Artists' Books.'' New York City: [[Granary Books]], 1995
* [[Colin Franklin (writer and bibliographer)|Colin Franklin]], ''The Private Presses'' London: [[Studio Vista Ltd.]] (1969); {{OCLC|}}
* [[Colin Franklin (writer and bibliographer)|Colin Franklin]], ''The Private Presses'' (2nd ed.). [[Aldershot]]: Scolar Press; [[Brookfield, Vermont|Brookfield]]: [[Ashgate Publishing|Gower Publishing Company]], 1991; {{OCLC|551505190|185502461}}
* [[John Carter (author)|John Carter]], ''ABC for Book Collectors.'' [[Oak Knoll Press]], 1995; {{OCLC|270894754}}
* Charles L. Pickering, [[Ofsted|HMI]], ''The Private Press Movement,'' an address by Pickering to the Manchester Society of Book Collectors, [[Maidstone, Kent]]: [[Maidstone College of Art]], School of Printing (1967); {{OCLC|28268389}}
* Gilbert Turner (1911–1983), ''The Private Press: Its Achievement and Influence,'' [[Birmingham]], England: Association of Assistant Librarians, Midland Division (1954); {{OCLC|940315205}}
* ''The Private Press Today,'' for the 17th [[King's Lynn]] Festival: an exhibition, arranged by Juliet Standing, designed to show the scope and quality of work produced during the last few years at various private presses ''[etc.],'' illustrations by [[Rigby Graham]], The Riverside Room, July 22–29, 1967, published at The [[Orchard Wyndham|Orchard]], [[Wymondham, Leicestershire]] by the Brewhouse Press (1967); {{OCLC|224716056|57459700|561420434}}; {{OCLC|561420445|65743870|640025289}}
* Bruce Emmerson Bellamy, ''Private Publishing and Printing Press in England Since 1945,'' New York City: [[K. G. Saur Verlag|K. G. Saur Publishing]]; London: Clive Bingley (1980); {{OCLC|836260056}}; {{ISBN|0-89664-180-5}} (U.S.); {{ISBN|0-85157-297-9}} (U.K.)
{{div col end}}

==External links==
* [http://www.plabooks.org/ The Private Libraries Association]
* [http://www.briarpress.org/register International Register of Private Press Names]

{{commons category|Printers (publishers)}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Private press}}
[[Category:Printing]]
[[Category:Publishing]]
[[Category:Book collecting]]
[[Category:Arts and Crafts movement]]
[[Category:Printers|*]]
[[Category:Printing terminology]]