Editing Professional Chess Association

{{Short description|International chess body (1993–1996)}}
The '''Professional Chess Association''' ('''PCA'''), which existed between 1993 and 1996, was a rival organisation to [[FIDE]], the International [[Chess]] Federation. The PCA was created in 1993 by [[Garry Kasparov]] and [[Nigel Short]] for the marketing and organization of their Chess World Championship.

==Formation==
{{See also|World Chess Championship 1993}}
In 1993, [[Nigel Short]] won the [[Candidates Tournament]] and so qualified as challenger to [[Garry Kasparov]] for the [[World Chess Championship]].<ref>[http://www.mark-weeks.com/chess/9193$cix.htm 1991–93 Candidates Matches], Mark Weeks' Chess Pages</ref>

By FIDE regulation, the bids for where the World Championship final is played should have been decided by three parties – FIDE, the World Champion (Kasparov) and the Challenger (Short). According to Kasparov and Short, FIDE president [[Florencio Campomanes]] broke these rules by simply announcing the venue of the winning bid as being [[Manchester]]. FIDE derived a substantial part of its income from the prize fund of the World Championship.

In response to this, Kasparov and Short formed the PCA, appointing Bob Rice as Commissioner. They played their world championship match under its auspices in September and October 1993. The match took place in the [[Savoy Theatre]] in [[London]], under the sponsorship of ''[[The Times]]''.  Kasparov won clearly 12.5–7.5 and became PCA World Chess Champion.

FIDE stripped Kasparov of the FIDE World Championship title, and instead held a rival match between [[Anatoly Karpov]] and [[Jan Timman]], the two final players Short had defeated to win the [[Candidates Tournament]]. Karpov won that match, to become FIDE World Chess Champion. For the first time in chess history there were two world champions, the FIDE world champion Karpov and the PCA world champion Kasparov.

==1995 cycle==

From 1993 to 1995, the PCA held an [[Interzonal]] tournament and [[Candidates Tournament|Candidates]] matches, in the style of the FIDE world championship qualifiers. FIDE also had its own cycle of qualifiers, with many of the same players playing in both. The PCA candidates cycle was won by the [[India]]n [[International Grandmaster|GM]] [[Viswanathan Anand]].

Kasparov [[PCA World Chess Championship 1995|defended his PCA World Championship title]] against Anand in the [[World Trade Center (1973–2001)|World Trade Center]] in a match starting September 11, 1995. Kasparov won the best-of-20 game match 10.5 – 7.5.

==Demise and aftermath==

The PCA announced in January 1996 that it had lost its main sponsor, [[Intel]].<ref>[http://theweekinchess.com/html/twic67.html The Week in Chess 67], [[The Week in Chess|TWIC]], 21-Jan-1996</ref> It was reported at the time that Kasparov said this was partly due to his choice to play a [[Deep Blue versus Garry Kasparov#1996 match|match]] against [[IBM]]'s supercomputer [[Deep Blue (chess computer)|Deep Blue]] later that year.<ref>[http://groups.google.com.au/group/comp.os.os2.advocacy/browse_thread/thread/ef970315cae13745/2f7089236fd34f08 Intel: The Grudge Inside?], [[Usenet]] post to comp.os.os2.advocacy, 18-Feb-1996, citing report from the [[Chicago Tribune]], archived at [[Google Groups]].</ref> Kasparov, however, hotly disputes this and has proposed a different history, with Intel dropping sponsorship in November 1995, some weeks prior to the initial planning of the Deep Blue match.<ref>[http://en.chessbase.com/post/garry-kasparov-a-history-of-profesional-che A history of professional chess (Kasparov), "INTEL GOES, AND A LEGEND IS BORN"]</ref>

The PCA folded soon afterwards, leaving Kasparov unable to organise a proper qualifying cycle for his title. He finally played (and lost) a match to a hand-picked challenger, [[Vladimir Kramnik]], in 2000 ([[Classical World Chess Championship 2000]]). This match was played under the auspices of Brain Games.

When Kramnik defended his title at the [[Classical World Chess Championship 2004]], he gave the title the name "Classical", to emphasise the continuity that his title had with the tradition of defeating the previous titleholder. Since this is the same title as the Kasparov's PCA World title, the PCA World title is sometimes retrospectively called the "Classical" title.

The PCA split from FIDE was finally healed with the [[FIDE World Chess Championship 2006]], a re-unification match between Kramnik and 2005 FIDE World Champion [[Veselin Topalov]], which was won by Kramnik.

== See also ==
* [[Association of Chess Professionals]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Chess}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Chess organizations]]
[[Category:1993 in chess]]
[[Category:Sports organizations established in 1993]]
[[Category:Organizations disestablished in 1996]]
[[Category:Former international organizations]]
[[Category:International non-profit organizations]]
[[Category:Garry Kasparov]]