Editing Progressive Christianity

{{Short description|Postmodern theological approach}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2019}}[[File:Church_of_the_Pilgrims_entrance.JPG | thumb |357x357px| right | alt= Pride flag banner hung over the entrance to the Church of the Pilgrims in Washington, D.C. with the words "ALL ARE WELCOME" printed underneath |Pride flag banner hung over the entrance to the [[Church of the Pilgrims (Washington, D.C.)|Church of the Pilgrims]] in Washington, D.C.]]
'''Progressive Christianity''' represents a range of related perspectives in contemporary Christian theology and practice. It is a [[postmodern theological]] approach, which developed out of the [[liberal Christianity]] of the [[modern era]],<ref name="Wolsey 2012" /> although progressive Christians would claim that ideas relating Christianity to [[social justice]] are at the heart of the Christian message and stem from biblical themes. Integrating and moving beyond the [[Age of Enlightenment|Enlightenment]] concerns of liberalism, Progressive Christianity is a [[postliberal theological]] movement that, in the words of Reverend Roger Wolsey, "seeks to reform the faith via the insights of post-modernism and a reclaiming of the truth beyond the verifiable historicity and factuality of the passages in the Bible by affirming the truths within the stories that may not have actually happened."<ref name="Wolsey 2012">{{cite web|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/rev-roger-wolsey/progressive-christianity-isnt-progressive-politics_b_1897381.html|title=Progressive Christianity Isn't Progressive Politics|last=Wolsey|first=Roger|date=10 February 2012|work=The Huffington Post|access-date=16 January 2023}}</ref>

Progressive Christianity, as described by its adherents, is characterized by a willingness to question tradition, acceptance of human diversity, a strong emphasis on [[social justice]] and care for the poor and the oppressed, and environmental stewardship of the earth. Progressive Christians have a deep belief in the centrality of the instruction to "[[love one another]]" (John 15:17) within the teachings of [[Jesus in Christianity|Jesus Christ]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Soul Play: What Is Progressive Christianity Exactly?|url=http://www.flipsidepress.org/content/soul-play%3A-what-progressive-christianity-exactly%3F|work=The Flip Side|publisher=University of Wisconsin – Eau Claire|access-date=23 December 2012}}{{dead link|date=July 2020|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> It is largely a western, Anglosphere movement, with ecumenical and cross-denominational currents and influences. It is particularly influential in [[mainline Protestantism]], with some influence among [[Liberal Catholicism|liberal]] and Post-[[Vatican II]] Roman Catholicism (especially those influenced by movements such as [[liberation theology]]), and American evangelicalism, particularly the [[emerging Church]] and [[exvangelical]] movements, and the [[evangelical left]].

{{Historical Christian theology}}

==History==
===Origins===
{{Progressivism sidebar}}
The term "progressive Christianity" was first coined by German-American Lutheran pastor and scholar, Rev. John H. W. Stuckenberg. "I favor a progressive Christianity based on the living teachings of Christ and his Apostles. I am opposed to the stagnation created by religious dogmatism and traditionalism, and wish none of my possessions to be used in the interest of this stagnation." (last will and testament, June 6, 1898) <ref>{{cite web | url=https://neatnik2009.wordpress.com/2017/12/09/feast-of-john-h-w-stuckenberg-may-28/ | title=Feast of John H. W. Stuckenberg (May 28) | date=9 December 2017 }}</ref>

A priority of justice and care for the down-trodden are a recurrent theme in the [[Nevi'im|Hebrew prophetic tradition]] inherited by [[Christianity]].<ref>{{cite web|last=Ess|first=Charles|title=Prophetic, Wisdom, and Apocalyptic Traditions in Judaism and Christianity|url=http://www.drury.edu/ess/alpha/prophet.html|publisher=Drury University|access-date=23 December 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120223192217/http://www.drury.edu/ess/alpha/prophet.html|archive-date=23 February 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref> This has been reflected in many later Christian traditions of service and [[Christian ministry|ministry]], and more recently in the United States of America through Christian involvement in political trends such as the [[Progressive Movement]] and the [[Social Gospel]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Boulton|first=Wayne G., Thomas D. Kennedy and Allen Verhey|title=From Christ to the World: Introductory Readings in Christian Ethics|year=1994|publisher=Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing|location=Grand Rapids MI|isbn=0-8028-0640-6|pages=134–136|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JstVXOH75LwC}}</ref>

Throughout the 20th century, a strand of progressive or liberal Christian thought outlined the values of a 'good [[society]]'. It stresses fairness, justice, responsibility, and compassion, and condemns the forms of governance that wage [[Just war|unjust war]], rely on corruption for continued power, deprive the poor of facilities, or exclude particular racial or sexual groups from fair participation in national liberties. It was influential in the US [[mainline (Protestant)|mainline]] churches, and reflected global trends in [[student activism]]. It contributed to the [[Christian ecumenism|ecumenical movement]], as represented internationally by the [[World Student Christian Federation]] and the [[World Council of Churches]] internationally, and at the national level through groups such as the [[National Council of Churches]] in the US and [[Australian Student Christian Movement]].

===Contemporary movement===
{{Globalize|section|date=March 2024}}
The ascendancy of [[evangelicalism]] in the US, particularly in its more socially conservative forms, challenged many people in mainline churches.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://blog.christianitytoday.com/ctpolitics/2011/05/sojourners_decl.html|title=Sojourners Declines LGBT 'Welcome' Ad|author-first1=Sarah|author-last1=Pulliam Bailey|date=9 May 2011|work=Christianity Today|access-date=13 January 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111211102351/http://blog.christianitytoday.com/ctpolitics/2011/05/sojourners_decl.html|archive-date=11 December 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref>  This has enabled many Christians who are uncomfortable with conservative evangelicalism to identify themselves explicitly as "progressive Christians".

Notable initiatives within the movement for progressive Christianity include [[Progressive Christianity (organization)|Progressive Christianity]] and Faithful America.  The ''[[Sojourners]]'' magazine was founded in 1971 by the [[Sojourners Community]] and was the first progressive magazine.<ref>{{cite book|first1=Brantley W. |last1=Gasaway|title=Progressive Evangelicals and the Pursuit of Social Justice|publisher=University of North Carolina Press|location=USA|year=2014|page=14}}</ref> In 2007, the [[Red-Letter Christians]] movement was founded by [[Tony Campolo]] and [[Shane Claiborne]] to insist to Jesus' words by promoting biblical values such as peace, the fight against [[poverty]], the defense of [[peace]], building strong families, respecting [[human rights]] and welcoming foreigners.<ref>{{cite web|first1=Nick |last1=Tabor|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/magazine/2020/01/06/can-this-preachers-progressive-version-evangelical-christianity-catch-with-new-generation/|title=Can this preacher's progressive version of evangelical Christianity catch on with a new generation?|work=Washington Post|location=USA|date=January 6, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|first1=Rosie |last1=Dawson|url=https://religionnews.com/2019/01/04/red-letter-christians-gear-up-for-uk-launch/|title=Red Letter Christians gear up for UK launch|work=Religion News|location=USA|date=January 4, 2019}}</ref>

In the UK, the Progressive Christianity Britain network has adopted eight [[non-credal]] points which reflect the nature of a Christian life explored from a progressive standpoint.<ref>Progressive Christian Network Britain, [https://www.pcnbritain.org.uk/ Homepage], accessed 19 January 2024</ref> The network holds group meetings in many locations around the country.<ref>PCN Britain, [https://www.pcnbritain.org.uk/locations Groups and Churches], accessed 16 January 2024</ref>

According to [[Archbishop]] Wynn Wagner of the former [[North American Old Catholic Church]], holding to the ideals of progressive Christianity sets the movement apart from traditional [[Christianity]]. Inclusiveness and acceptance is the basic posture of progressive Christianity.<ref>{{cite book|first1=Wynn |last1=Wagner III|url=https://www.amazon.com/dp/144999279X|title=A Pilgrim's Guide to the Old Catholic Church|publisher=Mystic Ways|year=2009|ISBN=978-1-4499-9279-8}}</ref>{{page needed|date=May 2025}}

==Themes and variations==

Progressive Christianity is the post-modern influenced evolution of historic mainline liberal Protestant Christianity and it is an heir to the [[Social Gospel]] movement. It draws from [[process theology]], [[liberation theology]], [[feminist theology]], [[womanist theology]], and [[eco-theology]] as well. Progressive Christianity focuses on promoting values such as compassion, justice, mercy, and tolerance, often through political activism. Though prominent, the movement is by no means the only significant movement of progressive thought among Christians. It draws influence from multiple theological streams, including [[evangelicalism]], liberal Christianity, [[neo-orthodoxy]], [[pragmatism]], postmodern theology, and [[liberation theology]].<ref>{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20070928144414/http://www.progressivechristianwitness.org/pcw.cfm?id=13&p=3 Witness Articles - Progressive Christian Witness<!-- Bot generated title -->]}}</ref> The concerns of feminism are also a major influence on the movement, as expressed in [[Feminist theology|feminist]] and [[Womanist theology|womanist]] theologies.<ref>Cobb, John, Jr., ed. ''Progressive Christians Speak: A Different Voice on Faith and Politics'', Progressive Christians Uniting, Westminster John Knox Press, 2003. p. 72. {{ISBN|9780664225896}}</ref><ref>Flunder, Yvette, ''Where the Edge Gathers: Building a Community of Radical Inclusion'', Pilgrim Press, 2005. {{ISBN|9780829816389}}</ref><ref>[[Carter Heyward|Heyward, Carter]], ''Saving Jesus From Those Who Are Right: Rethinking what it means to be Christian'', Fortress Press, 1999. {{ISBN|9780800629663}}</ref> Although ''progressive Christianity'' and ''liberal Christianity'' are often used synonymously, the two movements are distinct, despite much overlap.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sdc.unitingchurch.org.au/WestarProgressiveArticle.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111008175803/http://www.sdc.unitingchurch.org.au/WestarProgressiveArticle.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-date=8 October 2011 |title=Grassroots Progressive Christianity A Quiet Revolution |author=Hal Taussig |date=May–June 2006}}</ref>  While there is some philosophical overlap, progressive Christianity is not synonymous with [[progressive politics]].<ref name="Wolsey 2012"/>

The term was first coined by German-American, Lutheran pastor and scholar, Rev. John H. W. Stuckenberg. "I favor a progressive Christianity based on the living teachings of Christ and his Apostles. I am opposed to the stagnation created by religious dogmatism and traditionalism, and wish none of my possessions to be used in the interest of this stagnation." (last will and testament, June 6, 1898) <ref>{{cite web | url=https://neatnik2009.wordpress.com/2017/12/09/feast-of-john-h-w-stuckenberg-may-28/ | title=Feast of John H. W. Stuckenberg (May 28) | date=9 December 2017 }}</ref>
The term was later embraced by retired Episcopal priest Rev. Jim Adams who founded The Center for Progressive Christianity in 1996—which has since become ProgressiveChristianity.Org.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Progressive_Christianity_(organization) | title=Progressive Christianity (Organization) }}</ref> That organization has promoted "The 8 Points of Progressive Christianity",<ref>https://progressivechristianity.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/09/Past-versions-of-Core-Values.pdf</ref> and has since established the 5 Core Values of Progressive Christianity <ref>[https://progressivechristianity.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/10/The-Core-Values-of-Progressive-Christianity-Poster.pdf]</ref>
other variations include The Phoenix Confessions.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://progressivechristianity.org/resource/the-phoenix-affirmations-full-version/ | title=The Phoenix Affirmations Full Version }}</ref>

As Wolsey describes, "Over the past decades, there has been a growing movement to reclaim Christianity from those who've distorted it into something that Jesus [progressive Christians contend] and his earliest followers wouldn't easily recognize—conservative evangelicalism and fundamentalism. The movement has emerged on two fronts, roughly simultaneously. One wing comes from the mainline Protestant and Catholic Churches that, due to the shift from modern era mindsets into postmodern ones, have shifted from liberal theology to "progressive" Christianity. The other wing comes from young people within the Evangelical communities who are questioning and redefining their tradition and is known as "emergent" Christianity. Combined, these movements are a new Reformation. The "ex-"evangelicals from the emerging Christianity have recently come to refer to themselves a progressive Christians so the moniker has become a universal umbrella term."

The following is the working definition used in Roger Wolsey's book ''Kissing Fish'': 
"Progressive Christianity is a post-liberal approach to the Christian faith that is influenced by postmodernism and: proclaims Jesus of Nazareth as Christ; emphasizes the Way and teachings of Jesus, not merely His person; emphasizes God's immanence not merely God's transcendence; leans toward panentheism rather than supernatural theism; emphasizes salvation here and now instead of primarily in heaven later; emphasizes being saved for robust, abundant/eternal life over being saved from hell; emphasizes the social/communal aspects of salvation instead of merely the personal; stresses social justice, environmental protection, and non-violence as integral to Christian discipleship; takes the Bible seriously but not necessarily literally, embracing a more interpretive, metaphorical understanding; emphasizes orthopraxy instead of orthodoxy (right actions over right beliefs); embraces reason as well as paradox and mystery—instead of blind allegiance to rigid doctrines and dogmas; does not consider homosexuality to be sinful; and does not claim that Christianity is the only valid or viable way to connect to God (is non-exclusive)." p.63-64

===Seventh-day Adventism===
{{Main|Progressive Adventism}}
Within the [[Seventh-day Adventist Church]], the liberal wing describe themselves as "progressive Adventists". They disagree with some of the traditional teachings of the church. While most are still of evangelical persuasion, a minority are liberal Christians.{{citation needed|date=September 2018}}

===Environmental ministries===
Central to this recovery of awe in the cosmos is the [[epic of evolution]], the 14-billion-year history of the universe. Scientists ([[Edward O. Wilson]], [[Brian Swimme]], [[Eric Chaisson]], [[Ursula Goodenough]] and others) initiated this story which has been perpetuated with a religion component by some liberal theologians ([[Gordon D. Kaufman]], [[Jerome A. Stone]], [[Michael Dowd]], etc.).<ref>* Edward O. Wilson, ''On Human Nature'', Harvard University Press,1979,{{ISBN|0-674-01638-6}}
:*''The Universe Story: From the Primordial Flaring Forth to the Ecozoic Era'': A Celebration of the Unfolding of the Cosmos; Brian Swimme, Harper, 1992 (1994, {{ISBN|0-06-250835-0}})
:*Ursula Goodenough - ''Sacred Depths of Nature'', Oxford University Press, USA; 1 edition (15 June 2000), {{ISBN|0-19-513629-2}}
:*Eric Chaisson - ''Epic of Evolution,'' Columbia University Press (2 March 2007), {{ISBN|0-231-13561-0}}</ref><ref>* Jerome A. Stone - ''Religious Naturalism Today: The Rebirth of a Forgotten Alternative'', State U. of New York Press (Dec 2008), {{ISBN|0-7914-7537-9}}
:* {{cite book |author1=Michael Dowd |author1-link=Michael Dowd |title=Thank God for Evolution! How the Marriage of Science and Religion Will Transform Your Life and Our World |date=June 2008 |publisher=Council Oak Books |isbn=978-1-57178-210-6 |url=https://archive.org/details/thankgodforevolu0000dowd/mode/2up}}
:*Gordon Kaufman - ''In the Beginning….Creativity'', Augsburg Fortress Publishers (July 2004), {{ISBN|0-8006-6093-5}}</ref>

Evolutionary evangelist and progressive minister [[Michael Dowd]] uses the term Epic of Evolution or Great Story to help construct his viewpoint of evolution theology. His position is that science and religious faith are not mutually exclusive (a form of [[religious naturalism]]).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://thankgodforevolution.com/node/1128|title=Evolution Theology: Religion 2.0 - Thank God For Evolution|work=thankgodforevolution.com}}</ref> He preaches that the epic of cosmic, biological, and human evolution, revealed by science, is a basis for an inspiring and meaningful view of our place in the universe and a new approach to religion. Evolution is viewed as a religious spiritual process that is not meaningless blind chance.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://thankgodforevolution.com/book|title=The Book - Thank God For Evolution|work=thankgodforevolution.com}}</ref>

==Criticism==
Geoff Thompson argues that progressive Christianity, as represented by [[Gretta Vosper]] and [[John Shelby Spong]], "often over-reaches its arguments".<ref name="Thompson 2011">{{cite journal|url=http://trinity.qld.edu.au/wp-content/uploads/2011/06/UTC_Essay05.pdf |journal=Uniting Theology and Church |issue=5 |date=February 2011|author= Geoff Thompson|title=Progressive Christianity: Testing Its Arguments |url-status=unfit |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140223094904/http://trinity.qld.edu.au/wp-content/uploads/2011/06/UTC_Essay05.pdf |archive-date=23 February 2014 }}</ref> In particular, he concludes that "[i]t is very difficult to see how what [Vosper] proposes needs any church or even the minimalist, idiosyncratic definition of Christianity which she offers".<ref name="Thompson 2011"/>

==Major festivals and conferences==

* The [[Greenbelt Festival]]
* The [[Wild Goose Festival]]
* Christianity21 conferences
* The Lion & the Lamb Festival
* The Embrace Festival

==Influential progressive Christians== 

*[[John Shelby Spong]]
*[[Marcus Borg]]
*[[Diana Butler Bass]]
*[[Brian McLaren]]
*[[John Dominic Crossan]]
*[[Richard Rohr]]
*[[Yvette Flunder]]
*[[David Felten]]
*[[Malynda Hale]]
*[[Nakedpastor|David Hayward]]
*[[John Pavlovitz]]
*[[Rachel Held Evans]]
*[[Doug Pagitt]]
*[[Scott McKnight]]

==See also==
{{portal|Christianity}}
{{div col|colwidth=20em}}
* [[Catholic Worker Movement]]
* [[Christian anarchism]]
* [[Christian existentialism]]
* [[Christian feminism]]
* [[Christian humanism]]
* [[Christian left]]
* [[Christian socialism]]
* [[Christian Universalism]]
* [[Christian views on poverty and wealth]]
* [[Christianity and homosexuality]]
* [[Christianity and politics]]
* [[Egalitarianism]]
* [[Emerging church]]
* [[Engaged Spirituality]]
* [[Evangelical left]]
* [[Free Christians (Britain)]]
* [[Fundamentalist–Modernist controversy]]
* [[Historical-critical method]]
* [[LGBT-affirming Christian denominations]]
* [[Living the Questions]], curriculum resources for progressive Christians
* [[Mainline Protestant]]
* [[Modernism (Roman Catholicism)]]
* [[National Union for Social Justice]]
* [[Patheos]]
* [[Peace churches]]
* [[Political theology]]
* [[Postmillennialism]]
* [[Postmodern Christianity]]
* ''[[The Progressive Christian]]'', magazine published from 1823 to 2011
* [[Red-Letter Christian|Red Letter Christians]]
* [[Religious pluralism]]
* [[Rerum novarum]]
* [[Secular humanism]]
* [[Secular religion]]
* [[Social justice]] and [[social injustice|injustice]]
* [[Queer theology]]
* [[Unitarianism]]
* [[Unitarian Universalism]]
* [[Women's ordination]]
{{div col end}}

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

[[Category:Christian philosophy]]
[[Category:Christian movements]]
[[Category:Christian terminology]]