Editing Progressive creationism

{{Short description|Belief that God created life gradually}}
{{creationism2}}

'''Progressive creationism'''  is the religious belief that [[God]] created new forms of life gradually over a period of hundreds of millions of years. As a form of [[old Earth creationism]], it accepts mainstream [[geological]] and [[cosmology|cosmological]] estimates for the [[age of the Earth]], some tenets of [[biology]] such as [[microevolution]] as well as [[archaeology]] to make its case.  In this view creation occurred in rapid bursts in which all "kinds" of plants and animals appear in stages lasting millions of years.  The bursts are followed by periods of stasis or equilibrium to accommodate new arrivals.  These bursts represent instances of [[God]] creating new types of organisms by divine intervention.  As viewed from the archaeological record, progressive creationism holds that "species do not gradually appear by the steady transformation of its ancestors; [but] appear all at once and "fully formed."<ref>Gould, Stephen J. ''The Panda's Thumb'' (New York: W.W. Norton & CO., 1982), page 182.</ref>

The view rejects [[macroevolution]], claiming it is biologically untenable and not supported by the [[fossil record]],<ref>Bocchino, Peter; Geisler, Norman "Unshakable Foundations" (Minneapolis: Bethany House., 2001). Pages 141-188</ref> as well as rejects the concept of universal descent from a [[last universal common ancestor]]. Thus the evidence for macroevolution is claimed to be false, but microevolution is accepted as a genetic parameter designed by the Creator into the fabric of genetics to allow for environmental adaptations and survival. Generally, it is viewed by proponents as a middle ground between [[Young Earth Creationism|literal creationism]] and [[theistic evolution]].

==Historical development==
At the end of the 18th century, the French [[anatomist]] [[Georges Cuvier]] proposed that there had been a series of successive creations due to [[catastrophism]]. Cuvier believed that God destroyed previously created forms through regional catastrophes such as floods and afterwards repopulated the region with new forms.<ref>A Companion to Biological Anthropology, Clark Spencer Larson, 2010, p. 555</ref> The French [[naturalist]] [[Alcide d'Orbigny]] held similar ideas; he linked different stages in the [[geologic time scale]] to separate creation events. At the time these ideas were not popular with strict Christians. In defense of the theory of successive creations, [[Pierre Toussaint Marcel de Serres de Mesplès|Marcel de Serres]] (1783–1862), a French [[geologist]], suggested that new creations grow more and more perfect as the time goes on.<ref>Gabriel Gohau, Albert V. Carozzi, Marguerite Carozzi, A history of geology, 1990, p. 161</ref>

The idea that there had been a series of episodes of divine creation of new species with many thousands of years in between them, serving to prepare the world for the eventual arrival of humanity, was popular with [[Anglican]] [[geologist]]s like [[William Buckland]] in the early 19th century; they proposed it as an explanation for the patterns of [[faunal succession]] in the fossil record that showed that the types of organisms that lived on the earth had changed over time. Buckland explained the idea in detail in his book ''Geology and Mineralogy considered with reference to Natural Theology'' (1836), which was one of the eight ''[[Bridgewater Treatises]]''. Buckland presented this idea in part to counter pre-Darwin theories on the [[transmutation of species]].<ref>Cadbury (2000) pp. 190–94</ref> The Scottish geologist and evangelical Christian [[Hugh Miller]] also argued for many separate creation events brought about by divine interventions, and explained his ideas in his book ''The testimony of the rocks; or, Geology in its bearings on the two theologies, natural and revealed'' in 1857.<ref>Science and religion in the nineteenth century, Tess Cosslett, 1984, p. 67</ref>

[[Louis Agassiz]], a Swiss-American naturalist, argued for separate divine creations. In his work he noted similarities of distribution of like [[species]] in different geological era; a phenomenon clearly not the result of migration.  Agassiz questioned how fish of the same species live in lakes well separated with no joining waterway. He concluded they were created at both locations. According to Agassiz the intelligent adaptation of creatures to their environments testified to an intelligent plan. The conclusions of his studies led him to believe that whichever [[region]] each animal was found in, it was created there: "animals are naturally autochthones wherever they are found". After further research he later extended this idea to humans; he wrote that different [[race (classification of humans)|race]]s had been created separately. This became known as his theory of [[polygenism]].<ref>Scott Mandelbrote, Nature and Scripture in the Abrahamic Religions: 1700–Present, Volume 2, 2009, pp. 159–64</ref><ref>A Companion to Biological Anthropology, Clark Spencer Larsen, 2010 p. 556</ref>

===Revival===
The [[American Scientific Affiliation]] (ASA) was founded in the early 1940s as an organization of orthodox Christian scientists.<ref>Numbers (2006) p. 181</ref>  Although its original leadership favored [[Biblical literalism]] and it was intended to be anti-evolutionary, it rejected the creationist theories propounded by [[George McCready Price]] ([[young Earth creationism]]) and [[Harry Rimmer]] ([[gap creationism]]), and it was soon moving rapidly in the direction of [[theistic evolution]], with some members "stopping off" on the less [[Fundamentalist–Modernist Controversy|Modernist]] view that they called "progressive creationism." It was a view developed in the 1930s by [[Wheaton College (Illinois)|Wheaton College]] graduate [[Russell L. Mixter]].<ref>Numbers (2006) pp. 194–95</ref> In 1954 Baptist theologian and [[Christian apologist]] [[Bernard Ramm]] (an associate of the inner circle of the ASA) wrote ''The Christian View of Science and Scripture'', advocating Progressive Creationism which did away with the necessity for a [[young Earth creationism|young Earth]], a [[Genesis flood|global flood]] and the recent appearance of humans.<ref>Numbers (2006) p. 208</ref>

==Modern progressive creationism==
In contrast to young Earth creationists, progressive creationists accept the [[geological column]] of the progressive appearance of plants and animals through time. To their viewpoint it accurately reflects the order in which God sequentially created kinds of organisms, starting with simple, single-celled organisms and progressing to complex multicellular organisms and the present day. They do not however accept the [[scientific consensus]] that these kinds evolved from each other, and believe that kinds are genetically limited, such that one cannot change into another.<ref name=Scott>{{cite web |url=http://ncse.com/creationism/general/creationevolution-continuum |title=The Creation/Evolution Continuum |access-date=2010-12-03 |author=Eugenie C. Scott |author-link=Eugenie C. Scott  |date=December 7, 2000 |publisher=[[National Center for Science Education]] }} including text from Chapter 3 of ''Evolution vs. Creationism: An Introduction'', second edition, 2009, by Eugenie C. Scott.</ref>

Proponents of the Progressive creation theory include [[astronomer]] and [[Christian apologetics|apologist]] [[Hugh Ross (creationist)|Hugh Ross]], whose organization, Reasons To Believe, accepts the scientifically determined [[age of the Earth]] but seeks to disprove [[Darwinian evolution]].

==Interpretation of Genesis==
{{Primary sources|section|date=January 2009}}
{{see also|Genesis creation narrative}}

[[Bernard Ramm]] adopted the view (developed by P. J. Wiseman) that "creation was "revealed [pictorially] in six days, not ''performed'' in six days", with God intervening periodically to create new "root-species" which then "radiated" out. This allowed geological formations such as coal to form naturally, so that they "might appear a natural product and not an artificial insertion in Nature", prior to the creation of mankind.<ref>Numbers(2006) p210-211</ref>

Progressive creationist and astrophysicist [[Hugh Ross (astrophysicist)|Hugh Ross]] adheres to a literal translation of Genesis 1 and 2 and holds to the principle that "Scripture interprets Scripture” to shed light on the context of the Creation account.<ref>Ross(2004) p71</ref>  Using this principle, Progressive Creationist [[Alan Hayward]] cites Hebrews 4, which discusses in the context of the creation story, a continued Seventh Day of creation.<ref>Heyward(1995) p177</ref>  Ross ties this literal view of a lengthy seventh day to the Creation account in which he describes the Hebrew word "yom" to have multiple translation possibilities, ranging from 24 hours, year, time, age, or eternity/always.<ref>Ross(1994) p46</ref>  Ross contends that at the end of each Genesis "day", with the ''exception'' of the seventh "day", the phrase, “...and there was evening and there was morning,” is used to put a terminus to each event.<ref>Ross(2004) p76</ref> The omission of that phrase on the Seventh Day, is in harmony with the literal translation of Hebrews 4’s continuing Seventh Day.<ref>Ross(2004) p81</ref>

From a theological perspective, Robert Newman addresses a problem with this particular model of lengthy Genesis days, in that it puts physical plant and animal death before the fall of Man, which according to most [[Young Earth creationism]] is considered unscriptural.  Old Earth creationists interpret death due to the fall of man as spiritual death specifically related to the context of man himself.  Another problem with Progressive Creationism is due to the complicated nature of a model that arises from an attempt not to favor science over Scripture and vice versa, potentially angering both schools of thought with this compromise.<ref>Newman(September 1995) p172</ref> However, progressive creationists would argue that science and scripture are not conflicting, but rather supporting each other.

==See also==
* [[Reasons to Believe]]
* [[Dating creation]]
* [[Great chain of being]]
* [[Yom]]

==Notes==
{{Reflist}}

==References==
*{{cite book
  |last=Cadbury
  |first=Deborah
  |author-link=Deborah Cadbury
  |title=The Dinosaur Hunters: A True Story of Scientific Rivalry and the Discovery of the Prehistoric World
  |url=https://archive.org/details/dinosaurhunterss0000cadb
  |url-access=registration
  |publisher=Fourth Estate, London
  |year=2000
  |isbn=1-85702-963-1
}}
*{{cite book
  | last = Hayward
  | first = Alan
  | author-link = Alan Hayward
  | title = Creation and Evolution:  Rethinking the Evidence from Science and the Bible
  | publisher = Bethany House Publishers
  | date = March 1995
  | isbn = 1-55661-679-1
  | url = https://archive.org/details/creationevolutio00hayw
  }}
*{{cite book
  | last = Jastrow
  | first = Robert
  | author-link = Robert Jastrow
  | title = God and the Astronomers:  Second Edition
  | publisher = W. W. Norton & Company; 2 edition
  | year = 2000
  | isbn = 0-393-85006-4
  | url = https://archive.org/details/godastronomerss00robe
  }}
*{{cite book
  | last = Newman
  | first = Robert
  | author-link = Robert S. Newman
  | title = Scientific and Religious Aspects of the Origins Debate
  | publisher = The American Scientific Affiliation
  | date=September 1995
}}
*{{cite book
  | last = Numbers
  | first = Ronald
  | author-link = Ronald Numbers
  | title = [[The Creationists]]: From Scientific Creationism to Intelligent Design, Expanded Edition
  | publisher = Harvard University Press
  | date = November 30, 2006
  | isbn = 0-674-02339-0
  | page = [https://archive.org/details/creationistsfrom0000numb/page/624 624 pages]
  }}
*{{cite book
  | last = Ross
  | first = Hugh
  | author-link = Hugh Ross (creationist)
  | title = A Matter of Days:  Resolving a Creation Controversy
  | publisher = Navpress Publishing Group
  | date=March 2004
  | isbn = 1-57683-375-5
}}
*{{cite book
  | last = Ross
  | first = Hugh
  | author-link = Hugh Ross (creationist)
  | title = Creation and Time: A Biblical and Scientific Perspective on the Creation-Date Controversy
  | url = https://archive.org/details/creationtimebibl0000ross
  | url-access = registration
  | publisher = Navpress Publishing Group
  | date=March 1994
  | isbn = 0-89109-777-5
}}

==External links==
===Support===
*[http://www.reasons.org/ Reasons To Believe, Pasadena, CA.]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20090403201808/http://home.entouch.net/dmd/dmd.htm Research and Essays on Evolution and the Bible]
*[http://www.godandscience.org/youngearth/progressive.html Progressive Creation: An Overview]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/19980201031739/http://www.kiva.net/~kls/page2.html Essays and Biblical Studies on the Big Bang and Evolution]
===Criticism===
*[http://www.answersingenesis.org/home/area/faq/compromise.asp#progressive Hugh Ross and ‘progressive creationism’: why is it wrong to add billions of years to the Bible?]

{{Creationism topics}}

[[Category:Old Earth creationism]]