Editing Progressive music

{{Short description|Type of music that emphasizes expansion of form and stylistic variety}}
{{Other uses}}
{{good article}}
[[File:(Portrait of Stan Kenton, Shelly Manne, and Eddie Safranski, 1947 or 1948) (LOC) (5354790936) (cropped).jpg|upright=1.2|thumb|Bandleader [[Stan Kenton]] coined "progressive jazz" for his complex, loud, and brassy approach to [[big band]] jazz that conveyed an association with [[art music]].<ref name="AMProgJazz" />]]

'''Progressive music''' is music that attempts to expand existing stylistic boundaries associated with specific [[music genre|genres]] of music.<ref>{{harvnb|Willis|2014|p=219|loc='Progressive' music can be seen as an experimentation with alternative routes"}}; {{harvnb|Moore|2004|p=22|loc="What was so revolutionary about this post-hippie music that came to be called 'progressive'&nbsp;... was that&nbsp;... the umbilical link between idiolect and style had been broken."}}; {{harvnb|Macan|1997|p=246|loc="the progressive rock of the 1970s had been 'progressive' only as long as it pushed the stylistic and conceptual boundaries of rock outwards"}}</ref>  The word comes from the basic concept of "[[:wiktionary:progress|progress]]", which refers to advancements through accumulation,{{sfn|Holm-Hudson|2013|p=85}} and is often deployed in the context of distinct genres, with [[progressive rock]] being the most notable example.<ref>{{harvnb|Guern|2016|p=33}}; {{harvnb|Martin|1998|p=41}}.</ref> Music that is deemed "progressive" usually synthesizes influences from various cultural domains, such as European [[art music]], [[Celtic folk]], [[Indian music|West Indian]], or [[African music|African]].{{sfn|Holm-Hudson|2013|pp=85–87}} It is rooted in the idea of a [[cultural alternative]],{{sfn|Macan|2005|p=250}} and may also be associated with [[auteur-stars]] and [[concept album]]s, considered traditional structures of the [[music industry]].{{sfn|Reynolds|2013|pp=6–7, 16}}

As an [[art theory]], the progressive approach falls between [[formalism (art)|formalism]] and [[Eclecticism in music|eclecticism]].{{sfn|Holm-Hudson|2013|pp=16, 85–87}}{{sfn|Cotner|2000|p=90}} "Formalism" refers to a preoccupation with established external compositional systems, structural unity, and the autonomy of individual art works. Like formalism, "eclecticism" connotes a predilection toward style synthesis or integration. However, contrary to formalist tendencies, eclecticism foregrounds discontinuities between historical and contemporary styles and [[electronic media]], sometimes referring simultaneously to vastly different musical genres, idioms, and [[culture code|cultural codes]].{{sfn|Cotner|2000|p=93}} In [[marketing]], "progressive" is used to distinguish a product from "[[Commercialism|commercial]]" [[pop music]].<ref name=Moore202>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=S6DeCwAAQBAJ&pg=PT202|page=202|title=Song Means: Analysing and Interpreting Recorded Popular Song|isbn= 978-1-317-05265-4|author=Allan F. Moore|publisher=Routledge|date= 1 Apr 2016}}</ref> 

==Jazz==
{{Redirect|Progressive jazz|other uses|Progressive jazz (disambiguation)}}
{{See also|Bebop|Cool jazz|Third stream|Jazz fusion}}

'''Progressive jazz''' is a form of [[big band]] that is more complex{{sfn|Ake|Garrett|Goldmark|2012|p=131}} or experimental.<ref name="AMProgJazz">{{cite web|title=Progressive Jazz|url=http://www.allmusic.com/subgenre/progressive-jazz-ma0000012362|website=[[AllMusic]]}}</ref> It originated in the 1940s with arrangers who drew from [[modernist]] composers such as [[Igor Stravinsky]] and [[Paul Hindemith]].{{sfn|Ake|Garrett|Goldmark|2012|p=131}}{{refn|group=nb|According to academic Tim Wall, the most significant example of the struggle between [[Tin Pan Alley]], African American, [[art music|vernacular and art discourses]] was in jazz. As early as the 1930s, artists attempted to cultivate ideas of "symphonic jazz", taking it away from its perceived vernacular and black American roots. These developments succeeded in the respect that many people today no longer consider certain forms of jazz as popular music.{{sfn|Wall|2013|pp=42–43}} }} Its "progressive" features were replete with dissonance, atonality, and brash effects.{{sfn|Butler|2002|pp=103–105}} Progressive jazz was most popularized by the bandleader [[Stan Kenton]] during the 1940s.{{sfn|Ake|Garrett|Goldmark|2012|p=131}} Critics were initially wary of the idiom.{{sfn|Ake|Garrett|Goldmark|2012|p=131}} [[Dizzy Gillespie]] wrote in his autobiography: "They tried to make Stan Kenton a 'white hope', called modern jazz and my music 'progressive', then tried to tell me I played 'progressive' music. I said, 'You're full of shit!' 'Stan Kenton? There ain't nothing in my music that's cold, cold like his."{{sfn|Gillespie|2009|p=337}}

'''Progressive big band''' is a style of big band or [[swing music]] that was made for listening, with denser, more modernist arrangements and more room to improvise. The online music guide [[AllMusic]] states that, along with Kenton, musicians like [[Gil Evans]], [[Toshiko Akiyoshi]], [[Cal Massey]], [[Frank Foster (jazz musician)|Frank Foster]], [[Carla Bley]], [[George Gruntz]], [[David Amram]], [[Sun Ra]], and [[Duke Ellington]] were major proponents of the style.<ref name="AMProgBigBand">{{cite web|title=Progressive Big Band|url=http://www.allmusic.com/subgenre/progressive-big-band-ma0000012127|website=[[AllMusic]]}}</ref>

==Pop and rock==
{{Main article|Progressive pop|Progressive rock}}
{{See also|Art rock|Art pop|New Pop|Album era}}
{{Further|Experimental pop|Experimental rock}}

===Definitions===

"Progressive rock" is almost synonymous with "[[art rock]]"; the latter is more likely to have experimental or avant-garde influences.<ref name="AMProg">{{cite web|url=http://www.allmusic.com/subgenre/prog-rock-ma0000002798|website=[[AllMusic]]|title=Prog-Rock}}</ref> Although a unidirectional English "progressive" style emerged in the late 1960s, by 1967, progressive rock had come to constitute a diversity of loosely associated style codes.{{sfn|Cotner|2000|p=90}}{{refn|group=nb|The term was also partly related to [[progressive politics]], but those connotations were lost early in the 1970s.{{sfn|Robinson|2017|p=223}}}} With the arrival of a "progressive" label, the music was dubbed "[[progressive pop]]" before it was called "[[progressive rock]]".{{sfn|Moore|2004|p=22}}{{refn|group=nb|Starting in about 1967, "pop music" was increasingly used in opposition to the term "rock music", a division that gave generic significance to both terms.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Gloag|first1=Kenneth|editor1-last=Latham|editor1-first=Alison|title=The Oxford Companion to Music|date=2006|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=Oxford|isbn=0-19-866212-2|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780198662129}}</ref>}} "Progressive" referred to the wide range of attempts to break with the standard pop music formula.{{sfn|Haworth|Smith|1975|p=126}} A number of additional factors contributed to the label—lyrics were more poetic, technology was harnessed for new sounds, music approached the condition of "art", some harmonic language was imported from jazz and [[Romantic music|19th-century classical music]], [[Album Era|the album format overtook singles]], and the studio, rather than the stage, became the focus of musical activity, which often involved creating music for listening, not dancing.{{sfn|Moore|2016|pp=201–202}}

===Background===
{{See also|Acid rock|Proto-prog|Psychedelic rock}}
{{quote box|
 |quote=Up until the mid 1960s, individual idiolects always operated within particular styles. What was so revolutionary about this post-[[hippie]] music that came to be called 'progressive'&nbsp;... was that musicians acquired the facility to move between styles—the umbilical link between idiolect and style had been broken.
 |source=—Allan Moore{{sfn|Moore|2004|p=22}}
 |width = 30em
 |salign = right
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}}

During the mid 1960s, pop music made repeated forays into new sounds, styles, and techniques that inspired public discourse among its listeners. The word "progressive" was frequently used, and it was thought that every song and single was to be a "progression" from the last.{{sfn|Hewitt|Hellier|2015|p=162}} In 1966, the degree of social and artistic dialogue among rock musicians dramatically increased for bands such as [[the Beach Boys]], [[the Beatles]], and [[the Byrds]] who fused elements of [[cultivated music|composed (cultivated) music]] with the [[vernacular music|oral (vernacular) musical traditions]] of rock.{{sfn|Holm-Hudson|2013|p=85}} Rock music started to take itself seriously, paralleling earlier attempts in jazz (as swing gave way to bop, a move which did not succeed with audiences). In this period, the [[popular song]] began signaling a new possible means of expression that went beyond the three-minute [[love song]], leading to an intersection between the "underground" and the "establishment" for listening publics.{{sfn|Moore|2016|p=201}}{{refn|group=nb|Allan Moore writes; "It should be clear by now that, although this history appears to offer a roughly chronological succession of styles, there is no single, linear history to that thing we call ''popular song''.&nbsp;[...] Sometimes it appears that there are only peripheries. Sometimes, audiences gravitate towards a centre. The most prominent period when this happened was in the early to mid 1960s when it seems that almost everyone, irrespective of age, class or cultural background, listened to the Beatles. But by 1970 this monolothic position had again broken down. Both [[the Edgar Broughton Band]]'s 'Apache Dropout' and [[Edison Lighthouse]]'s '[[Love Grows (Where My Rosemary Goes)|Love grows]]' were released in 1970 with strong Midlands/London connections, and both were audible on the same radio stations, but were operating according to very different aesthetics."{{sfn|Moore|2016|pp=199–200}}}} The Beach Boys' leader [[Brian Wilson]] is credited for setting a precedent that allowed bands and artists to enter a recording studio and act as their own producers.{{sfn|Edmondson|2013|p=890}}

The music was developed immediately following a brief period in the mid 1960s where creative authenticity among musical artists and consumer marketing coincided with each other.{{sfn|Willis|2014|p=219}} Before the progressive pop of the late 1960s, performers were typically unable to decide on the artistic content of their music.{{sfn|Willis|2014|p=217}} Assisted by the mid 1960s economic boom, record labels began investing in artists, giving them freedom to experiment, and offering them limited control over their content and marketing.<ref name=Moore202/>{{refn|group=nb|This situation fell in disuse after the late 1970s and would not reemerge until the rise of [[Internet]] stars.{{sfn|Moore|2016|p=202}}}} The growing student market serviced record labels with the word "progressive", being adopted as a marketing term to differentiate their product from "commercial" pop.<ref name=Moore202/> [[Music journalism|Music critic]] [[Simon Reynolds]] writes that beginning with 1967, a divide would exist between "progressive" pop and "mass/chart" pop, a separation which was "also, broadly, one between boys and girls, middle-class and working-class".{{sfn|Reynolds|2006|p=398}}{{refn|group=nb|The [[New Pop]] movement of the 1980s was an attempt to bridge this divide.{{sfn|Reynolds|2006|p=398}}}} Before progressive/art rock became the most commercially successful British sound of the early 1970s, the 1960s [[psychedelia|psychedelic movement]] brought together art and [[commercialism]], broaching the question of what it meant to be an artist in a mass medium.{{sfn|Frith|Horne|2016|p=99}} Progressive musicians thought that artistic status depended on personal autonomy, and so the strategy of "progressive" rock groups was to present themselves as performers and composers "above" normal pop practice.{{sfn|Frith|Horne|2016|pp=74, 99–100}}{{refn|group=nb|By 1970, a journalist at ''[[Melody Maker]]'' highlighted progressive pop as the "most fascinating and recent development" in popular music, writing that the music is "meant for a wide audience but which is intended to have more permanent value than the six weeks in the charts and the 'forget it' music of older pop forms".{{sfn|Jacobshagen|Leniger|Henn|2007|p=141}}}}

[[File:DarkSideOfTheMoon1973.jpg|thumb|[[Pink Floyd]] performing ''[[The Dark Side of the Moon]]'' (1973), the best-selling album of the entire progressive rock period.{{sfn|Priore|2005|p=79}}]]

"[[Proto-prog]]" is a retrospective label for the first wave of progressive rock musicians.{{sfn|Holm-Hudson|2013|p=84}} The musicians that approached this genre harnessed [[modern classical]] and other genres usually outside of traditional rock influences, longer and more complicated compositions, interconnected songs as medley, and studio composition.{{sfn|Greene|2016|p=182}} Progressive rock itself evolved from [[psychedelic rock|psychedelic]]/[[acid rock]] music,{{sfn|Holm-Hudson|2013|p=85}} specifically a strain of classical/symphonic rock led by [[the Nice]], [[Procol Harum]], and [[the Moody Blues]].<ref name="AMProg"/>{{refn|group=nb|Author Doyle Greene believes that the "proto-prog" label can stretch to "the later [[Beatles]] and [[Frank Zappa]]", [[Pink Floyd]], [[Soft Machine]], and [[United States of America (band)|United States of America]].{{sfn|Greene|2016|p=182}} Edward Macan says that psychedelic bands like the Nice, the Moody Blues, and Pink Floyd represent a proto-progressive style and the first wave of English progressive rock.{{sfn|Holm-Hudson|2013|p=84}}}} Critics assumed [[King Crimson]]'s debut album ''[[In the Court of the Crimson King]]'' (1969) to be the logical extension and development of late 1960s proto-progressive rock exemplified by the Moody Blues, Procol Harum, [[Pink Floyd]], and the Beatles.{{sfn|Macan|2005|p=75}} According to Macan, the album may be the most influential to progressive rock for crystallizing the music of earlier "proto-progressive bands&nbsp;[...] into a distinctive, immediately recognizable style".{{sfn|Macan|1997|p=23}} He distinguishes 1970s "classic" prog from late 1960s proto-prog by the conscious rejection of psychedelic rock elements, which proto-progressive bands continued to incorporate.{{sfn|Macan|2005|p=xxiii}}

===Post-progressive===
{{Main|Post-progressive}}
{{See also|Post-punk|New wave music}}

"[[Post-progressive]]" is a term invented to distinguish a type of rock music from the persistent "progressive rock" style associated with the 1970s.{{sfn|Hegarty|Halliwell|2011|p=224}} In the mid to late 1970s, progressive music was denigrated for its assumed pretentiousness, specifically the likes of [[Yes (band)|Yes]], [[Genesis (band)|Genesis]], and [[Emerson, Lake & Palmer]].{{sfn|Rojek|2011|p=28}} According to musicologist John Covach, "by the early 1980s, progressive rock was thought to be all but dead as a style, an idea reinforced by the fact that some of the principal progressive groups has developed a more commercial sound. [...] What went out of the music of these now ex-progressive groups [...] was any significant evocation of art music."{{sfn|Covach|1997|p=5}} In the opinion of King Crimson's [[Robert Fripp]], "progressive" music was an attitude, not a style. He believed that genuinely "progressive" music pushes stylistic and conceptual boundaries outwards through the appropriation of procedures from classical music or jazz, and that once "progressive rock" ceased to cover new ground – becoming a set of conventions to be repeated and imitated – the genre's premise had ceased to be "progressive".{{sfn|Macan|1997|p=206}} {{anchor|Progressive punk}}

A direct reaction to prog came in the form of the [[punk movement]], which rejected classical traditions,{{sfn|Rojek|2011|p=28}} virtuosity, and textural complexity.{{sfn|Covach|1997|p=5}}{{refn|group=nb|Groups such as [[the Sex Pistols]], [[the Clash]], and the [[Ramones]] adopted a "back-to-basics" stance, embracing the roots of rock music with direct sentiments, simple chord structures, and uncluttered arrangements.{{sfn|Rojek|2011|p=28}} While punk rock appeared to be a negation of progressive rock, both styles of music derived from the idea of a cultural alternative.{{sfn|Macan|2005|p=250}} }} [[Post-punk]], which author Doyle Green characterizes "as a kind of {{'}}'''progressive punk'''{{'"}},{{sfn|Greene|2014|p=173}} was played by bands like [[Talking Heads]], [[Pere Ubu]], [[Public Image Ltd]], and [[Joy Division]].{{sfn|Rojek|2011|p=28}} It differs from punk rock by balancing punk's energy and skepticism with a re-engagement with an [[art school]] consciousness, [[Dadaist]] experimentalism, and atmospheric, ambient soundscapes. It was also majorly influenced from [[world music]], especially African and Asian traditions.{{sfn|Rojek|2011|p=28}} In the same period, [[new wave music]] was more sophisticated in production terms than some contemporaneous progressive music, but was largely perceived as simplistic, and thus had little overt appeal to art music or art-music practice.{{sfn|Covach|1997|p=5}} Musicologist [[Bill Martin (philosophy)|Bill Martin]] writes; "[Talking] Heads created a kind of new-wave music that was the perfect synthesis of punk urgency and attitude and progressive-rock sophistication and creativity. A good deal of the more interesting rock since that time is clearly 'post-Talking Heads' music, but this means that it is post-progressive rock as well."{{sfn|Martin|1998|p=251}}

== Soul and funk ==
{{Main|Progressive soul}}
{{see also|Alternative R&B|avant-funk|neo soul}}

[[File:Stevie Wonder 1973.JPG|thumb|left|upright|[[Stevie Wonder]], who released a series of prog-soul albums in the 1970s]]

"Progressive soul" is used by Martin to refer to a musical development in which many African-American recording artists by the 1970s were creating music in a manner similar to progressive rock.<ref>{{harvnb|Keister|2019|p=20}}; {{harvnb|Martin|1998|p=41}}.</ref> This development inspired greater musical diversity and sophistication, ambitious lyricism, and conceptual album-oriented approach in black pop.<ref>{{harvnb|Politis|1983|p=81}}; {{harvnb|Martin|1998|p=41}}; {{harvnb|Hoard|Brackett|2004|p=524}}.</ref> Among the musicians at its forefront were [[Sly Stone]], [[Stevie Wonder]], [[Marvin Gaye]], [[Curtis Mayfield]], and [[George Clinton (funk musician)|George Clinton]].{{sfn|Hoard|Brackett|2004|p=524}} According to [[Geoffrey Himes]], "the short-lived progressive-soul movement flourished" from 1968 to 1973 and demonstrated "adventurous rock guitar, socially conscious lyrics and classic R&B melody".{{sfn|Himes|1990}} Similar to contemporaneous white prog musicians, progressive black musicians in the 1970s directed their creative control toward ideals of "individualism, artistic progression and writing for posterity", according to music academic Jay Keister, who notes that this pursuit sometimes conflicted with the collective political values of the [[Black Arts Movement]].{{sfn|Keister|2019|p=9}}

Among the stylistic characteristics shared from progressive rock in black progressive music of this period were extended composition, diverse musical appropriation, and recording music intended for listening rather than dancing. Rather than the song-based extended compositions and suites of progressive white music, black counterparts in the 1970s generally unified an extended recording with an underlying rhythmic [[groove (music)|groove]]. Instrumental textures were altered in order to signify a change in section over an extended track's course. Examples of these characteristics include [[Funkadelic]]'s "Wars of Armageddon" (1971) and [[Sun Ra]]'s "[[Space Is the Place (Sun Ra album)|Space Is the Place]]" (1973).{{sfn|Keister|2019|pp=9-10}} Unlike the European art music appropriations used by white artists, progressive black music featured musical idioms from [[African music|African]] and [[African-American music]] sources. However, some also borrowed elements from European American traditions to augment a song's lyrical idea. For example, Wonder added pleasant-sounding instrumental textures from a string section to "Village Ghetto Land" (1976), lending a sense of irony to an otherwise bleak critique of social ills in urban ghettos.{{sfn|Keister|2019|p=10}}

==Electronic==
{{Main|Kosmische musik|Intelligent dance music|Progressive house}}
"'''Progressive electronic'''" is defined by AllMusic as a subgenre of [[new age music]], and a style that "thrives in more unfamiliar territory" where the results are "often dictated by the technology itself". According to Allmusic, "rather than sampling or synthesizing acoustic sounds to electronically replicate them" producers of this music "tend to mutate the original timbres, sometimes to an unrecognizable state". Allmusic also states that "true artists in the genre also create their own sounds".<ref name="AMProgElec">{{cite web|title=Progressive Electronic|url=http://www.allmusic.com/subgenre/progressive-electronic-ma0000011836|website=[[AllMusic]]}}</ref>

[[File:Giorgio Moroder Melt! 2015 02.jpg|thumb|right|[[Giorgio Moroder]] performing in 2015]]

[[Tangerine Dream]]'s 1974 album ''[[Phaedra (album)|Phaedra]]'', recorded with a [[Moog Music|Moog]] sequencer, was described as "an early masterpiece of progressive electronic music" by ''[[Rolling Stone]]''.<ref>{{cite magazine |last1=Epstein |first1=Dan |title=50 Greatest Prog Rock Albums of All Time |url=https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-lists/50-greatest-prog-rock-albums-of-all-time-78793/tangerine-dream-phaedra-1974-35872/ |magazine=Rolling Stone |access-date=18 February 2022}}</ref> In [[house music]], a desire to define precise stylistic strands and taste markets saw the interposition of prefixes like "progressive", "[[tribal house|tribal]]", and "[[intelligent dance music|intelligent]]". According to disc jockey and producer [[Carl Craig]], the term "progressive" was used in [[Detroit]] in the early 1980s in reference to [[Italo disco|Italian disco]]. The music was dubbed "progressive" because it drew upon the influence of [[Giorgio Moroder]]'s [[Euro disco]] rather than the disco inspired by the symphonic [[Philadelphia sound]].{{sfn|Reynolds|2013|pp=7, 16}} By 1993, [[progressive house]] and [[trance music]] had emerged in [[dance club]]s.{{sfn|Reynolds|2013|p=184}} "Progressive house" was an English style of house distinguished by long tracks, big riffs, mild dub inflections, and multitiered percussion. According to Simon Reynolds, the "'progressive' seemed to signify not just its anti-cheese, nongirly credentials, but its severing of house's roots from gay black disco".{{sfn|Reynolds|2013|p=376}}

In the mid-1990s, the [[Lowercase (music)|lowercase]] movement, a reductive approach towards new digital technologies, was spearheaded by a number of so-called "'''progressive electronica'''" artists.{{sfn|Potter|Gann|2016|p=178}}

===Criticism===
Reynolds{{sfn|Reynolds|2013|p=50}} posited in 2013 that "the truly progressive edge in electronic music involves doing things that can't be physically achieved by human beings manipulating instruments in real-time".{{sfn|Reynolds|2013|p=50}} He criticized terms like "progressive" and "intelligent", arguing that "it's usually a sign that it's gearing up the media game as a prequel to buying into traditional music industry structure of auteur-stars, concept albums, and long-term careers. Above all, it's a sign of impending musical debility, creeping self-importance, and the hemorrhaging away of fun."{{sfn|Reynolds|2013|pp=6–7}} Reynolds also identifies links between progressive rock and other electronic music genres, and that "many post-[[rave]] genres bear an uncanny resemblance to progressive rock: conceptualism, [[music auteur|auteur-geniuses]], producers making music to impress other producers, [and] showboating virtuosity reborn as the 'science' of programming finesse".{{sfn|Reynolds|2013|p=386}}{{Clear}}

== Hip hop ==
{{Main|Progressive rap}}
{{see also|Alternative hip hop|conscious hip hop|underground hip hop}}

"'''Progressive rap'''" has been used by academics to describe a certain type of [[hip hop music]]. [[Anthony B. Pinn]] regards it as a thematic subset alongside [[gangsta rap]] and "status rap", which expresses concerns about [[social status]] and [[social mobility|mobility]]. While exploring [[existential crisis|existential crises]] and philosophical contradictions similar to gangsta rap, progressive rap, he says, "seeks to address these concerns without intracommunal aggression and in terms of political and cultural education, providing an interpretation of American society and a constructive agenda (e.g. self respect, knowledge, pride, and unity) for the [[racial uplift|uplift]] of [[Black America]]". He adds that works of the genre also utilize "a more overt dialogue with and interpretation of [[Religion of black Americans|Black religiosity]]".<ref name="Pinn">{{cite book|last=Pinn|first=Anthony|authorlink=Anthony B. Pinn|chapter=Rap Music and Its Message|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=q8QFBAAAQBAJ|pages=262–263|title=Religion and Popular Culture in America|editor1-last=Forbes|editor1-first=Bruce|editor2-last=Mahan|editor2-first=Jeffrey H.|year=2005|publisher=[[University of California Press]]|isbn=9780520932579|access-date=March 1, 2021|via=[[Google Books]]}}</ref> In a corollary analysis, fellow academic Evelyn L. Parker says that progressive rap "seeks to transform systems of injustice by transforming the perspective of their victims" while demonstrating "the clear prophetic voice reflecting the rage caused by the dehumanizing injustices that African Americans experience".<ref name="Parker"/>

[[File:Kendrick Lamar Obama Janelle Monáe 2016.jpg|thumb|Progressive rapper [[Kendrick Lamar]] (left) alongside President [[Barack Obama]] (center) and [[progressive soul|prog-soul]] singer-songwriter [[Janelle Monáe]], 2016]]

Early works of progressive rap such as the 1982 [[Grandmaster Flash and the Furious Five]] song "[[The Message (Grandmaster Flash and the Furious Five song)|The Message]]" and the music of [[Public Enemy (band)|Public Enemy]] featured expressions of anger about chaotic [[urban culture|urban life]].<ref name="Pinn"/><ref name="Parker">{{cite book|last=Parker|first=Evelyn L.|year=2003|title=Trouble Don't Last Always: Emancipatory Hope Among African American Adolescents|publisher=[[Pilgrim Press]]|isbn=9780829821031}}</ref> Other formative groups such as [[De La Soul]], [[A Tribe Called Quest]], and [[Brand Nubian]] helped establish the genre's thematic mode.<ref>{{cite book|page=155|last=Tate|first=Greg|authorlink=Greg Tate|chapter=Diatribe|editor-last=Cepeda|editor-first=Raquel|year=2004|publisher=Farrar, Straus and Giroux|title=And It Don't Stop: The Best American Hip-Hop Journalism of the Last 25 Years|isbn=9781466810464}}</ref> At the turn of the 2000s, [[Outkast]] and [[The Roots]] were among the few progressive-rap acts who "ruminated on hip-hop's [[Generation Z|post-millennial]] direction" and "produced records in an avant-garde vein purposely intended to evolve the music" while achieving commercial success, according to [[Miles Marshall Lewis]].<ref>{{cite news|last=Lewis|first=Miles Marshall|authorlink=Miles Marshall Lewis|date=August 9, 2007|url=https://www.dallasobserver.com/music/common-6375880|title=Common|newspaper=[[Dallas Observer]]|access-date=July 14, 2021}}</ref> [[Kanye West]], another influential artist in hip hop's progressive tradition, achieved even greater success with his opening trilogy of education-themed albums in the 2000s.<ref>{{cite web|last=Hussain|first=Shahzaib|date=November 23, 2008|url=https://www.highsnobiety.com/p/kanye-west-808s-heartbreak-10th-anniversary/|title=Renegade Man: The Legacy of Kanye West's '808s & Heartbreak'|website=[[Highsnobiety]]|access-date=July 16, 2021}}</ref> His 2010 album ''[[My Beautiful Dark Twisted Fantasy]]'' has also been associated with prog-rap due largely to its [[sampling (music)|sampling]] of records from progressive rock as well as its ostentatious sensibilities.<ref>{{cite web|last=Deville|first=Chris|date=November 20, 2020|url=https://www.stereogum.com/2107693/kanye-west-my-beautiful-dark-twisted-fantasy/reviews/the-anniversary/|title=Kanye West 'My Beautiful Dark Twisted Fantasy' 10th Anniversary Review|website=[[Stereogum]]|access-date=March 1, 2021}}</ref>

The UK has also produced notable performers in progressive rap, including [[Gaika (musician)|Gaika]] and [[Kojey Radical]], who are credited by ''[[Vice (magazine)|Vice]]'' in 2016 for working "deliberately outside the confines of [[grime (music)|grime]] and traditional UK hip hop to create genuinely progressive rap that rivals the US for creativity, urgency, and importance, and portrays a much broader [[black British music]] landscape than you hear on the radio".<ref>{{cite magazine|last=Vinti|first=Mike|date=January 29, 2016|url=https://www.vice.com/en/article/beyond-grime-why-you-need-to-be-paying-attention-to-britains-other-rap-scenes/|title=Beyond Grime: Why You Need to be Paying Attention to Britain's Other Rap Scenes|magazine=[[Vice (magazine)|Vice]]|access-date=March 1, 2021}}</ref> More recently, American studies and media scholar William Hoynes highlights the progressive rap of [[Kendrick Lamar]] as being in the tradition of African-American art and activism that operated "both inside and outside of the mainstream to advance a counterculture that opposes the racist stereotypes being propagated in white-owned media and culture".<ref>{{cite book|page=274|last1=Croteau|first1=David|last2=Hoynes|first2=William|last3=Childress|first3=Clayton|year=2021|title=Media/Society: Technology, Industries, Content, and Users|publisher=[[SAGE Publications]]|isbn=9781071819319}}</ref>

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==Notes==
{{Reflist|group=nb|30em}}

==References==
'''Citations'''
{{Reflist}}

'''Sources'''
{{refbegin|30em}}
* {{cite book|last1=Ake|first1=David Andrew|last2=Garrett|first2=Charles Hiroshi|last3=Goldmark|first3=Daniel|title=Jazz/not Jazz: The Music and Its Boundaries|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZPeQS5kWS2oC|year=2012|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=978-0-520-27103-6}}
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{{refend}}

==Further reading==
* {{cite book|ref=none|last=Gendron|first=Bernard|title=Between Montmartre and the Mudd Club: Popular Music and the Avant-Garde|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2jtQAElFVUcC|year=2002|publisher=University of Chicago Press|isbn=978-0-226-28735-5}}
* {{cite web|ref=none|author1=Official Charts Company|author-link=Official Charts Company|title=Progressive music you didn't know you loved|url=http://www.officialcharts.com/chart-news/progressive-music-you-didnt-know-you-loved__10624/|website=[[Official Charts Company]]|date=September 4, 2015}}
* {{cite book|ref=none|last=Romano|first=Will|title=Prog Rock FAQ: All That's Left to Know About Rock's Most Progressive Music|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UIqkCAAAQBAJ&pg=PT217|year=2014|publisher=Backbeat Books|isbn=978-1-61713-620-7}}
* {{cite book|ref=none|last=Smith|first=Bradley|title=The Billboard Guide to Progressive Music|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HtEwAAAAMAAJ|year=1997|publisher=Billboard Books|isbn=978-0-8230-7665-9}}

{{Progressive music}}
{{Music genres}}

[[Category:Progressive music| ]]
[[Category:20th-century music genres]]
[[Category:1960s in music]]
[[Category:Music genres]]
[[Category:Musical subcultures]]
[[Category:Broad-concept articles]]