Editing Project Babylon

{{short description|Iraqi project to build superguns}}
{{about|the Iraqi spacelaunch gun project|other projects named Babylon|Babylon (disambiguation)}}
[[File:Iraqi supergun bolted together.JPG|300px|thumb|Two sections of Big Babylon that have been bolted together at [[Fort Nelson, Portsmouth|Royal Armouries, Fort Nelson, Portsmouth]].]]

'''Project Babylon''' was a [[space gun]] project commissioned by then [[Ba'athist Iraq|Iraq]]i president [[Saddam Hussein]]. It involved building a series of "[[Supergun affair|supergun]]s". The design was based on research from the 1960s [[Project HARP]] led by the [[Canadians|Canadian]] artillery expert [[Gerald Bull]]. There were most likely four different devices in the program.

The project began in 1988; it was halted in 1990 after Bull was [[assassinated]] by Israel<ref>[http://world.std.com/~jlr/doom/bull.htm Profile] {{webarchive |url= https://web.archive.org/web/20100219121200/http://world.std.com/~jlr/doom/bull.htm |date=February 19, 2010}}, std.com; accessed 10 March 2016.</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1990/08/26/magazine/the-man-behind-iraq-s-supergun.html |newspaper=[[The New York Times Magazine]]|first= Kevin |last= Toolis |title=The Man Behind Iraq's Supergun |date=August 26, 1990 |access-date= March 10, 2016}}</ref><ref name=Thomas>Gordon Thomas, [https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/middleeast/israel/7254807/Mossads-licence-to-kill.html "Mossad's licence to kill"], ''[[The Daily Telegraph|The Telegraph]]'' February 17, 2010.</ref>
, and parts of the superguns were seized in transit around Europe. The components that remained in Iraq were destroyed by the [[United Nations]] after the 1991 [[Gulf War|Persian Gulf War]].

==Devices==
[[Image:IraqiSupergunIWMDuxford2005.JPG|300px|thumb|A section of the Iraqi "supergun" from [[Imperial War Museum Duxford]]]]

===Baby Babylon===
The first of these superguns, "Baby Babylon", was a horizontally mounted device which was a [[prototype]] for test purposes. It had a [[Caliber|bore]] of 350&nbsp;mm (13.8&nbsp;inches), and a [[Gun barrel|barrel]] length of 46 metres (151&nbsp;feet),<ref name="Arms and the Man. Page 187">{{cite book |title=Arms and the Man: Dr. Gerald Bull, Iraq and the Supergun |first=William |last=Lowther |publisher=Presidio |year=1991 |page=187 |isbn=0-89141-438-X }}</ref> and weighed some 102 tonnes. After conducting tests with lead projectiles, this gun was set up on a hillside at a 45-degree angle. It was expected to achieve a range of 750&nbsp;km. Although its mass was similar to some [[World War II]] German "[[large-calibre artillery|large-calibre gun]]s", it was not designed to be a mobile weapon and was not considered a security risk by [[Israel]].<ref name=Astronautix>{{Cite web|url=http://astronautix.com/lvs/babongun.htm|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101119144359/http://astronautix.com/lvs/babongun.htm|url-status=dead|title=Babylon Gun|archivedate=November 19, 2010|website=www.astronautix.com}}</ref>

===Big Babylon===
The second supergun, "Big Babylon", of which a pair were planned (one to be mounted horizontally, at least for test purposes), was much larger. The barrel was to be 156 metres (512&nbsp;feet) long, with a bore of 1 metre (3.3&nbsp;feet).<ref name="Arms and the Man. Page 187" /> Originally intended to be suspended by cables from a steel framework, it would have been over 100&nbsp;metres (300&nbsp;feet) high at the tip. The complete device weighed about 2,100 tonnes (the barrel alone weighed 1,655 tons). It was a [[space gun]] intended to shoot projectiles into orbit, a theme of Bull's work since [[Project HARP]]. Neither of these devices could be elevated or trained, making them  useless for direct military purposes, unless some form of terminal guidance could be used to direct the fired projectile onto its intended target.

It is possible that Big Babylon was intended both to launch satellites and to serve as a weapon, but its ability to fire conventional projectiles in the latter role would have been very limited: in addition to the impossibility of aiming it, it would have had a slow rate of fire, and its firing would have produced a very pronounced "signature" which would have revealed its location. Since it was immobile, it suffered from the same vulnerability as Germany's [[V-3 cannon]], which the [[Royal Air Force|RAF]] readily [[Operation Crossbow|destroyed in 1944]].  Also, Iraq already had [[Scud missile]]s which were [[Scud#Scud attacks|far more effective]] than the outdated supergun technology.

===Future plans===

Very large [[cannons]], which would be capable of being elevated and trained, were also planned. The first was to have a bore of 350&nbsp;mm (13.8&nbsp;inches) and a barrel length of about 30 metres (100&nbsp;feet), and it was expected to have a range of up to 1000 kilometres (about 625 miles),<ref name=Astronautix/> making Israel and central Iran well within reach of Iraqi artillery fire.

==Outcome==
The metal tubes for the barrels and gun cradles were purchased from firms in the United Kingdom, including [[Sheffield Forgemasters]] of South Yorkshire, and Walter Somers of Halesowen. Other components, such as [[breech-loading weapon|breech]]es and recoil mechanisms, were ordered from firms in Germany, France, Spain, Switzerland, and Italy. Baby Babylon was completed, and test shots were fired from it, revealing problems with the seals between the barrel segments. As those were being worked on, Bull was assassinated in March 1990, possibly by [[Mossad]], halting the project.<ref name="Are Assassinations Ever Legal? - slate.com">{{cite web|title=Are Assassinations Ever Legal? |last=Lapidos |first=Juliet |work=Slate Magazine |url=http://www.slate.com/id/2222843/|access-date=2009-07-15|date=2009-07-14}}</ref>

Most of the barrel sections for Big Babylon were delivered to, and assembled on, a site excavated on a hillside, instead of being suspended by cables from a steel framework as originally planned. Calculations had shown that the original support framework would be insufficiently rigid. It was never completed.

In early April 1990, United Kingdom [[HM Customs and Excise|customs]] officers confiscated several pieces of the second Big Babylon barrel, which were disguised as "petrochemical pressure vessels". The parts were confiscated at [[Teesport]] Docks. More pieces were seized in Greece and Turkey in transit by truck to Iraq. Other components, such as [[Linear-motion bearing|slide bearings]] for Big Babylon, were seized at their manufacturers' sites in Spain and Switzerland.

After the [[Gulf War]] in 1991, the Iraqis admitted the existence of Project Babylon, and allowed [[United Nations|UN]] inspectors to destroy the hardware in Iraq as part of the disarmament process.

Several barrel sections seized by UK customs officers are displayed at the [[Royal Armouries]], [[Fort Nelson, Portsmouth]]. Another section was on display at [[Firepower - The Royal Artillery Museum|The Royal Artillery Museum]], [[Woolwich]], [[London]], until 2016.

==In media==
The events of Project Babylon are dramatized in the 1994 HBO movie ''[[Doomsday Gun]]'' starring [[Frank Langella]] as Bull, with [[Kevin Spacey]], [[Alan Arkin]], and [[Clive Owen]] in supporting roles, and in [[Frederick Forsyth]]'s novel ''[[The Fist of God]]''.

The novel ''[[Tom Clancy's Splinter Cell (novel)|Splinter Cell]]'', written by [[Raymond Benson]] under the pseudonym David Michaels, refers to Project Babylon and Gerald Bull as the antagonists in the story who develop and manage to fire a new supergun, "Babylon Phoenix."

The novel ''Nature of the Beast'' by [[Louise Penny]] also revolves around the story of Gerald Bull and Project Babylon.

The Babylon Project also provided the inspiration for the ''[[Golgo 13]]'' manga story "The Gun at Am-Shara", in which the title character assassinates a fictionalized version of Gerald Bull.

In ''[[Conflict: Desert Storm II]]'', the Babylon guns are the objective of the final mission, requiring the player to mark them for airstrikes.

The video game ''[[Mercenaries: Playground of Destruction]]'' reimagined the gun as the "Type 07 supergun".

== See also ==
{{Portal|Iraq}}
* [[Al-Fao]] (Iraqi supergun)
* [[Iran–Iraq War]]
** [[French support for Iraq during the Iran–Iraq war]]
* [[Space Research Corporation]]
* ''[[From the Earth to the Moon]]''
* ''[[The Fist of God]]'' (fictitious retelling of Project Babylon)

==Notes==
{{reflist}}

==References==
* William Lowther, ''Arms and the Man: Dr. Gerald Bull, Iraq, and the Supergun'' (Presidio, Novato, 1991) (now Doubleday Canada Ltd) Published in England as:
* William Lowther, ''Iraq and the Supergun: Gerald Bull: the true story of Saddam Hussein's Dr Doom'' (Macmillan, London 1991) (Pan paperback, London 1992) {{ISBN|0-330-32119-6}}
* James Adams, ''Bull's Eye: The Assassination and Life of Supergun Inventor Gerald Bull'' (Times Books, New York, 1992)
* [[Eric Frattini]], ''[[Mossad]], los verdugos del [[Kidon]]'' (La Esfera de los Libros, Madrid, 2004)

==External links==
{{Commons category|Project Babylon}}
* [https://fas.org/nuke/guide/iraq/other/supergun.htm Project Babylon Supergun / Federation of American Scientists: PC-2]
* [http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/april/11/newsid_2477000/2477023.stm BBC News: Customs seize 'supergun']
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20101119144359/http://astronautix.com/lvs/babongun.htm Babylon Gun] on [[Encyclopedia Astronautica]]

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[[Category:Artillery of the Cold War]]
[[Category:Space guns]]
[[Category:Superguns]]
[[Category:Artillery of Iraq]]
[[Category:Abandoned military projects]]
[[Category:Iraq–United Kingdom relations]]
[[Category:Large-calibre artillery]]