Editing Project SHAD

{{Short description|American military project}}
{{More citations needed|date=August 2011}}
{{Weapons of mass destruction}}
{{redirect|SHAD||Shad (disambiguation)}}
'''Project SHAD''', an acronym for '''Shipboard Hazard and Defense''', was part of a larger effort called [[Project 112]], which was conducted during the 1960s. Project SHAD encompassed tests designed to identify U.S. warships' vulnerabilities to attacks with [[chemical|chemical agents]] or [[Biological agent|biological warfare agents]] and to develop procedures to respond to such attacks while maintaining a war-fighting capability.

==History==
{{Main|Deseret Test Center|Project 112}}
Project SHAD was part of a larger effort by the Department of Defense called Project 112.  Project 112 was a [[chemical weapons|chemical]] and [[biological weapons]] research, development, and testing project conducted by the [[United States Department of Defense]] and [[CIA]] handled by the [[Deseret Test Center]] and [[United States Army Chemical Materials Agency]] from 1962 to 1973.<ref name=GAO1994>{{cite report |title=Human Experimentation, An Overview on Cold War Era Programs |publisher=General Accounting Office |date=September 28, 1994 |url=http://archive.gao.gov/t2pbat2/152601.pdf }}</ref> The project started under [[John F. Kennedy]]'s administration, and was authorized by his [[United States Secretary of Defense|Secretary of Defense]] [[Robert McNamara]], as part of a total review of the US military. The name of the project refers to its number in the 150 review process.<ref name="Regis2000">{{cite book|author=Ed Regis|title=The Biology of Doom: America's Secret Germ Warfare Project|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8HWQ1uzybFwC&pg=PA41|date=1 October 2000|publisher=Henry Holt and Company|isbn=978-0-8050-5765-2|pages=41–}}</ref>

==Mission==
The Shipboard Hazard and Defense Project (SHAD) was a series of tests conducted by the U.S. Department of Defense during the 1960s to determine how well service members aboard military ships could detect and respond to chemical and biological attacks. Dee Dodson Morris of the Army [[Chemical Corps]] who coordinated the ongoing investigation, says, "The SHAD tests were intended to show how vulnerable Navy ships were to chemical or biological warfare agents. The objective was to learn how chemical or biological warfare agents would disperse throughout a ship, and to use that information to develop procedures to protect crew members and decontaminate ships."<ref name=SHADtests>{{cite web |url=http://mcm.dhhq.health.mil/cb_exposures/project112_shad/shadTests.aspx |title=DoD Releases Information on 1960 tests  |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.-->|date=January 4, 2002 |website=Medical Countermeasures |publisher=Department of Defense |access-date=April 25, 2014}}</ref> DoD investigators note that over a hundred tests were planned but the lack of test results may indicate that many tests were never actually executed.<ref name=SHADtests/> 134 tests were planned initially, but reportedly, only 46 tests were actually completed.

==Declassification==
Public Law 107–314 required the identification and release of not only Project 112 information to the [[United States Department of Veterans Affairs|United States Veterans Administration]], but also that of any other projects or tests where a veteran might have been exposed to a [[Weapon of mass destruction|chemical or biological warfare]] agent, and directed the [[United States Secretary of Defense|Secretary of Defense]] to work with veterans and veterans service organizations to identify the other projects or tests conducted by the Department of Defense that may have exposed members of the Armed Forces to chemical or biological agents.<ref name="BobStump">{{cite web |url=http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/PLAW-107publ314/html/PLAW-107publ314.htm |title=107th Congress Public Law 314, BOB STUMP NATIONAL DEFENSE AUTHORIZATION ACT FOR FISCAL YEAR 2003 |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |date=December 2, 2002 |website=U.S. Government Printing Office |access-date=October 1, 2013}}</ref> In 2000, the Department of Defense began the process of declassifying records about the project.  According to the U.S. Department of Veteran Affairs, approximately 6,000 U.S. Service members were believed to be involved in conducting the tests.<ref>[http://www.publichealth.va.gov/exposures/shad/basics.asp About Project 112 and Project SHAD] US Dept. of Veteran's Affairs</ref>  In 2002, the Department of Defense began publishing [https://web.archive.org/web/20130726040015/http://mcm.dhhq.health.mil/cb_exposures/project112_shad/shadfactSheets.aspx a list of fact sheets for each of the tests.]

==Identification==
Although many of the roughly 5,500 veterans who took part were aware of the tests, some were involved without their knowledge. Certain issues surrounding the test program were not resolved by the passage of the law and the Department of Defense was accused of continuing to withhold documents on Cold War chemical and biological weapons tests that used unsuspecting veterans as "human samplers" after reporting to Congress it had released all medically relevant information.<ref>{{cite web |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |date=July 1, 2003 |title=Secrecy Over Cold War WMD Tests |website=[[CBS News]] |url=http://www.cbsnews.com/news/secrecy-over-cold-war-wmd-tests/ |access-date=December 19, 2003 }}</ref> A [[Government Accountability Office]] May 2004 report, ''Chemical and Biological Defense: DOD Needs to Continue to Collect and Provide Information on Tests and Potentially Exposed Personnel'' indicates that almost all participants who were identified from Project 112 — 94 percent — were from ship-based tests of Project SHAD that comprised only about one-third of the total number of tests conducted.<ref name=GAOII>{{Cite report |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |date=May 2004 |title=''Chemical and Biological Defense: DOD Needs to Continue to Collect and Provide Information on Tests and Potentially Exposed Personnel'' |url=http://www.gao.gov/new.items/d04410.pdf |publisher=General Accounting Office |page=24 |access-date=December 2, 2013 }}</ref>

==Medical studies==
Jack Alderson, a retired Navy officer who commanded the Army tugboats, told [[CBS News]] that he believes the Pentagon used him and other service members to test weapons, and that those tests included agents, vaccines, and decontamination products which have led to serious medical problems, including cancer.<ref>Martin, David, "Retired Navy Officer Seeks Justice", [[CBS News]], June 12, 2008.</ref> Secrecy agreements can now be ignored by veterans in order to pursue healthcare concerns within the Department of Veterans Affairs.  The V.A. has offered screening programs for veterans who believe they were involved in DoD sponsored tests during their service.  The [[Institute of Medicine of the National Academies]] has commissioned studies of Project SHAD participants. The first, ''Long-Term Health Effects of Participation in Project SHAD (Shipboard Hazard and Defense)'', was released in 2007, and found "no clear evidence that specific long-term health effects are associated with participation in Project SHAD."<ref>[http://www.iom.edu/reports/2007/long-term-health-effects-of-participation-in-project-shad-shipboard-hazard-and-defense.aspx ''Long-Term Health Effects of Participation in Project SHAD (Shipboard Hazard and Defense)'']</ref>  The second, ''Shipboard Hazard and Defense II (SHAD II)'', by the IoM's Medical Follow-up Agency (MFUA), began in 2012, and, as of April 2014, was ongoing.<ref>[http://www.iom.edu/activities/veterans/shadii.aspx Institute of Medicine of the National Academies ''Shipboard Hazard and Defense II (SHAD II)'']</ref>

==Locations of SHAD tests ==
from [https://web.archive.org/web/20130726040015/http://mcm.dhhq.health.mil/cb_exposures/project112_shad/shadfactSheets.aspx SHAD Fact Sheets]
*[[Pacific Ocean]]
*Pacific Ocean off [[San Diego]], CA
*Pacific Ocean, from San Diego, CA to [[Balboa, Panama]]
*Ft. Sherman, [[Panama Canal Zone]]
*[[Eniwetok Atoll]], [[Marshall Islands]]
*[[Baker Island]]
*[[Island of Hawaii]]
*Pacific Ocean near the [[Island of Oahu]], Hawaii
*Pacific Ocean, west of Oahu, Hawaii
*Pacific Ocean southwest of Oahu, HI
*[[Oahu, HI]] and surrounding waters
*Pacific Ocean, off Oahu, HI & surrounding water & airspace
*Pacific Ocean near [[Johnston Island]]
*[[Eglin Air Force Base]], [[Florida]]
*[[Atlantic Ocean]] off [[Newfoundland, Canada]]

== Ships and air units involved ==

=== Ships ===
* [[USS Berkeley (DDG-15)]]<ref name="Ships">{{cite web|title=Ships Associated with SHAD Tests |url=http://fhp.osd.mil/CBexposures/shad.jsp |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130726035606/http://mcm.dhhq.health.mil/cb_exposures/project112_shad/shadassociatedShips.aspx |access-date=21 September 2012 |archive-date=July 26, 2013}}</ref>
* [[USS Carbonero (SS-337)]]<ref name="Ships" />
* [[USS Carpenter (DD-825)]]<ref name="Ships" />
* [[USS Fechteler (DD-870)]]<ref name="Ships" />
* [[USS Fort Snelling (LSD-30)]]<ref name="Ships" />
* [[USS George Eastman (YAG-39)]]<ref name="Ships" />
* [[USS Granville S. Hall (YAG-40)]]<ref name="Ships" />
* [[USS Herbert J. Thomas (DD-833)]]<ref name="Ships" />
* [[USS Hoel (DDG-13)]]<ref name="Ships" />
* [[USS Moctobi (ATF-105)]]<ref name="Ships" />
* [[USS Navarro (APA-215)]]<ref name="Ships" />
* [[USS Okanogan (APA-220)]]<ref name="Ships" />
* [[USS Power (DD-839)]]<ref name="Ships" />
* [[USNS S. P. Lee (T-AGS-31)|USNS Samuel Phillips Lee (T-AGS 31)]]<ref name="Ships" />
* [[USNS Silas Bent (T-AGS-26)]]<ref name="Ships" />
* [[USS Tioga County (LST-1158)]]<ref name="Ships" />
* [[USS Tiru (SS-416)]]<ref name="Ships" />
* [[USS Wexford County (LST-1168)]]<ref name="Ships" />
* [[US Navy Lighter Barge (YFN-811)]]<ref name="Ships" />
* [[US Army Large Tug]] LT-2080<ref name="Ships" />
* US Army Large Tug LT-2081<ref name="Ships" />
* US Army Large Tug LT-2085<ref name="Ships" />
* US Army Large Tug LT-2086<ref name="Ships" />
* US Army Large Tug LT-2087<ref name="Ships" />
* US Army Large Tug LT-2088<ref name="Ships" />

=== Air units ===
* Meteorological Research Service (contractor) [[C-47]]
* US Navy [[Airborne Early Warning Barrier Squadron Pacific]] (AEWBarRonpac) [[Lockheed Corporation|Lockheed]] [[Lockheed WV-2 Warning Star|WV-2]] / [[EC-121 Warning Star]]
* US Navy Patrol Squadron Four ([[VP-4]]) (PATRON Four), Fleet Air Wing Four ([[Lockheed P-2 Neptune]])
* US Navy Patrol Squadron Six ([[VP-6]]) (PATRON SIX), Fleet Air Wing Two (Lockheed P-2 Neptune)
* US Navy [[VU-1 Utility Squadron One]], re-designated [[VC-1 Composite Squadron One]] on July 1, 1965. ([[Douglas A-4 Skyhawk]])
* USMC [[Marine Aircraft Group 13]], [[1st Marine Aircraft Wing]], [[1st Marine Expeditionary Brigade]]. [[McDonnell Douglas F-4 Phantom II]], A-4 (Skyhawk), Sikorsky [[H-34 Choctaw|H-34 Seahorse]]
* USMC [[VMM-161|Marine Medium Helicopter Squadron 161 (HMM 161)]], [[Marine Aircraft Group 16]] (MAG-16), [[3rd Marine Aircraft Wing]] (3rd MAW) Sikorsky [[H-34 Choctaw|H-34 Seahorse]]
* US Air Force 4533rd Tactical Test Squadron, US Air Force [[33rd Tactical Fighter Wing]] (F-4E Phantom II)

==See also==
* [[Human experimentation in the United States]]
* [[Operation Dew]]
* [[Operation LAC]]
* [[Operation Whitecoat]]
* [[Project 112]]
* [[San Jose Project]]

==Notes==
{{Reflist}}

==References==
{{Refbegin}}
* United States. Congress. Senate. Committee on Armed Services. Subcommittee on Personnel, "The Department of Defense's inquiry into Project 112/Shipboard Hazard and Defense (SHAD) tests: hearing before the Subcommittee on Personnel of the Committee on Armed Services, United States Senate, One Hundred Seventh Congress, second session, October 10, 2002," United States Congress, S. hrg. 107–810 (2003), 1–39.
* United States. Congress. House. Report, "Health care for veterans of Project 112/Project SHAD Act of 2003: report (to accompany H.R. 2433)," United States Congress, Report/108th Congress, 1st session, House of Representatives, 108–213, 1–19.
* United States. Congress. House. Committee on Veterans' Affairs. Subcommittee on Health, "Military operations aspects of SHAD and Project 112: hearing before the Subcommittee on Health of the Committee on Veterans' Affairs, House of Representatives, One Hundred Seventh Congress, second session, October 9, 2002", 107th Congress, 2nd session, 107–43, 1–19.
* "Project Shipboard Hazard and Defense (SHAD)" from {{cite book|last=Blum|first=William|title=Rogue state: a guide to the world's only superpower|publisher=Zed Books|year=2006|pages=152–154|isbn=978-1-84277-827-2|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oBM8UiDYz1MC&q=%22whooping+cough%22+CIA+tampa+1955&pg=PA150}}
{{Refend}}

== External links ==
* {{usurped|1=[https://archive.today/20070824210500/http://backissues.cjrarchives.org/year/00/4/laurels.asp Columbia Journalism Review, Laurels November/December 2000]}}
* [http://archive.vva.org/TheVeteran/2002_01/hazardous.htm Vietnam Veterans of America - The Veteran  December2000/January 2001]
* http://archive.vva.org/TheVeteran/2002_01/hazardous.htm
* [http://www.publichealth.va.gov/exposures/shad/index.asp Project SHAD] at the [[United States Department of Veterans Affairs]], includes pocket guides and Q&A
* [http://www.vva.org/TaskForce/shad/index.html Vietnam Veterans of America]
* [http://www.gao.gov/new.items/d04410.pdf GAO]
* [http://fhp.osd.mil/CBexposures/index.jsp The Chemical-Biological Warfare Exposures Site, Official Web site of Force Health Protection & Readiness Policy & Programs]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20130726023840/http://mcm.dhhq.health.mil/cb_exposures/project112_shad/shad.aspx Project 112/SHAD - Shipboard Hazard and Defense, Official Web site of Force Health Protection & Readiness Policy & Programs]

===Declassified documents===
''OSD & Joint Staff FOIA Requester Service Center''
* [http://www.dod.mil/pubs/foi/operation_and_plans/Exercises_and_Projects/1016.pdf '''PROJECT SHAD -- AUTUMN GOLD''', May 1964]
* [http://www.dod.mil/pubs/foi/operation_and_plans/Exercises_and_Projects/1018.pdf '''PROJECT SHAD -- BIG JACK''']
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20130713010845/http://www.dod.mil/pubs/foi/operation_and_plans/Exercises_and_Projects/1017.pdf '''PROJECT SHAD -- NIGHT TRAIN''', December 1964]

{{U.S. chemical weapons}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Biological warfare]]
[[Category:Bioethics]]
[[Category:Military projects of the United States]]
[[Category:United States Department of Defense]]
[[Category:Human subject research in the United States]]