Editing Project accounting

{{Short description|Accounting systems geared toward project management}}
{{Accounting}}

'''Project accounting''' is a type of [[managerial accounting]] oriented toward the goals of [[project management]] and [[Project delivery method|delivery]]. It involves tracking, reporting, and analyzing financial results and implications,<ref name=":5"/> and sometimes the creation of [[financial report]]s designed to track the financial progress of projects; the information generated by this analysis is used to aid project management.<ref name=":4"/>

Project accounting is traditionally used for large construction, engineering, and government projects. It is commonly used by government contractors, where the ability to account for costs by contract, and sometimes by individual contract line item [CLIN], is often a requirement for interim payments.<ref name=":0" /> A specialized form of project accounting, production accounting, is used by production studios to track an individual movie or television episode's costs.<ref name=":0" />

The capital budget processes of large corporations and governmental entities are chiefly concerned with major investment projects, which typically have significant upfront costs and benefits realized over the long term. Investment "go/no-go" decisions are largely based on net present value assessments; project accounting and cost/benefit analyses provide vital feedback on the quality of those decisions.<ref name=":0" />

== Practice ==

Projects (which may be independent undertakings or occur as part of a larger [[Program (management)|program]]) differ from a company's routine activities in a number of ways: they frequently involve efforts across departmental boundaries, and their budgets may be revised many times over the course of their execution (which can range from days to years).<ref name="abel"/> Accordingly, in a project accounting paradigm, certain projects are considered separate entities in the course of working on products which require separate financial management, a task for which existing [[management accounting]] and [[financial accounting]] techniques are often insufficient.<ref name=":5" />

Project accounting (which involves elements of [[management accounting]] and [[financial accounting]]) is differentiated by a number of unique practices:
* A separate accounting system or cost center is used to track and report project-specific transactions with revenues, costs, assets, and liabilities identified and allocated to the project. [[Cost]]s (both direct and overhead) and [[revenue]]s are allocated to projects, which may be subdivided into a [[work breakdown structure]], and grouped into the project [[Hierarchy|hierarchies]].<ref name=":0"/>
* Reporting is done frequently, with the pace often increasing as a project approaches completion.
* Detailed reports are often accompanied by a separate layer of simplified reports, which examine key performance indicators (KPIs) to indicate whether a project is "on track". Reports can be made at any level that has been defined, and are often compared with historical and current budgets.<ref name=":0"/>
* Transactions are allocated to the specific project accounting systems based on a process for identifying them among transactions in the primary accounting system.<ref name=":4" />

The role of a project accountant depends on a project's needs. They often monitor the financial progress of projects, investigate variance, and approve expenses, while ensuring that project billings are issued to customers and [[Accounts receivable|payments are collected]].<ref name="tools"/> Project accountants play a dual role of gatekeeper (reporting a view of how the project is tracking financially) and advisor (advising the project team on the financial treatment and implications of decisions). The project accountant can also act as a liaison between the project itself and the business's financial or accounting departments.<ref name="aus"/>

Where labor costs are a significant portion of the overall project cost, it is usually necessary for employees to fill out [[timesheet]]s in order to generate the data to allocate project costs.<ref name=":1" /><ref name="finch"/>

== Percentage of completion ==

[[Percentage-of-completion method|Percentage-of-completion]] is frequently independently assessed by a [[project manager]], [[Program Management Office|program management officer]] (PMO), or project accountant. This measurement includes the continuous recognition of revenue related to longer-term projects; by doing this, the seller is able to identify gains or losses relevant to a project in every active accounting period. Funding advances, and budget-to-actual-cost variances, are calculated using the project budget adjusted to percent-of-completion.<ref name=":1"/><ref name=":2"/>

While the percentage-of-completion method permits companies to track profits while progress is made toward completing projects, this method cannot be used effectively when uncertainties exist about the percentage of completion or remaining costs.<ref name=":2" /> The percentage-of-completion may be measured in any of the resulting ways:<ref name=":2" />

=== Cost-to-cost method ===
In the cost-to-cost method, a project's cost to date is compared to the total expected cost of the project. The costs of products already bought for a contract, but not installed, should not be added in calculating the percentage of completion (unless they were specifically obtained for that contract). Furthermore, the cost of equipment is [[Amortization (accounting)|assigned over the course of the contract]], rather than directly, unless title to the supplies is being transported to the customer.<ref name=":2" />

=== Efforts-expended method ===
In the efforts-expended method, the share of effort consumed to date is compared to the total effort expected for the project. For example, the completion percentage may be established on direct work hours, machine hours, or quantities of material.<ref name=":2" />

=== Units-of-delivery-method ===
In the units-of-delivery method, the portion of units delivered to the buyer is compared to the overall number of units to be delivered under the terms of a contract.<ref name="zine"/> This method, obviously, can only be used on projects consisting of the delivery of multiple units. The calculations involve revenue (the contract price of units delivered) and expenses (the costs that can be reasonably allocated to the units delivered).<ref name=":2" />

== Production accounting ==
Production accounting is used to manage finances and financial records in the [[film industry]] and [[television production]]. Production accountants work in close association with the producer and the production office.<ref name=":3"/>

==See also==
*[[Accounting]]
**[[List of accounting topics]]
**[[Accounting software]]
*[[Project management]]
*[[Project management software]]
*Business process improvement
*[[Project manager]]
* Project [[audit]]
* [[Financial accounting]]
* [[Management accounting]]

==References==
<references>
<ref name=":5">{{Cite news
  | url          = http://projectaccountingaustralia.com/what-is-project-accounting/
  | title        = What is Project Accounting? - Project Accounting Australia
  | work         = Project Accounting Australia
  | access-date  = 2017-11-10
  | language     = en-US
  | archive-url  = https://web.archive.org/web/20180826094032/http://projectaccountingaustralia.com/what-is-project-accounting/
  | archive-date = 2018-08-26
  | url-status   = dead
  }}</ref>
<ref name=":4">{{Cite journal
  | last      = Lachal
  | first     = Justin
  | last2     = McNeil
  | first2    = Charles
  | last3     = Tong
  | first3    = Lincoln
  | last4     = McCoy
  | first4    = Kevin
  | date      = September 2016
  | title     = Project Accounting
  | journal   = Business Insights
  | publisher = Chartered Accountants Australia and New Zealand
  }}</ref>
<ref name="abel">{{Cite web
  | url          = http://www.abelsoftware.com/abel-blog/news/abels-project-accounting/
  | title        = Abel’s Project Accounting
  | last         = Rothergill
  | first        = Rik
  | date         = 4 March 2014
  | website      = Abel Software
  | access-date  = 10 Nov 2017
  | archive-date = 30 May 2019
  | archive-url  = https://web.archive.org/web/20190530022536/https://www.abelsoftware.com/abel-blog/news/abels-project-accounting/
  | url-status   = live
  }}</ref>
<ref name=":0">{{Cite web
  | url          = http://www.accountingsoftwareexperts.com/Software-Guide-and-Definitions
  | title        = Software Guide and Definitions
  | date         = 2015
  | website      = Accounting Software Experts
  | archive-url  = https://web.archive.org/web/20160616211536/http://www.accountingsoftwareexperts.com/Software-Guide-and-Definitions
  | archive-date = 2016-06-16
  | url-status   = dead
  }}</ref>
<ref name=":1">{{Cite web
  | url          = http://www.streetdirectory.com/etoday/print_article.php?articleId=wlfppu
  | title        = What You Know About Project Accounting
  | last         = Thomson
  | first        = Jessica
  | website      = editorialtoday.com
  | access-date  = 10 Nov 2017
  | archive-date = 10 May 2017
  | archive-url  = https://web.archive.org/web/20170510181044/http://www.streetdirectory.com/etoday/print_article.php?articleId=wlfppu
  | url-status   = live
  }}</ref>
<ref name=":2">{{Cite web
  | url          = http://www.accountingtools.com/percentage-of-completion-metho
  | title        = Percentage of Completion Method
  | website      = Accounting Tools
  | access-date  = 10 Nov 2017
  | archive-date = 10 May 2017
  | archive-url  = https://web.archive.org/web/20170510110106/http://www.accountingtools.com/percentage-of-completion-metho
  | url-status   = live
  }}</ref>
<ref name="finch">{{Cite journal
  | last      = Finch
  | first     = Curt
  | date      = November 2007
  | title     = Why Project Accounting?
  | journal   = Strategic Finance
  | publisher = Institute of Management Accountants
  | volume    = November 2007
  | pages     = 25–29
  }}</ref>
<ref name="aus">{{Cite web
  | url          = http://projectaccountingaustralia.com/why-your-finance-team-might-cut-your-project-budget/
  | title        = Why your finance team might cut your project budget?
  | last         = Gofman
  | first        = Dina
  | last2        = Duggineni
  | first2       = Lourdes
  | date         = 28 Aug 2016
  | website      = projectaccounting.com.au
  | archive-url  = https://web.archive.org/web/20171110114647/http://projectaccountingaustralia.com/why-your-finance-team-might-cut-your-project-budget/
  | archive-date = 10 November 2017
  | access-date  = 10 Nov 2017
  | url-status   = dead
  }}</ref>
<ref name="tools">{{Cite news
  | url          = https://www.accountingtools.com/articles/2017/5/14/project-accountant-job-description
  | title        = Project accountant job description
  | work         = AccountingTools
  | access-date  = 2017-11-10
  | language     = en-US
  | archive-date = 2017-11-10
  | archive-url  = https://web.archive.org/web/20171110114719/https://www.accountingtools.com/articles/2017/5/14/project-accountant-job-description
  | url-status   = live
  }}</ref>
<ref name="zine">{{Cite web
  | url          = http://www.money-zine.com/definitions/investing-dictionary/percentage-of-completion-method/
  | title        = Percentage-of-Completion Method
  | website      = Money-Zine
  | access-date  = 10 Nov 2017
  | archive-date = 28 July 2017
  | archive-url  = https://web.archive.org/web/20170728022750/http://www.money-zine.com/definitions/investing-dictionary/percentage-of-completion-method/
  | url-status   = live
  }}</ref>
<ref name=":3">{{Cite web
  | url          = http://www.accountingcrossing.com/article/400165/What-is-the-Job-of-Production-Accountant/
  | title        = What Is The Job Of Production Accountant?
  | website      = Accounting Crossing
  | access-date  = 10 Nov 2017
  | archive-date = 11 November 2017
  | archive-url  = https://web.archive.org/web/20171111041806/https://www.accountingcrossing.com/article/400165/What-is-the-Job-of-Production-Accountant/
  | url-status   = live
  }}</ref>
</references>

==External links==
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20120103091924/http://ipma.ch/ International Project Management Association]
*[http://www.pmi.org/ The Project Management Institute]
*[http://www.aacei.org/ The Association for the Advancement of Cost Engineering, International]
*[http://www.acpaglobal.com/ The Association Certified Project Accountants]
*[http://projectaccountingaustralia.com/ Project Accounting Australia]

[[Category:Project management]]
[[Category:Management accounting]]