Editing Propionibacterium

{{Short description|Genus of bacteria}}
{{Automatic taxobox
| image = Emmental 015.jpg
| image_caption = [[Emmental cheese]] made using [[Propionibacterium freudenreichii|''Propionibacterium freudenreichii'' subsp. ''shermanii'']]
| taxon = Propionibacterium
| authority = Orla-Jensen 1909 (Approved Lists 1980)<ref>{{cite journal | author = Orla-Jensen S. | title = Die Hauptlinien des natürlichen Bakteriensystems | trans-title = The main lineages of natural bacterial systems | journal = Zentralblatt für Bakteriologie, Parasitenkunde, Infektionskrankheiten und Hygiene, Abteilung II |trans-journal=Central Journal for Bacteriology, Parasite Science, Infectious Diseases and Hygiene, Section II | year = 1909 | volume = 22 | pages = 305–346}}</ref><ref name=LPSN/>
| type_species = ''[[Propionibacterium freudenreichii]]''
| type_species_authority = van Niel 1928 (Approved Lists 1980)
| subdivision_ranks = [[Species]]<ref name=NCBI/>
| subdivision =
* ''[[Propionibacterium acidifaciens|P. acidifaciens]]''
<!-- Propionibacterium acidipropionici was reclassified as Acidipropionibacterium acidipropionici . -->
<!-- Propionibacterium acnes was reclassified as Cutibacterium acnes. -->
* ''P. australiense''
<!-- Propionibacterium avidum was reclassified as Cutibacterium avidum. -->
* ''P. cyclohexanicum''
<!-- Propionibacterium damnosum was reclassified as Acidipropionibacterium damnosum. -->
* ''[[Propionibacterium freudenreichii|P. freudenreichii]]''
<!-- Propionibacterium granulosum was reclassified as Cutibacterium granulosum. -->
<!-- "''Propionibacterium humerusii''" was reclassified as Cutibacterium modestum. -->
<!-- Propionibacterium innocuum was reclassified as Propioniferax innocua. -->
<!-- Propionibacterium jensenii was reclassified as Acidipropionibacterium jensenii. -->
<!-- Propionibacterium lymphophilum was reclassified as Propionimicrobium lymphophilum. -->
<!-- Propionibacterium microaerophilum was reclassified as Acidipropionibacterium microaerophilum. -->
<!-- Propionibacterium namnetense was reclassified as Cutibacterium namnetense. -->
<!-- Propionibacterium olivae was reclassified as Acidipropionibacterium olivae. -->
<!-- Propionibacterium propionicum was reclassified as Arachnia propionica. -->
<!-- Propionibacterium propionicus is a misspelling of Propionibacterium propionicum, which was reclassified as Arachnia propionica. -->
* ''P. ruminifibrarum''
<!-- "Propionibacterium shermanii" was reclassified as Propionibacterium freudenreichii. -->
<!-- Propionibacterium thoenii was reclassified as Acidipropionibacterium thoenii. -->
* "''P. westphaliense''" <small>Schlattmann et al. 2018</small>
}}

'''''Propionibacterium''''' is a [[Gram-positive bacteria|gram-positive]], anaerobic, rod-shaped genus of [[bacteria]] named for their unique [[metabolism]]: They are able to synthesize [[propionic acid]] by using unusual [[transcarboxylase]] [[enzyme]]s.<ref>Cheung, Y.F., Fung, C., and Walsh, C. "Stereochemistry of propionyl-coenzyme A and pyruvate carboxylations catalyzed by transcarboxylase." 1975. ''Biochemistry'' 14(13), pg 2981.</ref>

Its members are primarily [[facultative parasite]]s and [[Commensalism|commensals]] of [[human]]s and other animals, living in and around the [[sweat gland]]s, [[sebaceous gland]]s, and other areas of the [[skin]]. They are virtually ubiquitous and do not cause problems for most people, but propionibacteria have been implicated in [[acne]] and other skin conditions.<ref>Bojar, R., and Holland, K. "Acne and propionibacterium acnes." 2004. ''Clinics in Dermatology'' 22(5), pg. 375-379.</ref>  One study found the ''Propionibacterium'' was the most prevalent human skin-associated genus of microorganisms.<ref name=Rust>{{cite news| last = Rust| first = Susanne| date = 4 February 2012| title = UC Berkeley Bacteria Study: Research Shows Humans A Major Source Of Germs| newspaper = [[Huffington Post]]| location = San Francisco| url = http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2012/04/02/uc-berkeley-bacteria-study_n_1398128.html| access-date = 2012-04-06}}</ref>

In ruminants, propionibacteria reduce nitrate to nontoxic nitrogen compounds.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Strickland,Gary; Richards, Chris; Zhang,Hailin; and Step, D.L|title=Nitrate Toxicity in Livestock |date=February 2017 |url=https://extension.okstate.edu/fact-sheets/nitrate-toxicity-in-livestock.html |publisher=Oklahoma State University Extension Service |access-date=12 July 2023}}</ref>

Members of the genus ''Propionibacterium'' are widely used in the production of [[vitamin B12|vitamin B<sub>12</sub>]], [[tetrapyrrole]] compounds, and propionic acid, as well as in the [[probiotics]] and cheese industries.<ref>Kiatpapan P., Murooka Y. Genetic manipulation system in propionibacteria. Journal of Bioscience and Bioengineering. 93 (1) (pp 1–8), 2002</ref>

The strain ''[[Propionibacterium freudenreichii]]'' subsp. ''shermanii'' is used in [[cheesemaking]] to create CO<sub>2</sub> bubbles that become "[[Eyes (cheese)|eyes]]"—round holes in the cheese.<ref>[https://fankhauserblog.wordpress.com/2004/01/01/making-swiss-cheese/ Making Swiss Cheese - David B. Fankhauser, Ph.D.]</ref>

== Pathology ==
''Propionibacterium'' ''spp.'' are commensal bacteria that can occasionally cause infectious diseases. The most studied of these infections is [[acne vulgaris]], caused by ''Cutibacterium acnes'' (formerly ''[[Propionibacterium acnes]])''.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Zeller|first1=Valérie A.|last2=Letembet|first2=Valérie-Anne|last3=Meyssonnier|first3=Vanina A.|last4=Heym|first4=Beate|last5=Ziza|first5=Jean-Marc|last6=Marmor|first6=Simon D.|date=2018-02-12|title=Cutibacterium (Formerly Propionibacterium) avidum: A Rare but Avid Agent of Prosthetic Hip Infection|journal=The Journal of Arthroplasty|volume=33|issue=7|pages=2246–2250|doi=10.1016/j.arth.2018.02.008|issn=1532-8406|pmid=29544969|s2cid=3916758 }}</ref> It is a chronic inflammatory disease caused by the blockage of pilosebaceous units causing inflammatory lesions, non-inflammatory lesions or a mixture of both on the face, neck and/or chest.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK83685/|title=PROPIONIBACTERIUM ACNES AND CHRONIC DISEASES|last1=Bhatia|first1=Ajay|last2=Maisonneuve|first2=Jean-Francoise|last3=Persing|first3=David H.|date=2004|publisher=National Academies Press (US)|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|date=2017-12-15|title=Acne Vulgaris: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology|url=https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1069804-overview}}</ref> Acne vulgaris cannot be defined as an infectious disease since the bacteria is found on a vast majority of individuals without causing lesions.<ref name=":0" /> ''C. acnes'' colonize the skin only under certain favorable conditions. In most cases, ''C. acnes'' get trapped under the [[comedones]] where they proliferate to form micro-comedones, not visible to the naked eye,<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.springer.com/gp/book/9783642640964|title=ACNE and ROSACEA {{!}} G. Plewig {{!}} Springer|language=en}}</ref> which can later form structures such as closed comedones (white heads) and open comedones.<ref name=":0" /> These comedones can rupture, releasing the follicular material inside the dermis. The cause of this rupture was thought to be the indirect effect of fat metabolism by the bacteria, however it was later found that bacteria are directly involved in comedome rupturing by producing factors such as proteases, hyaluronidases and neuraminidases which might be involved in thinning of the epithelium.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Noble|first=W. C.|date=February 1984|title=Skin microbiology: coming of age|journal=Journal of Medical Microbiology|volume=17|issue=1|pages=1–12|doi=10.1099/00222615-17-1-1|issn=0022-2615|pmid=6229637|doi-access=free}}</ref> ''C. acnes'' can also produce immune factors such as proinflammatory cytokine inducing-factors<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Vowels|first1=B R|last2=Yang|first2=S|last3=Leyden|first3=J J|date=August 1995|title=Induction of proinflammatory cytokines by a soluble factor of Propionibacterium acnes: implications for chronic inflammatory acne.|pmc=173431|journal=Infection and Immunity|volume=63|issue=8|pages=3158–3165|doi=10.1128/IAI.63.8.3158-3165.1995|issn=0019-9567|pmid=7542639}}</ref> and chemotactic factors,<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Majeski|first1=J. A.|last2=Stinnett|first2=J. D.|date=March 1977|title=Chemoattractant properties of Corynebacterium parvum and pyran copolymer for human monocytes and neutrophils|journal=Journal of the National Cancer Institute|volume=58|issue=3|pages=781–783|issn=0027-8874|pmid=839571|doi=10.1093/jnci/58.3.781}}</ref> and can induce host complement pathways.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Webster|first1=G F|last2=Leyden|first2=J J|last3=Norman|first3=M E|last4=Nilsson|first4=U R|date=November 1978|title=Complement activation in acne vulgaris: in vitro studies with Propionibacterium acnes and Propionibacterium granulosum.|pmc=422187|journal=Infection and Immunity|volume=22|issue=2|pages=523–529|doi=10.1128/IAI.22.2.523-529.1978|issn=0019-9567|pmid=153333}}</ref>

==Phylogeny==
The currently accepted taxonomy is based on the [[List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature]] (LPSN)<ref name=LPSN>{{cite web |author=A.C. Parte |url=https://lpsn.dsmz.de/genus/propionibacterium |title=Propionibacterium |access-date=2025-02-28 |publisher=[[List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature]] (LPSN) |display-authors=et al.}}</ref> and [[National Center for Biotechnology Information]] (NCBI).<ref name=NCBI>{{cite web |author=C.L. Schoch |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Tree&id=1743&lvl=3&lin=f&keep=1&srchmode=1&unlock |title=Propionibacterium |access-date=2025-02-28 |publisher=[[National Center for Biotechnology Information]] (NCBI) taxonomy database |display-authors=et al.}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! colspan=1 | 16S rRNA based [[The All-Species Living Tree Project|LTP]]_10_2024<ref>{{cite web |title=The LTP |url=https://imedea.uib-csic.es/mmg/ltp/#LTP| access-date=10 December 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=LTP_all tree in newick format |url=https://imedea.uib-csic.es/mmg/ltp/wp-content/uploads/ltp/LTP_all_10_2024.ntree |access-date=10 December 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=LTP_10_2024 Release Notes |url=https://imedea.uib-csic.es/mmg/ltp/wp-content/uploads/ltp/LTP_10_2024_release_notes.pdf |access-date=10 December 2024}}</ref>
! colspan=1 | 120 marker proteins based [[Genome Taxonomy Database|GTDB]] 09-RS220<ref name="about">{{cite web |title=GTDB release 09-RS220 |url=https://gtdb.ecogenomic.org/about#4%7C |website=[[Genome Taxonomy Database]] |access-date=10 May 2024}}</ref><ref name="tree">{{cite web |title=bac120_r220.sp_labels |url=https://data.gtdb.ecogenomic.org/releases/release220/220.0/auxillary_files/bac120_r220.sp_labels.tree |website=[[Genome Taxonomy Database]] |access-date=10 May 2024}}</ref><ref name="taxon_history">{{cite web |title=Taxon History |url=https://gtdb.ecogenomic.org/taxon_history/ |website=[[Genome Taxonomy Database]] |access-date=10 May 2024}}</ref>
|- 
| style="vertical-align:top|
{{Clade | style=font-size:90%;line-height:80%
|label1=''Propionibacterium''
|1={{clade
  |1={{clade
    |1=''P. cyclohexanicum'' <small>Kusano et al. 1997</small>
    |2=''[[Propionibacterium freudenreichii|P. freudenreichii]]'' <small>van Niel 1928 (Approved Lists 1980)</small>
     }}
  |2={{clade
    |1=''[[Propionibacterium acidifaciens|P. acidifaciens]]'' <small>Downes and Wade 2009</small>
    |2={{clade
      |1=''P. australiense'' <small>Bernard et al. 2002</small>
      |2=''P. ruminifibrarum'' <small>Vaidya et al. 2019</small>
       }}
     }}
   }}
}}
|
{{Clade | style=font-size:90%;line-height:80%
|label1=''Propionibacterium''
|1={{clade
  |1={{clade
    |1=''P. cyclohexanicum''
    |2=''[[Propionibacterium freudenreichii|P. freudenreichii]]'' 
     }}
  |2={{clade
    |1=''[[Propionibacterium acidifaciens|P. acidifaciens]]''
    |2={{clade
      |1=''P. australiense''
      |2=''P. ruminifibrarum''
       }}
     }}
   }}
}}
|}

==See also==
* [[List of bacterial orders]]
* [[List of bacteria genera]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Portal bar|Biology}}
{{Bacteria classification}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q1309614}}
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[[Category:Propionibacteriales]]
[[Category:Bacteria genera]]