Editing Protocol I to the Geneva Conventions

{{Short description|1977 amendment protocol to the Geneva Convention}}
{{redirect|Geneva Protocol I|the chemical and nuclear weapons protocol|Geneva Protocol|other topics|Geneva Protocol (disambiguation)}}
{{other uses|Protocol 1 (disambiguation)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2024}}
{{Infobox treaty
|name=Geneva Conventions Protocol I
|long_name=Protocol Additional to the Geneva Conventions of 12 August 1949, and relating to the Protection of Victims of International Armed Conflicts (Protocol I)
|type=[[Protocol (diplomacy)|Protocol]]
|date_drafted=20 February 1974 – 8 June 1977
|date_signed={{Start date|df=y|1977|06|08}}
|location_signed=Geneva
|date_effective={{Start date|df=y|1978|12|07}}
|parties={{Collapsible list|expand=|title=174 states<ref>{{Cite web |title=Treaties, States parties, and Commentaries - States Parties - Protocol Additional to the Geneva Conventions of 12 August 1949, and relating to the Protection of Victims of International Armed Conflicts (Protocol I), 8 June 1977. |url=https://ihl-databases.icrc.org/applic/ihl/ihl.nsf/States.xsp?xp_viewStates=XPages_NORMStatesParties&xp_treatySelected=470 |access-date=13 April 2022 |website=ihl-databases.icrc.org}}</ref>|bullets=
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{{flagcountry|South Sudan}} |
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{{flagcountry|Sudan}} |
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{{flagcountry|Syrian Arab Republic}} |
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|depositor=[[Federal Council (Switzerland)|Swiss Federal Council]]
|languages=* [[English language|English]]
* [[Arabic language|Arabic]]
* [[Mandarin Chinese|Chinese]]
* [[Spanish language|Spanish]]
* [[French language|French]]
* [[Russian language|Russian]]
|signatories={{Collapsible list|expand=|title=3 states<ref>{{Cite web |title=Treaties, States parties, and Commentaries - Signatory States - Protocol Additional to the Geneva Conventions of 12 August 1949, and relating to the Protection of Victims of International Armed Conflicts (Protocol I), 8 June 1977. |url=https://ihl-databases.icrc.org/applic/ihl/ihl.nsf/States.xsp?xp_viewStates=XPages_NORMStatesSign&xp_treatySelected=470 |access-date=13 April 2022 |website=ihl-databases.icrc.org}}</ref>|bullets=
|{{flagcountry|Islamic Republic of Iran}} |
{{flagcountry|Pakistan}} |
{{flagcountry|United States of America}}}}
|wikisource=Geneva Convention/Protocol I}}
[[File:Geneva Conventions Protocol I Signatories.svg|thumb|A map showing the state parties and signatories of Protocol I of the Geneva Conventions (1977).{{legend|#008000|State parties (174){{refn|group=note|name=first|Russia revoked their ratification of the point 2 of [[s:Geneva Convention/Protocol I#Art 90. International Fact-Finding Commission|Article 90]] on 16 October 2019 via executive order and submitted such legislation to be adopted by the State Duma.<ref>{{cite news |date=17 October 2019 |title=Putin Pulls Russia Out of Convention on War-Crime Probes |publisher=Bloomberg |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2019-10-17/putin-pulls-russia-out-of-convention-on-war-crime-probes}}</ref>}}}}{{legend|#b3d9b3|State signatories (3)}}]]

'''Protocol I''' (also Additional Protocol I and AP I)<ref>{{cite book |last1=Cadwalader |first1=George Jr. |title=Yearbook of International Humanitarian Law 2011 - Volume 14 |date=2011 |isbn=978-90-6704-854-5 |volume=14 |pages=133–171 |chapter=The Rules Governing the Conduct of Hostilities in Additional Protocol I to the Geneva Conventions of 1949: A Review of Relevant United States References |doi=10.1007/978-90-6704-855-2_5 |access-date= |chapter-url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/yearbook-of-international-humanitarian-law/article/abs/rules-governing-the-conduct-of-hostilities-in-additional-protocol-i-to-the-geneva-conventions-of-1949-a-review-of-relevant-united-states-references/5089B0FD7E7CF55057D76972F4F76A9E |issue=December 2011}}</ref> is a 1977 amendment [[Protocol (diplomacy)|protocol]] to the [[Geneva Conventions]] concerning the protection of civilian victims of international war, including "armed conflicts in which peoples are fighting against [[Colonialism|colonial domination]], [[military occupation|alien occupation]] or [[Apartheid|racist regimes]]".<ref>[https://www.icrc.org/ihl/INTRO/470 Protocol Additional to the Geneva Conventions of 12 August 1949, and relating to the Protection of Victims of International Armed Conflicts (Protocol I), 8 June 1977], ICRC; International Committee of the Red Cross</ref> In practice, Additional Protocol I updated and reaffirmed the international laws of war stipulated in the Geneva Conventions of 1949 to accommodate developments of warfare since the Second World War (1937–1945).

== Summary of provisions ==
Protocol I contains 102 articles. The following is a basic overview of the protocol.<ref name=":0">{{cite web |title=Protocol Additional to the Geneva Conventions (Protocol I) of 8 June 1977 |url=https://ihl-databases.icrc.org/assets/treaties/470-AP-I-EN.pdf |publisher=International Humanitarian Law Databases}}</ref> In general, the protocol reaffirms the provisions of the original four [[Geneva Conventions]]. However, the following additional protections are added.
*Article I states that the convention applies in "armed conflicts in which peoples are fighting against colonial domination and alien occupation and against racist régimes in the exercise of their right of self-determination".
*Article 15 states that civilian medical and religious personnel shall be respected and protected. This includes that Parties shall give all available help to civilian medical personnel.
*Articles 17 and 81 authorize the [[International Committee of the Red Cross|ICRC]], national societies, or other impartial humanitarian organizations to provide [[Humanitarian aid|assistance to the victims of war]].
* Article 35 bans weapons that "cause superfluous injury or unnecessary suffering", as well as means of warfare that "cause [[Environmental impact of war|widespread, long-term, and severe damage to the natural environment]]".
* Article 37 prohibits [[perfidy]] (false declaration of truce). It identifies four types of perfidy and differentiates [[ruses of war]] from perfidy.
* Article 40 prohibits [[no quarter]], i.e. to order that there shall be no survivors, to threaten as such, or to conduct hostilities on that basis.
* Article 42 outlaws [[Attacks on parachutists|attacks on pilots and aircrews who are parachuting from an aircraft in distress]]. Once they landed in territory controlled by an adverse party, they must be given an opportunity to [[surrender (military)|surrender]] before being attacked, unless it is apparent that they are engaging in a hostile act. [[Airborne troops]], whether in distress or not, are not given the protection afforded by this Article and, therefore, may be attacked during their descent.
* Article 43 deals with the identification of Armed Forces that are Party to a conflict, and states that [[combatants]] "shall be subject to an internal disciplinary system which, {{Lang|la|inter alia}}, shall enforce compliance with the rules of international law applicable in armed conflict."
* Article 47(1) "A [[mercenary]] shall not have the right to be a combatant or a [[prisoner of war]]."
* Articles 51 and 54 outlaw [[Indiscriminate attack|indiscriminate attacks]] on civilian populations, and destruction of [[Crop destruction|food sources]], water, and other materials needed for survival. This include directly attacking civilian (non-military) targets, but also using technologies whose scope of destruction cannot be limited.<ref name="commentary">{{cite web |title=Commentary on the Additional Protocols to the Geneva Conventions |url=https://www.loc.gov/rr/frd/Military_Law/pdf/Commentary_GC_Protocols.pdf |publisher=International Committee of the Red Cross}}</ref> A [[total war]] that does not distinguish between civilian and military targets is considered a [[war crime]].
* Articles 53 prohibits attacks on historic monuments, works of art or places of worship.
* Article 56 covers attacks on "works and installations containing dangerous forces", such as [[dam]]s, [[Dyke (embankment)|dykes]], [[Nuclear power plant|nuclear electrical generating stations]]. These targets (and other military targets in their vicinity) may not be attacked if they threaten the release of dangerous forces.
* Chapter II, consisting of Articles 76, 77 and 78, provides special protections for women and children. In particular, the death penalty shall not be executed on children under eighteen years old, and shall be avoided on pregnant women and mothers having dependent infants. Further, children under fifteen years old shall not be recruited into the armed forces, and Parties shall take all reasonable measures to prevent them from taking part in hostilities.
* Article 79 states that journalists shall be considered as civilians and given the same protections. Civilian war correspondents attached to armed forces who are captured shall have the same rights as prisoners of wars, as outlined in the Third [[Geneva Conventions|Geneva Convention]].<ref name=":0" />
* Article 85(3f) prohibits the [[Perfidy|perfidious]] use of the red cross, red crescent or red lion and sun or of other [[Protocol III|protective signs recognized by the Geneva Conventions]].
* Article 90 describes how International Fact-Finding Commissions can be established in situations of serious violations of the Geneva Conventions.

== Ratification status ==
As of August 2024, it had been [[ratified]] by [[List of parties to the Geneva Conventions|174 states]].<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.icrc.org/applic/ihl/ihl.nsf/States.xsp?xp_treatySelected=D9E6B6264D7723C3C12563CD002D6CE4&xp_viewStates=XPages_NORMStatesParties&redirect=0 | title = Protocol Additional to the Geneva Conventions of 12 August 1949, and relating to the Protection of Victims of International Armed Conflicts (Protocol I), 8 June 1977 | publisher = International Committee of the Red Cross}}</ref> The United States, Iran, and Pakistan signed it on 12 December 1977 but never ratified it. [[Israel]], [[India]], and [[Turkey]] have not signed the treaty.

=== Israel ===
Protocols I and II to the Geneva Conventions are not ratified by Israel. According to legal scholar and human rights attorney [[Noura Erakat]], this allows the Israeli government to recognize the [[Israeli–Palestinian conflict|Israeli-Palestinian conflict]] as <nowiki>''</nowiki>neither a civil war ('non-international armed conflict,' NIAC) nor a war against a liberation movement ('international armed conflict,' IAC).<nowiki>''</nowiki><ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Erakat |first=Noura |url=https://searchworks.stanford.edu/view/13221372 |title=Justice for some: law and the question of Palestine |date=2019 |publisher=Stanford University Press |isbn=978-0-8047-9825-9 |location=Stanford, California |pages=179}}</ref> This way, force used by Palestinian factions can be deemed illegal and illegitimate.<ref name=":1" />

=== Russia ===<!-- This subsection is referred from Geneva Conventions -->
On 16 October 2019, President [[Vladimir Putin]] signed an [[executive order]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Указ Президента Российской Федерации от 16.10.2019 № 494 |trans-title=Executive order by President of Russian Federation No. 494, 16 October 2019 |url=http://publication.pravo.gov.ru/Document/View/0001201910160027 |access-date=10 March 2022 |website=publication.pravo.gov.ru}}</ref> and submitted a [[State Duma]] bill to revoke the statement accompanying Russia's ratification of the Protocol I, accepting the competence of the Article 90(2) International Fact-Finding Commission.<ref name="mtput" /><ref name="bput">{{cite news |date=17 October 2019 |title=Putin Pulls Russia Out of Convention on War-Crime Probes |work=Bloomberg |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2019-10-17/putin-pulls-russia-out-of-convention-on-war-crime-probes}}</ref><ref name="gmputin" /> The bill was supplied with the following warning:<ref name="mtput">{{cite news |title=Putin Seeks to Abandon Geneva Conventions' Victim-Protection Clause |url=https://www.themoscowtimes.com/2019/10/17/putin-seeks-to-abandon-geneva-conventions-victim-protection-clause-a67781 |work=The Moscow Times |date=17 October 2019}}</ref><ref name="gmputin">{{cite news |title=Putin revokes additional protocol to Geneva Conventions related to protection of war crimes victims |url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/world/article-putin-revokes-additional-protocol-to-geneva-conventions-related-to/ |agency=Reuters |work=The Globe and Mail |date=17 October 2019}}</ref>

{{quote|Exceptional circumstances affect the interests of the Russian Federation and require urgent action.&nbsp;... In the current international environment, the risks of abuse of the commission's powers for political purposes by unscrupulous states who act in bad faith have increased significantly.}}

== Article 1(4) ==
Article 1(4) says:
<blockquote>The situations referred to in the preceding paragraph include armed conflicts in which peoples are fighting against colonial domination and alien occupation and against racist regimes in the exercise of their right of self-determination.</blockquote>

Jan Arno Hessbruegge, who works at the New York Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights, examined the three categories listed in his book ''Human Rights and Personal Self-defense in International Law'':<ref>{{cite book |last1=Hessbruegge |first1=Jan Arno |title=Human rights and personal self-defense in international law |date=2017 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=9780190655020 |edition=First |location=New York, NY |pages=317}}</ref>
*"colonial domination" refers to far-away overseas colonies with clear geographical boundaries. It was not meant to apply to states conquering and annexing adjacent territories.
*"alien occupation" refers to "cases where the occupied territory did not yet form part of a state at the time of occupation but was occupied by a distinct group, such as the Palestinian people".
*"racist regimes" included countries that had institutionalized racism, not countries where the government merely practices racial discrimination. At the time the protocol was written, this mainly referred to South Africa and Rhodesia.

Legal scholar Waldemar A. Solf opined that Article 1(4) was largely symbolic and gave party states "a plausible basis for denying its application to their situation", while the states which the article most applied to (e.g., Israel, and apartheid-era South Africa) would not sign the agreement at all.<ref>According to "A Response to Douglas J. Feith's ''Law in the Service of Terror -- The Strange Case of the Additional Protocol''" by Waldemar A. Solf (1986), ''Akron Law Review'' vol. 20, issue 2, p. 285: "In view of the foregoing, it follows that the self determination provision in Art. 1(4) is largely symbolic and is not at all likely to present any practical problems in operations except that it automatically precludes Israel and South Africa from being parties to the Protocol, an unfortunate consequence in view of the military capability of both states in relation to their neighbors."</ref> 

The [[Reagan administration]] declared that Article 1(4) would "grant terrorists a psychological and legal victory",<ref>According to [https://scholarship.law.vanderbilt.edu/faculty-publications/636 "Exceptional Engagement: Protocol I and a World United Against Terrorism"] by Michael A. Newton (2009), ''Texas International Law Journal'' vol. 45, p 323: "The United States chose not to adopt the Protocol in the face of intensive international criticism because of its policy conclusions that the text contained overly expansive provisions resulting from politicized pressure to accord protection to terrorists who elected to conduct hostile military operations outside the established legal framework."</ref> as it appears to grant combatant status to non-state actors, many of which (such as the [[Palestine Liberation Organization]]) have been designated as terrorist groups by the United States and other countries. By contrast, an article in the ''[[International Review of the Red Cross]]'' argues that this article, in fact, ''strengthens'' the fight against terrorism, by applying the [[Law of war|laws of war]] (including all its prohibitions and obligations) to national [[Wars of national liberation|wars of liberation]]. By granting combatant status to non-state actors in wars of liberation, it too requires non-state actors to follow the strict prohibitions against acts of terror (Article 13, Article 51(2), etc.).<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Gasser |first=Hans-Peter |title=Prohibition of terrorist acts in international humanitarian law |url=https://international-review.icrc.org/sites/default/files/S0020860400022956a.pdf |journal=[[International Review of the Red Cross]] |pages=208, 210, 211}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Command responsibility]]
* [[Geneva Conventions]]
* [[List of parties to the Geneva Conventions]]
* [[First Geneva Convention]] on the treatment of battlefield casualties in the field
* [[Jus in bello]]
* [[Targeted killing]]
* [[Protocol II]], a 1977 amendment adopted relating to the protection of victims of non-international armed conflicts
* [[Protocol III]], a 2005 amendment adopted specifying the adoption of the [[Red Crystal]] emblem
* [[United Nations Mercenary Convention]]

== Notes ==
{{reflist|group=note}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
{{Wikisource|1=Geneva Convention/Protocol I|2=Protocol I}}
{{Portal|Law|Society}}
* [https://ihl-databases.icrc.org/assets/treaties/470-AP-I-EN.pdf Full text of Protocol I]
* [http://www.icrc.org/ihl.nsf/WebSign?ReadForm&id=470&ps=S List of countries that have signed but not yet ratified Protocol I]
* [https://international-review.icrc.org/reviews/irrc-no-320-international-review-red-cross-10-1997 International Review of the Red Cross, 1997&nbsp;– No. 320] Special issue: 20th anniversary of the 1977 Additional Protocols
* [http://www.icrc.org/web/eng/siteeng0.nsf/iwpList163/3C41E69FDF9CC5DCC1256B66005B085F 1977 Additional Protocols{{spaced ndash}}short bibliography] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060527223858/http://www.icrc.org/web/eng/siteeng0.nsf/iwpList163/3C41E69FDF9CC5DCC1256B66005B085F |date=27 May 2006 }} (by [[International Committee of the Red Cross|ICRC]])
* "New rules for victims of armed conflicts, Commentary on the two 1977 Protocols additional to the Geneva Conventions of 1949", by M. Bothe, [http://www.icrc.org/web/eng/siteeng0.nsf/iwpList160/4D7BB900A61F93C9C1256B66005A7ACE K.J.Partsch] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090506010054/http://www.icrc.org/web/eng/siteeng0.nsf/iwpList160/4D7BB900A61F93C9C1256B66005A7ACE |date=6 May 2009 }}, W.A. Solf, Pub: Martinus Nijhoff The Hague/Boston/London, 1982, {{ISBN|90-247-2537-2}}
* [http://www.reagan.utexas.edu/archives/speeches/1987/012987b.htm U.S. President Ronald Reagan's message to the Senate on Protocols I & II] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160307114731/https://www.reagan.utexas.edu/archives/speeches/1987/012987b.htm |date=7 March 2016 }}

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[[Category:Treaties of the Federated States of Micronesia]]
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[[Category:Treaties of Monaco]]
[[Category:Treaties of Mongolia]]
[[Category:Treaties of Montenegro]]
[[Category:Treaties of Morocco]]
[[Category:Treaties of the People's Republic of Mozambique]]
[[Category:Treaties of Namibia]]
[[Category:Treaties of Nauru]]
[[Category:Treaties of the Netherlands]]
[[Category:Treaties of New Zealand]]
[[Category:Treaties of Nicaragua]]
[[Category:Treaties of Niger]]
[[Category:Treaties of Nigeria]]
[[Category:Treaties of Norway]]
[[Category:Treaties of Oman]]
[[Category:Treaties of Palau]]
[[Category:Treaties of Palestine]]
[[Category:Treaties of Panama]]
[[Category:Treaties of Paraguay]]
[[Category:Treaties of Peru]]
[[Category:Treaties of the Philippines]]
[[Category:Treaties of Poland]]
[[Category:Treaties of Portugal]]
[[Category:Treaties of Qatar]]
[[Category:Treaties of Romania]]
[[Category:Treaties of Rwanda]]
[[Category:Treaties of Saint Kitts and Nevis]]
[[Category:Treaties of Saint Lucia]]
[[Category:Treaties of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines]]
[[Category:Treaties of Samoa]]
[[Category:Treaties of San Marino]]
[[Category:Treaties of São Tomé and Príncipe]]
[[Category:Treaties of Saudi Arabia]]
[[Category:Treaties of Senegal]]
[[Category:Treaties of Serbia and Montenegro]]
[[Category:Treaties of Seychelles]]
[[Category:Treaties of Sierra Leone]]
[[Category:Treaties of Slovakia]]
[[Category:Treaties of Slovenia]]
[[Category:Treaties of the Solomon Islands]]
[[Category:Treaties of South Africa]]
[[Category:Treaties of South Sudan]]
[[Category:Treaties of the Soviet Union]]
[[Category:Treaties of Spain]]
[[Category:Treaties of the Republic of the Sudan (1985–2011)]]
[[Category:Treaties of Suriname]]
[[Category:Treaties of Eswatini]]
[[Category:Treaties of Sweden]]
[[Category:Treaties of Switzerland]]
[[Category:Treaties of Syria]]
[[Category:Treaties of Tajikistan]]
[[Category:Treaties of Tanzania]]
[[Category:Treaties of Togo]]
[[Category:Treaties of Tonga]]
[[Category:Treaties of Trinidad and Tobago]]
[[Category:Treaties of Tunisia]]
[[Category:Treaties of Turkmenistan]]
[[Category:Treaties of Uganda]]
[[Category:Treaties of the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic]]
[[Category:Treaties of the United Arab Emirates]]
[[Category:Treaties of the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Treaties of Uruguay]]
[[Category:Treaties of Uzbekistan]]
[[Category:Treaties of Vanuatu]]
[[Category:Treaties of Venezuela]]
[[Category:Treaties of Vietnam]]
[[Category:Treaties of Yemen]]
[[Category:Treaties of Yugoslavia]]
[[Category:Treaties of Zambia]]
[[Category:Treaties of Zimbabwe]]
[[Category:Treaties extended to Greenland]]
[[Category:Treaties extended to the Faroe Islands]]
[[Category:Treaties extended to the Netherlands Antilles]]
[[Category:Treaties extended to Aruba]]
[[Category:Treaties extended to Anguilla]]
[[Category:Treaties extended to Bermuda]]
[[Category:Treaties extended to the British Antarctic Territory]]
[[Category:Treaties extended to the British Indian Ocean Territory]]
[[Category:Treaties extended to the British Virgin Islands]]
[[Category:Treaties extended to the Cayman Islands]]
[[Category:Treaties extended to the Falkland Islands]]
[[Category:Treaties extended to Montserrat]]
[[Category:Treaties extended to the Pitcairn Islands]]
[[Category:Treaties extended to Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha]]
[[Category:Treaties extended to South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands]]
[[Category:Treaties extended to Akrotiri and Dhekelia]]
[[Category:Treaties extended to the Turks and Caicos Islands]]
[[Category:Treaties extended to Guernsey]]
[[Category:Treaties extended to the Isle of Man]]
[[Category:Treaties extended to Jersey]]
[[Category:Treaties extended to Hong Kong]]
[[Category:Treaties extended to Macau]]
[[Category:Treaties concluded in Geneva]]