Editing Psittacula

{{Short description|Genus of birds}}
{{Automatic taxobox
| image = Psittacula krameri (pair) -Assam -India-8.jpg
| image_caption = [[Rose-ringed parakeet]]s in Assam, India<br>(''Psittacula krameri manillensis'')
| taxon = Psittacula
| authority = [[Georges Cuvier|Cuvier]], 1800
| type_species = ''Psittaculus alexandri'' ([[red-breasted parakeet]])
| type_species_authority = [[Carl Linnaeus|Linnaeus]], 1758 
| subdivision_ranks = Species
| subdivision = see text
}}

'''''Psittacula''''', also known as '''Afro-Asian ring-necked parrots''', is a [[genus]] of [[parrots]] from [[Africa]] and [[Southeast Asia]]. It is a widespread group with a clear concentration of species in south [[Asia]], but also with representatives in [[Africa]] and the islands of the [[Indian Ocean]]. This is the only genus of parrot which has the majority of its species in continental Asia. Of all the extant species only ''[[Psittacula calthropae]]'', ''[[Psittacula caniceps]]'' and ''[[Psittacula echo]]'' do not have a representative subspecies in any part of mainland continental Asia. The [[rose-ringed parakeet]], ''Psittacula krameri'', is one of the most widely distributed of all parrots.

The other two Asian genera, ''[[Loriculus]]'' and ''[[Psittinus]]'' are represented by only two species each, which occur in the mainland part of Asia. The majority of the ''Loriculus'' species occur on islands. Moreover, since ''Loriculus'' is spread across both sides of the [[Wallace Line]] it can be considered more Australasian than Asian. These parrots mostly have green plumage, with adults having coloured heads. The bill is stout, and the tail is long and graduated.

==Etymology==
The genus name ''Psittacula'' is a diminutive of the Latin word psittacus meaning "parrot".

==Taxonomy==
The genus ''Psittacula'' was introduced in 1800 by the French naturalist [[Georges Cuvier]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Cuvier |first=Georges |author-link=Georges Cuvier |year=1800 |title=Leçons d'Anatomie Comparée |volume=1 |language=fr |place=Paris |publisher=Baudouin |at=Table near end |url=https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/33516226 |access-date=2018-04-10 |archive-date=2020-05-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200525170133/https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/33516226 |url-status=live }}</ref> The [[type species]] was designated in 1923 by [[Gregory Mathews]] as the [[red-breasted parakeet]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Mathews |first=Gregory M. |author-link=Gregory Mathews |year=1917 |title=The Birds of Australia |volume=6 |location=London |publisher=Witherby |page=169 |url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/53282002 |access-date=2022-03-21 |archive-date=2022-03-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220321085513/https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/53282002 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |editor-last=Peters |editor-first=James Lee |editor-link=James L. Peters |year=1937 |title=Check-List of Birds of the World |volume=3 |publisher=Harvard University Press |place=Cambridge, Massachusetts |page=241 |url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/14477956 |access-date=2022-03-21 |archive-date=2022-03-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220321085512/https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/14477956 |url-status=live }}</ref> The name of the genus is a diminutive of the [[Latin]] word ''psittacus'' for a "parrot".<ref name=job>{{cite book |last=Jobling |first=James A |year=2010 |title=The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names |url=https://archive.org/details/Helm_Dictionary_of_Scientific_Bird_Names_by_James_A._Jobling |publisher=Christopher Helm |location=London |isbn=978-1-4081-2501-4 |page=[https://archive.org/details/Helm_Dictionary_of_Scientific_Bird_Names_by_James_A._Jobling/page/n321 321]}}</ref>

The genus includes 16 species, of which three are extinct.<ref name=ioc>{{cite web |editor1-last=Gill |editor1-first=Frank |editor1-link=Frank Gill (ornithologist) |editor2-last=Donsker |editor2-first=David |editor3-last=Rasmussen |editor3-first=Pamela |editor3-link=Pamela Rasmussen |date=January 2022 |title=Parrots, cockatoos |work=IOC World Bird List Version 12.1 |url=https://www.worldbirdnames.org/bow/parrots/ |publisher=International Ornithologists' Union |access-date=21 March 2022 |archive-date=31 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180731161741/https://www.worldbirdnames.org/bow/parrots/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

*†[[Newton's parakeet]], ''Psittacula exsul''  - [[extinct]] (c.1875)
*[[Echo parakeet]], ''Psittacula eques''
**†[[Réunion parrot]], ''Psittacula eques eques'' - [[extinct]] mid-18th century
*†[[Mascarene grey parakeet]], ''Psittacula bensoni'' - [[extinct]] (c.1764) (formerly classified in genus †''[[Lophopsittacus]]'', and still considered such by some authorities)
*[[Rose-ringed parakeet]], ''Psittacula krameri''
*[[Alexandrine parakeet]], ''Psittacula eupatria''
*†[[Seychelles parakeet]], ''Psittacula wardi'' - [[extinct]] (1883)
*[[Plum-headed parakeet]], ''Psittacula cyanocephala''
*[[Blossom-headed parakeet]], ''Psittacula roseata''
*[[Slaty-headed parakeet]], ''Psittacula himalayana''
*[[Grey-headed parakeet]], ''Psittacula finschii''
*[[Blue-winged parakeet]], ''Psittacula columboides''
*[[Layard's parakeet]], ''Psittacula calthrapae''
*[[Lord Derby's parakeet]], ''Psittacula derbiana''
*[[Red-breasted parakeet]], ''Psittacula alexandri'' (also called moustached parrot)
*[[Long-tailed parakeet]], ''Psittacula longicauda''
*[[Nicobar parakeet]], ''Psittacula caniceps''

=== Alternative taxonomy ===
{{Cladogram
|caption=Phylogeny of the genus ''Psittacula'' based on a study by Michael Braun and coworkers published in 2019.<ref name=braun2019/>
|align=right
|cladogram={{Clade| style=font-size:80%;line-height:100%;width:400px;

|1={{clade
   |1={{clade
      |1=[[Blossom-headed parakeet]], ''Psittacula roseata''
      |2={{clade
         |1=[[Plum-headed parakeet]], ''Psittacula cyanophala''
         |2={{clade
            |1=[[Slaty-headed parakeet]], ''Psittacula himalayana''
            |2=[[Grey-headed parakeet]], ''Psittacula finschii''
            }}
         }}
      }}    
   |2={{clade
      |1={{clade
         |1=[[Layard's parakeet]], ''Psittacula calthrapae''
         |2=[[Blue-winged parakeet]], ''Psittacula columboides''
         }}
      |2={{clade
         |1={{clade
            |1={{clade
               |1=† [[Seychelles parakeet]], ''Psittacula wardi''
               |2=[[Alexandrine parakeet]], ''Psittacula eupatria''
               }}
            |2={{clade
               |1=[[Rose-ringed parakeet]], ''Psittacula krameri krameri''
               |2={{clade
                  |1=[[Echo parakeet]], ''Psittacula eques echo''|style1=background-color:#eeeeee;
                  |2={{clade
                     |1=Rose-ringed parakeet, ''Psittacula krameri manillensis''
                     |2=Rose-ringed parakeet, ''Psittacula krameri borealis''
                    }}
                  }}
               }}
            }}
         |2={{clade
            |1=[[Blue-rumped parrot]], ''Psittinus cyanurus''|style1=background-color:#bbedFF;
            |2={{clade
               |1={{clade
                  |1=[[Great-billed parrot]], ''Tanygnathus megalorynchos''|style1=background-color:#ddFFee;
                  |2=[[Azure-rumped parrot]], ''Tanygnathus sumatranus''|style2=background-color:#ddFFee;
                  }}
               |2={{clade
                  |1=[[Long-tailed parakeet]], ''Psittacula longicauda''
                  |2={{clade
                     |1=[[Red-breasted parakeet]], ''Psittacula alexandri alexandri''
                     |2={{clade
                        |1=[[Lord Derby's parakeet]], ''Psittacula derbiana''|style1=background-color:#eeeeee;
                        |2={{clade
                           |1=Red-breasted parakeet, ''Psittacula alexandri fasciata''
                           |2=Red-breasted parakeet, ''Psittacula alexandri abbotti''
                           }}
                        }}
                     }}
                  }}
               }}
            }}
         }}
      }}
   }}
}}
}}

Genetic evidence has found that the genus ''Psittacula'' is likely [[Paraphyly|paraphyletic]]; for example, genetic analysis has supported merging short-tailed parrots of the genus ''[[Tanygnathus]],'' ''[[Psittinus]],'' and the extinct ''[[Mascarene parrot|Mascarinus]]'' with ''Psittacula.''<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Podsiadlowski |first1=Lars |last2=Gamauf |first2=Anita |last3=Töpfer |first3=Till |date=2017 |title=Revising the phylogenetic position of the extinct Mascarene Parrot ''Mascarinus mascarin'' (Linnaeus 1771) (Aves: Psittaciformes: Psittacidae) |journal=Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution |volume=107 |pages=499–502 |doi=10.1016/j.ympev.2016.12.022 |pmid=28017858|bibcode=2017MolPE.107..499P }}</ref> A revised classification was proposed by Michael Braun and coworkers in 2019 that splits the genus ''Psittacula'' into multiple [[Monophyly|monophyletic]] genera in order to preserve ''Tanygnathus, Psittinus,'' and ''Mascarinus'' as distinct genera. After the proposed split, the only remaining species in ''Psittacula sensu stricto'' are ''P. derbiana'', ''P. caniceps'', and ''P. alexandri''.<ref name=braun2019>{{Cite journal |last1=Braun |first1=M.P. |last2=Datzmann |first2=T. |last3=Arndt |first3=T. |last4=Reinschmidt |first4=M. |last5=Schnitker |first5=H. |last6=Bahr |first6=N. |last7=Sauer-Gürth |first7=H. |last8=Wink |first8=M. |date=2019 |title=A molecular phylogeny of the genus ''Psittacula'' ''sensu lato'' (Aves: Psittaciformes: Psittacidae: ''Psittacula'', ''Psittinus'', ''Tanygnathus'', †''Mascarinus'') with taxonomic implications |journal=Zootaxa |pmid=31716534 |volume=4563 |issue=3 |pages=zootaxa.4563.3.8 |doi=10.11646/zootaxa.4563.3.8 |s2cid=91969786}}</ref> This is also the taxonomic system followed by the [[IUCN Red List]] and [[BirdLife International]]. The list of split or monophyletic genera and species (and any of their allied species) is displayed below:

*Genus '''''Himalayapsitta'''''
**[[Plum-headed parakeet]], ''Himalayapsitta cyanocephala''
**[[Grey-headed parakeet]], ''Himalayapsitta finschii''
**[[Slaty-headed parakeet]], ''Himalayapsitta himalayana''
**[[Blossom-headed parakeet]], ''Himalayapsitta roseata''
*Genus '''''Nicopsitta'''''
**[[Blue-winged parakeet]], ''Nicopsitta columboides''
**[[Layard's parakeet]], ''Nicopsitta calthrapae''
*Genus '''''Belocercus'''''
**[[Long-tailed parakeet]], ''Belocercus longicauda''
*Genus '''''Psittacula'''''
**[[Red-breasted parakeet]], ''Psittacula alexandri''
**[[Lord Derby's parakeet]], ''Psittacula derbiana''
**[[Nicobar parakeet]], ''Psittacula caniceps''
*Genus '''''Palaeornis'''''
**[[Alexandrine parakeet]], ''Palaeornis eupatria''
**†[[Seychelles parakeet]], ''Palaeornis wardi'' 
*Genus '''''Alexandrinus'''''
**[[Rose-ringed parakeet]], ''Alexandrinus krameri''
**†[[Newton's parakeet]], ''Alexandrinus exsul''  
**[[Echo parakeet]], ''Alexandrinus (eques) echo''
*Genus '''''Tanygnathus''''' 
**[[Great-billed parrot]], ''Tanygnathus megalorynchos''
**[[Blue-naped parrot]], ''Tanygnathus lucionensis''
**[[Blue-backed parrot]], ''Tanygnathus sumatranus''
**[[Black-lored parrot]], ''Tanygnathus gramineus''
*Genus '''''Psittinus'''''
**[[Blue-rumped parrot]], ''Psittinus cyanurus''
**[[Simeulue parrot]], ''Psittinus abbotti'' 
*Genus †'''''Mascarinus'''''
**†[[Mascarene parrot]], ''Mascarinus mascarin''
*Genus †'''''Lophopsittacus'''''
**†[[Mauritius grey parrot]], ''Lophopsittacus bensoni''

The extinct Mascarene grey parrot (''P. bensoni'') was not sampled in the study and has not been reclassified to ''Psittacula [[Sensu|sensu lato]]'' by the IUCN or BirdLife, so it is still classified in ''[[Lophopsittacus]]'' under this taxonomy and with the common name Mauritius grey parrot.<ref>{{Cite web |last=International) |first=BirdLife International (BirdLife |date=2016-10-01 |title=IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: ''Lophopsittacus bensoni'' |url=https://www.iucnredlist.org/en |access-date=2021-03-27 |website=IUCN Red List of Threatened Species |archive-date=2020-03-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200304172225/https://www.iucnredlist.org/en |url-status=live }}</ref> The Nicobar parrot(''P. caniceps'') was also not sampled but kept in ''Psittacula'' by the authorities that incorporated this taxonomy.<ref>{{Cite web |last=International) |first=BirdLife International (BirdLife |date=2019-05-31 |title=IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: ''Psittacula caniceps'' |url=https://www.iucnredlist.org/en |access-date=2021-03-27 |website=IUCN Red List of Threatened Species |archive-date=2020-03-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200304172225/https://www.iucnredlist.org/en |url-status=live }}</ref>

The study has also found that the rose-ringed and red-breasted parrots are likely paraphyletic species themselves, and thus need to be split into multiple species.<ref name=braun2019/>

=== Hypothetical extinct species ===
The Rothschild's or [[intermediate parakeet]] ''P. intermedia'', found in northern India, was formerly considered a mystery, as only very few specimens were known. It has since been demonstrated to be a [[Hybrid (biology)|hybrid]] between the slaty-headed parrot ''P. himalayana'' and the plum-headed parrot ''P. cyanocephala''.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Rasmussen |first1=Pamela C. |last2=Collar |first2=Nigel J. |year=1999 |title=On the hybrid status of Rothschild's parrot ''Psittacula intermedia'' (Aves, Psittacidae) |journal=Bulletin of the Natural History Museum, Zoology Series |volume=65 |issue=1 |pages=31–50}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Rasmussen |first1=Pamela C. |last2=Collar |first2=Nigel J. |year=1999 |title=Little-known Oriental non-bird: Intermediate parrot, ''Psittacula intermedia'' |url=http://people.ds.cam.ac.uk/cns26/NJC/Papers/Psittermedia%20popular%20Eng.PDF |journal=Bulletin of the Oriental Bird Club |volume=29 |pages=36–41 |access-date=2018-04-10 |archive-date=2018-04-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180411111424/http://people.ds.cam.ac.uk/cns26/NJC/Papers/Psittermedia%20popular%20Eng.PDF |url-status=live }}</ref>

The taxonomy of the [[Réunion parakeet]] ''P. eques'' is also confusing.  Extinct since 1770, little evidence even exists of the bird's existence. A study skin had been discovered at the Royal Museum of Scotland, explicitly referencing a book description of the Réunion birds. It is known from other descriptions, as well as illustrations of which it is unknown whether they were drawn from live or stuffed specimens.  This may be the only material proof of these birds' existence. Taxonomists are unsure if the birds were a distinct species, or conspecific with the [[echo parakeet]], although genetic analysis supports it being a [[subspecies]] of the echo parakeet.

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

==External links==
{{Commons category multi|Psittacula|Psittacidae}}
{{Wikispecies}}
*[http://home.wanadoo.nl/psittaculaworld/PsittaculaWorld.htm Psittacula World]
*[http://www.birdtheme.org/scripts/family.php?famnum=74 Stamps featuring Parrots including ''Psittacula'']
*[http://www.edelsittich.de/ Images and German Descriptions]

{{Psittaculini}}
{{Psittacopasseres|Ps.|state=collapsed}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q518087}}

[[Category:Psittacula| ]]
[[Category:Bird genera]]
[[Category:Psittaculini]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Georges Cuvier]]