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{{short description|First-level administrative division of Russia}} {{Infobox Russian federal subject |en_name=Pskov Oblast |ru_name=Псковская область |image_map=Map of Russia (2014–2022) - Pskov Oblast.svg |coordinates={{coord|57|19|N|29|15|E|type:adm1st_region:RU|display=inline,title}} |image_coa=Coat of arms of Pskov Oblast (Latest version).svg |coa_caption= [[Coat of arms of Pskov Oblast|Coat of arms]] |image_flag=Flag_of_Pskov_Oblast.svg |flag_caption |anthem=Anthem of the Pskov Oblast<br />{{center|[[File:Anthem of the Pskov Oblast.ogg]]}} |anthem_ref=<ref name="Anthem">Law #1</ref> |holiday= |holiday_ref= |political_status=Oblast |political_status_link=Oblasts of Russia |federal_district=[[Northwestern Federal District|Northwestern]] |economic_region=[[Northwestern economic region|Northwestern]] |adm_ctr_type=Administrative center |adm_ctr_name=[[Pskov]] |adm_ctr_ref=<ref name="AdmCtr">Charter of Pskov Oblast, Article 14</ref> |pop_2021census=599084 |pop_2021census_rank=66th |urban_pop_2010census=70.9% |rural_pop_2010census=29.1% |pop_2021census_ref=<ref name=2021census>{{cite web|title=Оценка численности постоянного населения по субъектам Российской Федерации|url=https://rosstat.gov.ru/storage/mediabank/tab-5_VPN-2020.xlsx|publisher=[[Federal State Statistics Service (Russia)|Federal State Statistics Service]]|accessdate=1 September 2022}}</ref> |pop_density |pop_density_as_of |pop_density_ref |pop_latest=656561 |pop_latest_date=January 2014 |pop_latest_ref=<ref name="2014Est">Pskov Oblast Territorial Branch of the [[Russian Federal State Statistics Service|Federal State Statistics Service]]. [http://pskovstat.gks.ru/wps/wcm/connect/rosstat_ts/pskovstat/resources/208681804361ea6b9978d974665da2b8/Nas140324_1+%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0.htm Оценка численности постоянного населения Псковской области на 1 января 2014 года] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140502010259/http://pskovstat.gks.ru/wps/wcm/connect/rosstat_ts/pskovstat/resources/208681804361ea6b9978d974665da2b8/Nas140324_1+%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0.htm |date=May 2, 2014 }} {{in lang|ru}}</ref> |area_km2=55399 |area_km2_rank=49th |established_date=August 23, 1944 |established_date_ref=<ref name="Established">Decree of August 23, 1944</ref> |license_plates=60 |ISO=RU-PSK |gov_as_of=November 2013 |leader_title=[[Governor of Pskov Oblast|Governor]] |leader_title_ref=<ref name="HeadTitle">Charter of Pskov Oblast, Article 43</ref> |leader_name=[[Mikhail Vedernikov]] |leader_name_ref=<ref name="HeadName">Official website of Pskov Oblast. [http://www.pskov.ru/vlast/ispolnitelnaya/gubernator Mikhail Yuryevich Vedernikov, Acting Governor of Pskov Oblast] {{in lang|ru}}</ref> |legislature=[[Pskov Oblast Assembly of Deputies|Oblast Assembly of Deputies]] |legislature_ref=<ref name="Legis">Charter of Pskov Oblast, Article 23</ref> |website=http://www.pskov.ru/ |website_ref |date=October 2017 }} '''Pskov Oblast''' ({{langx|ru|Пско́вская о́бласть|Pskovskaya oblast'}}) is a [[federal subjects of Russia|federal subject]] of [[Russia]] (an [[oblast]]), located in the west of the country. Its [[administrative center]] is the [[Classification of inhabited localities in Russia|city]] of [[Pskov]]. As of the [[Russian Census (2021)|2021 Census]], its population was 599,084.<ref name="2021Census">{{ru-pop-ref|2021Census}}</ref> ==Geography== Pskov Oblast is the westernmost [[federal subjects of Russia|federal subject]] of contiguous Russia ([[Kaliningrad Oblast]], while located further to the west, is an [[enclave and exclave|exclave]]).<ref name="Zayats">1september.ru. Д. В. Заяц (D. V. Zayats). "[http://geo.1september.ru/article.php?ID=200602302 Псковская область]" (''Pskov Oblast'').</ref> It borders with [[Leningrad Oblast]] in the north, [[Novgorod Oblast]] in the east, [[Tver Oblast|Tver]] and [[Smolensk Oblast]]s in the southeast, [[Vitebsk Region|Vitebsk Oblast]] of [[Belarus]] in the south, and with the [[counties of Latvia]] ([[Alūksne Municipality]], [[Balvi Municipality]], and [[Ludza Municipality]]) and [[Estonia]] ([[Võru County]]) in the west. In the northwest, Pskov Oblast is limited by [[Lake Peipus]], which makes up most of the [[Estonia–Russia border|state border with Estonia]].<ref name="Zayats" /> The oblast is located in the [[Baltic Sea]] [[drainage basin]], mostly in the basin of the [[Narva River]]. The biggest river of this basin is the [[Velikaya River|Velikaya]], which flows across the whole oblast from south to north and drains into Lake Peipus. The drainage basin of the Velikaya covers the whole territory of the oblast, with the exception of relatively minor areas in its southern, eastern, and northeastern parts. The rivers in the southeast drain into the [[Lovat River|Lovat]], which has its source in Belarus and crosses Pskov Oblast from south to north, continuing to Novgorod Oblast. The Lovat is a major [[tributary]] of [[Lake Ilmen]] and is itself in the [[Neva River]]'s basin. Another tributary of Lake Ilmen is the [[Shelon River]], which flows in the eastern part of the oblast. Finally, minor areas in the south lie in the basin of the [[Daugava River|Western Dvina]]. A short stretch of the Western Dvina makes up the border between Pskov and Tver Oblasts. The north of the oblast is flat and swampy, whereas the central and the southern parts are formed by glacial landscapes. There are many lakes, especially in the south. The biggest one, after Lake Peipus, is [[Lake Zhizhitskoye]], with an area of {{convert|51.3|km2|sp=us}}. It is located in the southeast of the oblast, in the basin of the Western Dvina.<ref name="Lesnenko">{{cite web |url= http://www.pskovfish.ru/ozera.htm |script-title= ru:Озера Псковской области |last=Лесненко |first=В.К. |author2= В.Н. Абросов |language=ru |access-date= November 3, 2014}}</ref> Wood is one of the most important natural resources in the oblast, with forests taking up to one-third of the territory. Total wood reserves as of January 1, 2005 were estimated to be at {{convert|331,200,000 |m3|cuft|sp=us}}.<ref name="NatRes">Official website of Pskov Oblast. [http://www.pskov.ru/region/resursy Natural Resources] {{in lang|ru}}</ref> ==History== [[File:Campaigns of Stefan Batory.svg |thumb|The campaigns in the final period of the Livonian War. The solid line shows the borders of Poland around 1600, with Russia located to the east]] Pskov was first mentioned in chronicles under the year 903, and several versions of the [[Trade route from the Varangians to the Greeks]] ran through its current territory, along the Velikaya and the Lovat rivers. Until the 1230s, Pskov was a principality; subsequently it was subordinated to [[Novgorod Republic|Novgorod]] and became a republic, one of the two republics in [[Kievan Rus'|Rus]]. In the [[Pskov Republic]], the highest authority was the assembly of citizens. In 1348, the [[Treaty of Bolotovo]] was concluded, recognizing the independence of Pskov. Over time Pskov became dependent on the [[Grand Duchy of Moscow]] and after 1399 Moscow appointed viceroys to Pskov. Formal independence ended in 1510, when Pskov was occupied by the troops of [[Vasili III of Russia]], the Grand Prince of Moscow.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.culture.pskov.ru/ru/history |script-title= ru:Культура и история Псковской области |last=Аракчеев |first=В.А. |publisher=Администрация Псковской области |language= ru |access-date=5 November 2012}}</ref> Throughout history, Pskov lands were always situated in the west of Russian Lands, and its rulers were almost constantly at war. In 1242 the [[Battle of the Ice]] on Lake Peipus stopped the expansion of the [[Teutonic Knights]] to the east. During the [[Livonian War]], in 1581, the Polish troops laid siege to Pskov. The areas which now constitute the southern part of the oblast changed hands many times, but after the Livonian War, they were made part of Poland and remained as such until the [[First Partition of Poland]] in 1772. The southeastern part of the oblast then became part of the [[Principality of Toropets]] before it was attached to Moscow in the 15th century. {{OldStyleDateNY|December 29|December 18}}, 1708 [[Tsar]] [[Peter the Great]] issued an [[ukase|edict]] which established seven governorates.<ref name="1708List">[http://constitution.garant.ru/history/act1600-1918/2005/ Указ об учреждении губерний и о росписании к ним городов] {{in lang|ru}}</ref><ref name="ATSBook">{{Cite book|last=Архивный отдел Администрации Мурманской области. Государственный Архив Мурманской области.|title=Административно-территориальное деление Мурманской области (1920-1993 гг.). Справочник|publisher=Мурманское издательско-полиграфическое предприятие "Север" |year=1995 |location= Мурманск |pages=19–20}}</ref> The north of the present area of Pskov Oblast, which at the time belonged to Russia, was a part of Ingermanland Governorate, which was renamed [[Saint Petersburg Governorate]] in 1710. In 1727, a separate [[Novgorod Governorate]] was established, and the area was transferred there. It was subdivided into five provinces, and the current area of Pskov Oblast was split between two of them - [[Pskov Province|Pskov]] and [[Velikiye Luki Province]]s. In 1772, in order to accommodate areas acquired by Russia as a result of the First Partition of Poland, [[Pskov Governorate]] with the seat in Opochka was created.<ref name="arxiv">{{cite web|url=http://derjava.pskov.ru/arch/archhhhh/989/|script-title=ru:Псковской губернии 225 лет|last=Коломыцева|first=Н.В.|publisher=Краеведческий архив Псковской области|language=ru|access-date=5 April 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://archive.today/20121221192806/http://derjava.pskov.ru/arch/archhhhh/989/|archive-date=December 21, 2012|df=mdy-all}}</ref> It quickly proved to be unmanageable and was split in 1776 into Pskov and [[Polotsk Governorate]]s. Pskov was made the administrative center of Pskov Governorate. In 1777, Pskov Governorate was transformed into Pskov Viceroyalty. In 1796, the viceroyalty was abolished, and the emperor [[Paul I of Russia|Paul I]] issued a decree restoring Pskov Governorate.<ref name="arxiv"/> The southern part of Pskov Oblast wento through a number of administrative reforms, before ending up in [[Vitebsk Governorate]]. After 1919, Vitebsk Governorate was a part of [[Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic]].<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |url=http://slovari.yandex.ru/%D0%9E%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8C%20%28%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8C%29/%D0%91%D0%A1%D0%AD/%D0%9E%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8C%20%28%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8C%29/ |script-title=ru:Область (местность) |encyclopedia=[[Great Soviet Encyclopedia]] |language=ru |access-date=9 November 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140331035806/http://slovari.yandex.ru/%D0%9E%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8C%20%28%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8C%29/%D0%91%D0%A1%D0%AD/%D0%9E%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8C%20%28%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8C%29/ |archive-date=March 31, 2014 |df=mdy-all }}</ref> In 1924, Vitebsk Governorate was abolished, and its northeastern part was transferred to Pskov Governorate. Besides, in 1920 the westernmost areas of the Pskov Governorate including [[Pechory]], [[Izborsk]], [[Vyshgorodok]] and [[Pytalovo]] that since 1918 were occupied by the [[White_movement|North-Western Army]], Latvian and Estonian republican units, were ceded from Russian SFR to Latvia and Estonia respectively under the [[Treaty of Tartu (Russian–Estonian)|Tartu Peace Treaty]] and [[Latvian–Soviet Peace Treaty|Riga Peace Treaty]]. [[File:Часовня преподобных Антония и Феодосия Печоры.jpg|left|thumb|Chapel of St. Anthony and Theodosius, Pechory.]] On August 1, 1927 the governorates were abolished, and the area became a part of newly established [[Leningrad Oblast]].<ref name="novobl">{{cite book|last1= Снытко|first1=О.В.|editor=С.Д. Трифонов|editor2=Т.Б. Чуйкова|editor3=Л.В. Федина|editor4=А.Э. Дубоносова|script-title=ru:Административно-территориальное деление Новгородской губернии и области 1727-1995 гг. Справочник|url=http://novarchiv.org/images/novarchiv/nsa/adm_delenie_novg_obl.pdf|page=85|access-date=March 2, 2011|year=2009|language=ru|location=Saint Petersburg|display-authors=etal}}</ref> The southern part was soon split off and went through a number of administrative reforms, being at different times located in [[Western Oblast]], [[Smolensk Oblast]], and [[Tver Oblast|Kalinin Oblast]]. Between autumn of 1941 and spring of 1944, during [[World War II]], the current area of Pskov Oblast was occupied by German troops. In particular, the [[Soviet partisans|partisan movement]] was pretty active in the area. After the liberation, on August 22, 1944, [[Velikiye Luki Oblast]] was established, with the center in Velikiye Luki, and on the following day, August 23, 1944, Pskov Oblast was established. In 1945 areas ceded by Russian SFR to Latvia and Estonia in 1920 were transferred back from Estonian and Latvian Soviet Socialist Republics to Pskov Oblast, including the town of Pechory.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.libussr.ru/doc_ussr/ussr_4513.htm|title=Decree of the Supreme Council of USSR on establishing of Pskov Oblast (23 August 1944)|access-date=January 1, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url= http://www.archive.pskov.ru/ukaz-prezidiuma |title= Supreme Council of the USSR, Decree on founding of Pskov Oblast (published image version) |website= pskov.ru |access-date= January 2, 2017}}</ref> Together, Pskov and Velikiye Luki Oblasts now contained all the areas which currently constitute Pskov Oblast. On October 2, 1957, Velikiye Luki Oblast was abolished and split between Pskov and Kalinin Oblasts. After [[Kholmsky District, Novgorod Oblast|Kholmsky]] and [[Ploskoshsky District]]s were transferred to Novgorod and Kalinin Oblasts, respectively, in July 1958, the borders of Pskov Oblast did not change. In the course of 20th century the population of the Pskov oblast declined significantly and its composition changed. In 1926 almost 1.7 million people lived within the modern borders of the oblast, 92% in rural localities. By 1950 the population dropped to little more than one million due to the forced [[Collectivization in the Soviet Union|collectivisation in the 1930s]], losses during the Second World War and internal migration to other areas of the Soviet Union. Further population movements and the general Russian demographic crisis of the 1990s brought the population down to less than 700 thousand. The industrialisation led to the increase of the urban population which reached 50% in 1976.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Кривуля |first1=И. В. |last2=Манаков |first2=А. Г. |title=ДЕПОПУЛЯЦИОННЫЕ ПРОЦЕССЫ В ПСКОВСКОЙ ОБЛАСТИ И КЛЮЧЕВЫЕ НАПРАВЛЕНИЯ ДЕМОГРАФИЧЕСКОЙ ПОЛИТИКИ |journal=Псковский регионологический журнал |date=2006 |volume=1 |page=57 |url=https://pskgu.ru/projects/pgu/storage/prj/prj_01/prj_01_06.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160307153756/https://pskgu.ru/projects/pgu/storage/prj/prj_01/prj_01_06.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-date=2016-03-07 |access-date=3 April 2022}}</ref> ==Politics== [[File:Pskov asv07-2018 various13 House of Soviets.jpg|thumb|Seat of the Pskov Administration and parliament, House of the Soviets.]] During the [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] period, the high authority in the oblast was shared between three persons: the first secretary of the Pskov CPSU Committee (who in reality had the most authority), the chairman of the oblast Soviet (legislative power), and the Chairman of the oblast Executive Committee (executive power). Since 1991, CPSU lost all the power, and the head of the Oblast administration, and eventually the governor was appointed/elected alongside the elected [[Regional parliaments of Russia|regional parliament]]. The Charter of Pskov Oblast is the fundamental law of the region. The [[Pskov Oblast Assembly of Deputies]] is the province's standing legislative (representative) body. The Assembly exercises its authority by passing laws, resolutions, and other legal acts and by supervising the implementation and observance of the laws and other legal acts passed by it. The highest executive body is the Oblast Government, which includes territorial executive bodies such as district administrations, committees, and commissions that facilitate development and run the day to day matters of the province. The Oblast administration supports the activities of the Governor who is the highest official and acts as guarantor of the observance of the oblast Charter in accordance with the [[Constitution of Russia]]. Liya Milushkina, supporter of Alexey Navalny and former head of the regional [[Open Russia]] organisation, and her husband Artyom were convicted for sale of illegal drugs and sentenced to 10.5 and 11 years in prison respectively. They said that the drugs had been planted and the conviction was politically motivated.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Shambilova |first1=Sasha |title=Экс‑главу «Открытой России» в Пскове Лию Милушкину приговорили к 10,5 года колонии по делу о наркотиках |url=https://tjournal.ru/news/423413-eks-glavu-otkrytoy-rossii-v-pskove-liyu-milushkinu-prigovorili-k-10-5-goda-kolonii-po-delu-o-narkotikah |access-date=13 August 2021 |publisher=TJournal |date=2021-08-12 |language=ru}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Двух активистов «Открытой России» в Пскове приговорили к 10,5 и 11 годам колонии по делу о наркотиках |url=https://novayagazeta.ru/articles/2021/08/12/muzha-eks-glavy-otkrytoi-rossii-v-pskove-artema-milushkina-prigovorili-k-11-godam-kolonii-po-delu-o-narkotikakh-news |access-date=13 August 2021 |publisher=Новая Газета |date=2021-08-12 |language=ru}}</ref> ===First secretaries of the Pskov Oblast CPSU Committee=== In the period when they were the most important authority in the oblast (1944 to 1991), the following first secretaries were appointed,<ref name="list1">{{cite web|url=http://www.knowbysight.info/1_rsfsr/00165.asp|script-title=ru:Справочник по истории Коммунистической партии и Советского Союза 1898 - 1991|publisher=knowbysight.info|language=ru|access-date=15 August 2014}}</ref> *1944-1949 Leonty Antyufeyev *1949-1951 Gennady Shubin *1951-1961 Mikhail Kanunnikov *1961-1971 [[Ivan Gustov]] *1971-1987 Alexey Rybakov *1987-1988 Yury Pogorelov *1988-1990 Alexey Ilyin *1990-1991 Vladimir Nikitin ===Governors=== Since 1991, governors were sometimes appointed, and sometimes elected,<ref name="list2">{{cite web|url=http://www.protown.ru/russia/obl/articles/articles_266.html|script-title=ru:Губернаторы Псковской области|publisher=ProTown.ru|language=ru|access-date=10 May 2012}}</ref> *1991-1992 [[Anatoly Dobryakov]], head of the administration, appointed *1992-1996 [[Vladislav Tumanov]], head of the administration, appointed *1996-2004 [[Yevgeny Mikhailov]], governor, elected *2004-2009 [[Mikhail Varfolomeyevich Kuznetsov|Mikhail Kuznetsov]], governor, elected *2009-2017 [[Andrey Turchak]], governor, appointed, elected<ref name="timeaban">Shuster, Simon (9 May 2011)[https://web.archive.org/web/20110512043949/http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,2068398,00.html Abandon All Hope: The Russian Region that's Dying on Europe's Doorstep], ''[[Time (magazine)]]''</ref> *2017-present [[Mikhail Vedernikov]], governor, elected<ref>{{cite news |url= https://www.vedomosti.ru/politics/articles/2017/10/12/737598-turchak |script-title=ru:Губернатор Псковской области Андрей Турчак ушел в отставку |last=Наталья Райбман |author2= Светлана Бочарова |date=12 October 2017 |publisher= [[Vedomosti]] |language=ru |access-date= 13 October 2017}}</ref> ==Administrative structure== {{Main article|Administrative divisions of Pskov Oblast}} The oblast is administratively divided into two [[city of federal subject significance|cities and towns under the oblast jurisdiction]] ([[Pskov]] and [[Velikiye Luki]]) and twenty-four districts. Another twelve towns <!-- ([[Dno]], [[Gdov]], [[Nevel]], [[Novorzhev]], [[Novosokolniki]], [[Opochka]], and [[Sebezh]])--> have the status of the towns of district significance.<ref name="OKATO">{{OKATO reference|58}}</ref> ===Restricted access=== The areas close to [[Estonia–Russia border|Estonian-Russian]] and [[Latvia–Russia border|Latvian-Russian]] border are included into the [[Border Security Zone of Russia|border security zone]], intended to protect the borders of Russian Federation from unwanted activity. None of towns or urban-type settlements is currently included in the border security zone. In order to visit the zone, a permit issued by the local [[Federal Security Service (Russia)|FSB]] department is required.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Приказ ФСБ РФ от 2 июня 2006 года N 237 "О пределах пограничной зоны на территории Архангельской области"|journal=[[Rossiyskaya Gazeta]]|volume=2006|url=http://www.mccme.ru/putevod/Border/border.html|language=ru}}</ref> ===Authorities=== According to the Charter of the Pskov Oblast, state power in the region is exercised based on the separation of powers into legislative and executive branches. The state authorities of the Pskov Oblast are located in Pskov. ====Legislature==== The [[Pskov Oblast Assembly of Deputies]] exercises legislative power. The first convocation began work on 8 April 1994. Since 2002, it has been elected by the inhabitants of the Oblast according to a mixed system - the region was one of the first to apply such a model.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://informpskov.ru/news/33038.html |title=Открылась «прощальная» сессия Псковского областного Собрания третьего созыва |trans-title=The "farewell" session of the Pskov Oblast Assembly of the third convocation has opened |access-date=2019-11-28 |archive-date=2018-04-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180418162104/http://informpskov.ru/news/33038.html |url-status=live}}</ref> Since 2007, it has consisted of 44 deputies (22 + 22): one half is elected on [[Party-list proportional representation|party lists]] ([[Proportional representation|proportional system]]), the second - in [[Constituencies of Russia|single-member districts]] ([[Majoritarian representation|majority system]]). To obtain the right to participate in the distribution of [[Mandate (politics)|mandates]] to the Assembly under the proportional system, parties must overcome the 5% [[Electoral threshold|threshold]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.sobranie.pskov.ru/common/history |title=Псковское областное собрание депутатов |trans-title=Pskov Oblast Assembly of Deputies |access-date=2018-04-18 |archive-date=2018-04-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180418225317/http://www.sobranie.pskov.ru/common/history |url-status=live}}</ref> The current 6th convocation was elected on 18 September 2016. The seats in the Assembly were distributed as follows: [[United Russia]] received 33 seats (in all 22 single-mandate districts and 11 on party lists), the [[Communist Party of the Russian Federation]] - 5 seats (all on party lists), the [[Liberal Democratic Party of Russia]] - 3 seats (all on party lists), [[A Just Russia]] - 2 places (all on party lists) and Yabloko - one place (on party lists).<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://pln-pskov.ru/politics/254327.html |title=Избирательная комиссия утвердила протокол о результатах выборов в Псковское областное Собрание шестого созыва |trans-title=The Election Commission approved the protocol on the results of elections to the Pskov Regional Assembly of the sixth convocation |access-date=2019-11-28 |archive-date=2020-08-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200811015058/https://pln-pskov.ru/politics/254327.html |url-status=live}}</ref> Alexander Kotov, who headed the Assembly of the fifth convocation, was again elected Chairman.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://sobranie.pskov.ru/press-center/news/1429 |title=Александр Котов избран на пост спикера регионального парламента |trans-title=Alexander Kotov was elected to the post of speaker of the regional parliament |access-date=2018-04-18 |archive-date=2018-02-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180226212057/http://sobranie.pskov.ru/press-center/news/1429 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.pskov.ru/novosti/15.12.11/20189 |title=Александр Котов выбран председателем Псковского областного Собрания 5-го созыва. 15/12/2011 |trans-title=Alexander Kotov was elected chairman of the Pskov Regional Assembly of the 5th convocation. 15/12/2011 |access-date=2012-02-17 |archive-date=2015-01-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150123150704/http://www.pskov.ru/novosti/15.12.11/20189 |url-status=live}}</ref> The powers of the convocation will last five years - until September 2021. As of 1 August 2020, the seats in the Assembly are distributed as follows: 31 seats - United Russia (in 20 single-mandate constituencies and 11 on party lists), the Communist Party of the Russian Federation - 5 seats (all 5 on party lists), the Liberal Democratic Party of Russia - 3 seats (all 3 on party lists), A Just Russia - 2 seats (all 2 on party lists), and Yabloko - 2 seats (1 single-member district and 1 on party lists), one deputy - outside the faction (single-member district). The chairman of the regional Assembly of Deputies is Alexander Kotov, who headed the Assembly of the fifth convocation.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://sobranie.pskov.ru/structure/fractions |title=Псковское областное Собрание депутатов - Фракции |trans-title=Pskov Regional Assembly of Deputies - Fractions |website=sobranie.pskov.ru |accessdate=2020-09-03 |archive-date=2016-12-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161214220244/http://sobranie.pskov.ru/structure/fractions |url-status=live}}</ref> ====Executive==== Executive power is exercised by the [[governor of the Pskov Oblast]], who heads the administration of the Pskov Oblast and other executive authorities. The governor is the highest official in the region, elected by the region's residents for five years. The same person cannot be governor for more than two terms in a row. [[Andrey Turchak]] was the governor from 2009 to 2017. On 12 October 2017, by decree of the President of the Russian Federation, [[Mikhail Vedernikov]], who previously held the position of Deputy Plenipotentiary Representative of the President of the Russian Federation in the Northwestern [[federal districts of Russia|Federal Okrug]], was appointed acting Governor of the Pskov Oblast. On 9 September 2018, Mikhail Vedernikov was elected governor of the Pskov Oblast (he was nominated for election by the Pskov Oblast branch of the United Russia party based on the results of a preliminary intra-party vote),<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://pskov.er.ru/news/2018/6/5/edinaya-rossiya-vydvinula-mihaila-vedernikova-kandidatom-v-gubernatory-pskovskoj-oblasti/ |title=«Единая Россия» выдвинула Михаила Ведерникова кандидатом в губернаторы Псковской области. 5 июня 2018 |trans-title=United Russia nominated Mikhail Vedernikov as a candidate for governor of the Pskov region. 5 June 2018 |access-date=2019-11-28 |archive-date=2018-10-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181010213738/https://pskov.er.ru/news/2018/6/5/edinaya-rossiya-vydvinula-mihaila-vedernikova-kandidatom-v-gubernatory-pskovskoj-oblasti/ |url-status=live}}</ref> won the first round, gaining 70.68% of the vote,<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.pskov.vybory.izbirkom.ru/region/region/pskov?action=show&root=1&tvd=2602000724002&vrn=2602000723998®ion=60&global=&sub_region=60&prver=0&pronetvd=null&vibid=2602000724002&type=222 |title=Итоги выборов губернатора Псковской области. 9 сентября 2018 |trans-title=The results of the election of the governor of the Pskov Oblast. 9 September 2018 |access-date=2019-05-22 |archive-date=2018-10-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181010174347/http://www.pskov.vybory.izbirkom.ru/region/region/pskov?action=show&root=1&tvd=2602000724002&vrn=2602000723998®ion=60&global=&sub_region=60&prver=0&pronetvd=null&vibid=2602000724002&type=222}}</ref> and took office on 17 September 2018.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://informpskov.ru/news/281398.html |title=Михаил Ведерников принёс присягу и вступил в должность губернатора Псковской области. 17 сентября 2018 |trans-title=Mikhail Vedernikov took the oath and took office as governor of the Pskov Oblast. 17 September 2018 |access-date=2019-05-22 |archive-date=2018-10-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181010174344/https://informpskov.ru/news/281398.html |url-status=live}}</ref> ==Demographics== {{Historical populations |type = |footnote = Source: Census data, estimate<ref name=2025Estimate>{{cite web|title=Предварительная оценка численности постоянного населения на 1 января 2025 года|url=https://rosstat.gov.ru/storage/mediabank/PrPopul2025_Site.xlsx|publisher=[[Federal State Statistics Service (Russia)|Federal State Statistics Service]]|accessdate=3 February 2025}}</ref> |[[Russian_Empire_census|1897]] | 1122317 |[[1926 Soviet census|1926]] | 1788418 |[[1939 Soviet census|1939]] | 1549800 |[[1959 Soviet census|1959]] | 951866 |[[1970 Soviet census|1970]] | 875293 |[[1979 Soviet census|1979]] | 850035 |[[1989 Soviet census|1989]] | 846449 |[[2002 Russian census|2002]] | 760810 |[[2010 Russian census|2010]] | 673423 |[[2021 Russian census|2021]] | 599084 |2025 | 574199 }} '''Population''': {{ru-census|p2021=599,084|p2010=673,423|p2002=760,810|p1989=846,449}} '''Vital statistics for 2024:<ref>{{Cite web |date=21 February 2025 |title=Естественное движение населения в разрезе субъектов российской федерации за декабрь 2024 года |url=https://rosstat.gov.ru/storage/mediabank/EDN_12-2024.htm |url-status=live |access-date=25 February 2025 |website=Rosstat}}</ref>''' *Births: 3,937 (6.8 per 1,000) *Deaths: 10,157 (17.6 per 1,000) '''Total fertility rate (2024):<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-02-25 |title=Рейтинг рождаемости в регионах: кто в лидерах, а кто в аутсайдерах {{!}} Москва |url=https://fedpress.ru/article/3365231 |access-date=2025-02-26 |website=ФедералПресс |language=ru-RU}}</ref>'''<br /> 1.29 children per woman '''Life expectancy (2021):'''<ref name="rosstat">{{cite web|url=https://rosstat.gov.ru/folder/210/document/13207 |title=Демографический ежегодник России |publisher=[[Federal State Statistics Service (Russia)|Federal State Statistics Service of Russia]] (Rosstat) |access-date=2022-06-01 |language=ru |trans-title=The Demographic Yearbook of Russia}}</ref> <br /> Total — 67.69 years (male — 62.85, female — 72.67) '''Ethnic composition (2010):'''<ref name="2010Census" /> *95% [[Russians|Russian]] *1.3% [[Ukrainians|Ukrainian]] *1% [[Belarusians]] *0.5% [[Romani people|Romani]] *0.4% [[Armenians|Armenian]] *0.1% [[Estonians|Estonian]] *1.7% others *24,630 people were registered from administrative databases, and could not declare an ethnicity. It is estimated that the proportion of ethnicities in this group is the same as that of the declared group.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.perepis-2010.ru/news/detail.php?ID=6936 |title=Перепись-2010: русских становится больше |publisher=Perepis-2010.ru |date=2011-12-19 |access-date=2012-08-13}}</ref> A notable ethnic minority are the [[Setos]], an ethnic group related to [[Estonians]]. Setos are traditionally [[Eastern Orthodox Church|Orthodox Christians]] and live in Pechorsky District in the west of the oblast. ===Religion=== {{Bar box |title=Religion in Pskov Oblast as of 2012 (Sreda Arena Atlas)<ref name="2012ArenaAtlas">[http://sreda.org/en/arena "Arena: Atlas of Religions and Nationalities in Russia"]. Sreda, 2012.</ref><ref name="2012Arena-religion-maps">[http://c2.kommersant.ru/ISSUES.PHOTO/OGONIOK/2012/034/ogcyhjk2.jpg 2012 Arena Atlas Religion Maps]. "Ogonek", № 34 (5243), 27/08/2012. Retrieved 21/04/2017. [https://web.archive.org/web/20170421154615/http://c2.kommersant.ru/ISSUES.PHOTO/OGONIOK/2012/034/ogcyhjk2.jpg Archived].</ref> |float=right |bars= {{Bar percent|[[Russian Orthodox Church|Russian Orthodoxy]]|DarkOrchid|49.6}} {{Bar percent|Other [[Eastern Orthodox Church|Orthodox]]|MediumOrchid|1.5}} {{Bar percent|[[Old Believers]]|Purple|0.6}} {{Bar percent|Other [[Christianity in Russia|Christians]]|DeepSkyBlue|5.4}} {{Bar percent|[[Rodnovery]] and other native faiths|Red|0.8}} {{Bar percent|[[Spiritual but not religious]]|DarkSlateGray|17.4}} {{Bar percent|[[Atheism]] and [[irreligion]]|Black|19.2}} {{Bar percent|Other and undeclared|Gray|5.5}} }} According to a 2012 survey<ref name="2012ArenaAtlas"/> 49.6% of the population of Pskov Oblast adheres to the [[Russian Orthodox Church]], 5% are [[nondenominational Christianity|unaffiliated]] generic [[Christians]], 2% are Orthodox Christian believers who don't belong to any church or are members of other (non-Russian) [[Eastern Orthodox Church]]es, 1% of the population adheres to the [[Slavic native faith]] movement (Rodnovery), 1% to the [[Old Believers]]' church. In addition, 17% of the population declares to be "[[spiritual but not religious]]", 19% is [[atheism|atheist]], and 6.4% follows other religions or did not give an answer to the question.<ref name="2012ArenaAtlas" /> ==Economy== ===Industry=== Enterprises of electrotechnical industry and food industry in 2009 jointly produced over 50% of the industrial output of the oblast.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rrbg.ru/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=1077&Itemid=1167&lang=ru|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210919160431/https://rrbg.ru/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=1077&Itemid=1167&lang=ru|url-status=dead|archive-date=September 19, 2021|script-title=ru:Структура промышленности и динамика промышленного производства|language=ru|access-date=31 October 2012}}</ref> The two cities with the biggest concentration of industrial enterprises are Pskov and Velikiye Luki. ===Agriculture=== The main specializations of agriculture in Pskov Oblast are cattle breeding with milk and meat production.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rrbg.ru/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=1078&Itemid=1168&lang=ru|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210919170938/https://rrbg.ru/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=1078&Itemid=1168&lang=ru|url-status=dead|archive-date=September 19, 2021|script-title=ru:Сельское хозяйство Псковской области|publisher=Портал российско-японского экономического сотрудничества|language=ru|access-date=31 October 2012}}</ref> == Transportation == The railway connecting [[Bologoye, Tver Oblast|Bologoye]] and Pskov via Dno and Porkhov crosses the district from east to west. It continues to [[Pechory]] and across the border to [[Tartu]], though there is no railway passenger connections between Pskov and Estonia. In Pskov, it crosses another railroad connecting Saint Petersburg with [[Riga]] via Plyussa, Ostrov, and Pytalovo. Gdov is connected by railroad with [[Veymarn]] via [[Slantsy, Leningrad Oblast|Slantsy]]. This is a part of the railway which continued south to Pskov, however, the stretch between Gdov and Pskov was destroyed during World War II and never rebuilt. In the south, the railway connecting [[Moscow]] with Riga crosses the oblast from east to west, passing through Velikiye Luki, Novosokolniki, and Sebezh. Another railway, running in the east of the oblast in the north–south direction, connects Saint Petersburg via Dno and Novosokolniki with Nevel. In Nevel it splits into two railway lines, both running southeast into Belarus: One line to [[Vitebsk]], and another one to [[Grodno]] via [[Polotsk]] and [[Maladzyechna|Molodechno]]. Finally, Velikiye Luki is a terminus of the railway line running northeast to Bologoye. The road network in the oblast is relatively dense, excluding depopulated swampy areas in the east of the oblast. The two most significant highways are the [[M9 highway (Russia)|M9 highway]] which connects Moscow and Riga and runs in the east–west direction, and the [[M20 highway (Russia)|M20 highway]] which connects Saint Petersburg and [[Kiev]], running from north to south. The two highways cross near Pustoshka. A number of road stretches are toll roads. Ostrov is the northern terminus of the [[European route E262]], which proceeds to [[Kaunas]] via Rēzekne and Daugavpils. The oblast is served by airports in [[Pskov Airport|Pskov]] and [[Velikiye Luki Airport|Velikiye Luki]]. [[Pskov Airport|Pskov Airport (Kresty)]] serves regular flights to [[Domodedovo International Airport|Moscow Domodedovo]] and [[Pulkovo Airport|Saint Petersburg Pulkovo]].<ref name="pskovavia">[http://pskovavia.ru/airline/passengers/schedule The schedule of Pskovavia flights]. Retrieved 2014-04-20</ref> These flights are operated by [[Pskovavia]], a local airline. The very lowest part of the Velikaya is navigable. ==Culture and recreation== [[File:Пушкиногорье. Сельцо Михайловское, дом-музей А.С.Пушкина.jpg|thumb|Family estate of the Russian writer and poet Alexander Pushkin]] Pskov, similarly to Novgorod, avoided the [[Mongol invasion of Rus']], and therefore it conserved the best examples of Old Russian architecture. The Christ's Transfiguration Cathedral of [[Mirozhsky Monastery]] in Pskov, built in the 12th century, contains the 12th-century frescoes, which are extremely rare in Russia. The only other [[List of buildings of Pre-Mongol Rus|pre-Mongol building]] in Pskov Oblast is the katholikon of the [[Ivanovsky Monastery, Pskov|Ivanovsky Monastery]] in Pskov, which was constructed in the 1140s and is allegedly the oldest surviving building in the oblast. In Pskov and its immediate surroundings there are several dozens churches built between the end of the 14th and the 17th century. They all have a very simple architecture, painted white from the outside, and most of them have a belfry constructed just on the main church building. Another architecture feature of Pskov is a presence of a large number of the 17th century living houses (''palatas''). Pre-18th century civil architecture is extremely rare in Russia, only a handful of building survived, and Pskov contains several dozens of the best samples of this genre. [[File:Pscovo-Pechorskii Monastery 1473 - panoramio (3).jpg|thumb|left|Pskov-Caves Monastery]] Pskov for a considerable part of its history was located at the west border of Russia, and therefore the fortification architecture was particularly useful in the area. The best surviving examples are the [[Pskov Krom|Pskov Kremlin]], the walls and the towers surrounding the historic center of Pskov, the fortress in [[Izborsk]], the [[Pskov-Caves Monastery]] in the town of Pechory, and the fortress in Porkhov. Pskov Governorate happened to be the location of the family estate of [[Alexander Pushkin]], a Russian poet credited with the creation of contemporary [[Russian language]]. He spent considerable time at the estate, and once was banished there for two years. In Soviet times, the estate and surrounding areas were transformed into the [[Mikhaylovskoye Museum Reserve]] and became a primary tourist attraction. The estate which belonged to the family of the composer [[Modest Mussorgsky]] in Kunyinsky District is also preserved as a museum. ==Notable people== <!---♦♦♦ Only add a person to this list if they already have their own article on the English Wikipedia ♦♦♦---> <!---♦♦♦ Please keep the list in alphabetical order by LAST NAME ♦♦♦---> *[[Elena Nefedeva]] (born 1870), Russian Greco-Roman Catholic nun ==See also== *[[List of Chairmen of Pskov Oblast Assembly]] *[[List of rural localities in Pskov Oblast]] *[[Pitelis|Pitelis Lake]] on the border with Latvia ==References== ===Notes=== {{Reflist}} ===Sources=== *{{RussiaBasicLawRef|psk}} *{{Cite Soviet law |ru_entity=Президиум Верховного Совета СССР |ru_type=Указ |ru_date=23 августа 1944 г. |ru_title=Об образовании Псковской области в составе РСФСР |ru_url= |en_entity=[[Presidium of the Supreme Soviet]] of the USSR |en_type=Decree |en_date=August 23, 1944 |en_title=On Establishing Pskov Oblast Within the RSFSR |en_url= }} == External links == {{Commons category|Pskov Oblast}} * {{Cite EB1911|wstitle= Pskov (government) | volume= 22 |last1= Kropotkin |first1= Peter Alexeivitch |author1-link= Peter Kropotkin| last2= Bealby |first2= John Thomas| page = 542 |short= 1}} {{Subdivisions of Russia}} {{Pskov Oblast}} {{Authority Control}} {{Use mdy dates|date=December 2011}} [[Category:Pskov Oblast| ]] [[Category:States and territories established in 1944]]
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