Editing Psychogeography

{{Short description|Creative view of the built environment that emphasizes playfulness and dérive}}

[[File:Liberatelondon.GIF|thumb|Psychogeography involves self published reports and maps, using the [[Situationist]] technique of detournement - using pre-found elements and subverting them. evoL PsychogeogrAphix 2003]]

'''Psychogeography''' is the exploration of urban environments that emphasizes interpersonal connections to places and arbitrary routes. It was developed by members of the [[Letterist International]] and [[Situationist International]], which were revolutionary groups influenced by [[Marxism|Marxist]] and [[anarchist theory]] as well as the attitudes and methods of [[Dadaists]] and [[Surrealism|Surrealists]].<ref>{{Cite book|title=Encyclopedia of the City|last=Caves|first=R. W.|publisher=Routledge|year=2004|isbn=9780415252256|pages=546}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite book|last=Marcus|first=Greil|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2okQBQAAQBAJ&q=father+hated|title=Lipstick Traces: A Secret History of the Twentieth Century|date=2014-10-09|publisher=Faber & Faber|isbn=978-0-571-26120-8|language=en}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite book|last=Plant|first=Sadie|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0eGIAgAAQBAJ&q=dada+surrealism+letterist+situationist|title=The Most Radical Gesture: The Situationist International in a Postmodern Age|date=2002-01-22|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-134-92530-8|language=en}}</ref> 

In 1955, [[Guy Debord]] defined psychogeography as "the study of the precise laws and specific effects of the geographical environment, consciously organized or not, on the emotions and behavior of individuals."<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://library.nothingness.org/articles/SI/en/display/2|title=Introduction to a Critique of Urban Geography|website=The Situationist International Text Library}}</ref> One of the key tactics for exploring psychogeography is the loosely defined urban walking practice known as the ''[[dérive]]''. As a practice and theory, psychogeography has influenced a broad set of cultural actors, including artists, activists and academics.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3">{{Cite book|last=Richardson|first=Tina|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4ODaDwAAQBAJ&q=psychogeography|title=Walking Inside Out: Contemporary British Psychogeography|date=2015-07-07|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|isbn=978-1-78348-087-6|language=en}}</ref>

==Development==
{{Situationists |expanded=Concepts}}
Psychogeography was originally developed by the Letterist International 'around the summer of 1953'.<ref name=":0" /> Debord describes psychogeography as 'charmingly vague' and emphasises the importance of practice in psychogeographical explorations.<ref name=":0" /> The first published discussion of psychogeography was in the Lettrist journal ''Potlatch'' (1954), which included a 'Psychogeographical Game of the Week':<blockquote>Depending on what you are after, choose an area, a more or less populous city, a more or less lively street. Build a house. Furnish it. Make the most of its decoration and surroundings. Choose the season and the time. Gather together the right people, the best records and drinks. Lighting and conversation must, of course, be appropriate, along with the weather and your memories.

If your calculations are correct, you should find the outcome satisfying. (Please inform the editors of the results.)<ref>{{Cite web|date=22 June 1954|title=potlach #1: information bulletin of the french section of the lettrist international|url=https://www.cddc.vt.edu/sionline/presitu/potlatch1.html|access-date=2020-10-26|website=www.cddc.vt.edu}}</ref></blockquote>The Lettrists' reimagining of the city has its precursors in aspects of Dadaism and Surrealism.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /><ref name=":6">{{Cite book|last=Morris|first=Blake|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Kiy7DwAAQBAJ&q=Dada+Situationist|title=Walking Networks: The Development of an Artistic Medium|date=2019-11-05|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield International|isbn=978-1-78661-022-5|language=en}}</ref> The concept of the [[flâneur]] is also cited as an influence on the development of psychogeography.<ref name=":3" /><sup>:3;</sup><ref name=":5">{{Cite book |last=Elkin |first=Lauren |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0UcyCwAAQBAJ&q=psychogeography |title=Flaneuse: Women Walk the City in Paris, New York, Tokyo, Venice and London |date=2016-07-28 |publisher=Random House |isbn=978-1-4481-9195-6 |language=en}}</ref><sup>18</sup> Widely credited to [[Charles Baudelaire]], who was influenced by Edgar Allan Poe's "The Man of the Crowd", it was further developed theoretically by [[Walter Benjamin]].<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":5" /><ref>{{Cite book |last=Baudelaire |first=Charles |url=https://www.amazon.com/Painter-Modern-Essays-Translated-Jonathan/dp/B0028UFFIC |title=The Painter of Modern Life and Other Essays Translated and Edited by Jonathan Mayne |date=1964-01-01 |publisher=Phaidon Press |edition= |language=English}}</ref><!-- The following two paragraphs are confusing and do not help make clear the historical development of psychogeography. It seems the discussion of unitary urbanism could be condensed with a stronger reference to the specific page focused on it (similar to the section on this page for dérive). -->

[[Ivan Chtcheglov]], in his highly influential{{Citation needed|date=January 2008}} 1953 essay "Formulaire pour un urbanisme nouveau" ("Formulary for a New Urbanism"), established many of the concepts that would inform the development of psychogeography.<ref name="Chtcheglov">{{cite web|last=Chtcheglov|first=Ivan|title=Formulary for a New Urbanism|url=http://www.bopsecrets.org/SI/Chtcheglov.htm|website=Bureau of Public Secrets}}</ref> Forwarding a theory of [[unitary urbanism]], Chtcheglov wrote "Architecture is the simplest means of articulating time and space, of modulating reality, of engendering dreams".<ref name="Chtcheglov" />  Similarly, the Situationists found contemporary architecture both physically and ideologically restrictive, combining with outside cultural influence, effectively creating an undertow, and forcing oneself into a certain system of interaction with their environment: "[C]ities have a psychogeographical relief, with constant currents, fixed points and vortexes which strongly discourage entry into or exit from certain zones".{{Sfn|Knabb|1995|p=50}} Following Chtcheglov's exclusion from the Lettrists in 1954,{{Citation needed|date=October 2020}} [[Guy Debord]] and others worked to clarify the concept of unitary urbanism, in a bid to demand a revolutionary approach to architecture.{{Citation needed|date=October 2020}}

The Situationists' response was to create designs of new urbanized space, promising better opportunities for experimenting through mundane expression.  Their intentions remained completely as abstractions.  Guy Debord's truest intention was to unify two different factors of "ambiance" that, he felt, determined the values of the urban landscape: the soft ambiance — light, sound, time, the association of ideas — with the hard, the actual physical constructions.  Debord's vision was a combination of the two realms of opposing ambiance, where the play of the soft ambiance was actively considered in the rendering of the hard.  The new space creates a possibility for activity not formerly determined by one besides the individual.{{Citation needed|date=November 2009}}

At a conference in Cosio di Arroscia, [[Italy]] in 1956, the Lettrists joined the [[International Movement for an Imaginist Bauhaus]] to set a proper definition for the idea announced by [[Gil J. Wolman]]: "Unitary Urbanism - the synthesis of art and technology that we call for — must be constructed according to certain new values of life, values which now need to be distinguished and disseminated."<ref>{{cite conference|last=Wolman|first=Gil|year=1956|title=Address by the Lettrist International Delegate to the Alba Conference of September 1956|conference=ALba: Lettrist International}}</ref>  It demanded the rejection of functional, [[Euclid]]ean values in [[architecture]], as well as the separation between art and its surroundings. The implication of combining these two negations is that by creating abstraction, one creates art, which, in turn, creates a point of distinction that unitary urbanism insists must be nullified.  This confusion is also fundamental to the execution of unitary urbanism as it corrupts one's ability to identify where "function" ends and "play" (the "ludic") begins, resulting in what the Lettrist International and [[Situationist International]] believed to be a utopia where one was constantly exploring, free of determining factors.{{Citation needed|date=January 2008}}

One of the first collaborations between Debord and Danish [[Asger Jorn]] is their screen printed [[Guide psychogéographique de Paris]]: discours sur les passions de l’armour (Psychogeographic Guide of
Paris: 1957). Later they created ''The Naked City (psychogeographic map of Paris:1958),'' for which they cut apart a typical map of Paris and repositioned the pieces. The resulting map corresponded with parts of Paris that were ‘stimulating’ and “worthy of study and preservation”;{{Citation needed|date=October 2020}} they then drew red arrows between these parts of the city to represent the fastest and most direct connections from one place to another, preferably made by taxi,{{Citation needed|date=October 2020}} as it was seen as the most independent and free way to travel through the city as opposed to buses.{{Citation needed|date=October 2020}}

Eventually, Debord and [[Asger Jorn]] resigned themselves to the fate of "urban relativity".  Debord readily admits in his 1961 film ''A Critique of Separation'', "The sectors of a city…are decipherable, but the personal meaning they have for us is incommunicable, as is the secrecy of private life in general, regarding which we possess nothing but pitiful documents".  Despite the ambiguity of the theory, Debord committed himself firmly to its practical basis in reality, even as he later confesses, "none of this is very clear. It is a completely typical drunken monologue…with its vain phrases that do not await response and its overbearing explanations. And its silences."<ref>''A Critique of Separation'' (1961). Complete Cinematic Works ([[AK Press]], 2003, Trans. Knabb. K)</ref> "This apparently serious term 'psychogeography'", writes Debord biographer Vincent Kaufman, "comprises an art of conversation and drunkenness, and everything leads us to believe that Debord excelled at both."<ref>{{Cite book|last=Kaufmann, Vincent, 1955-|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/65165348|title=Guy Debord : revolution in the service of poetry|date=2006|publisher=University of Minnesota Press|isbn=0-8166-4455-1|location=Minneapolis, MN|oclc=65165348}}</ref><sup>:114</sup>

Before settling on the impossibility of true psychogeography, Debord made another film, ''On the Passage of a Few Persons Through a Rather Brief Unity of Time'' (1959). The film's narrated content concerns itself with the evolution of a generally passive group of unnamed people into a fully aware, anarchistic assemblage, and might be perceived as a biography of the situationists themselves.{{Original research inline|date=October 2020}} Among the rants which construct the film (regarding art, ignorance, consumerism, militarism) is a desperate call for psychogeographic action:
{{Blockquote
|When freedom is practised in a closed circle, it fades into a dream, becomes a mere image of itself. The ambiance of play is by nature unstable. At any moment, "ordinary life" may prevail once again. The geographical limitation of play is even more striking than its temporal limitation. Every game takes place within the boundaries of its own spatial domain.<ref name="auto">Debord G. Sur le passage de quelques personnes à travers une assez courte unité de temps (1959)</ref>
}}

Moments later, Debord elaborates on the important goals of unitary urbanism in contemporary society:
{{Blockquote
|The atmosphere of a few places gave us a few intimations of the future powers of an architecture that it would be necessary to create in order to provide the setting for less mediocre games.<ref name="auto"/>
}}

Giving a quote that he attributed to [[Karl Marx]], Debord says:
{{Blockquote
|People can see nothing around them that is not their own image; everything speaks to them of themselves. Their very landscape is animated. Obstacles were everywhere. And they were all interrelated, maintaining a unified reign of poverty.<ref name="auto"/>
}}

While a reading of the texts included in the journal ''Internationale Situationniste'' may lead to an understanding of psychogeography as dictated by Guy Debord, a more comprehensive elucidation of the term would come from research into those who have put its techniques into a more developed practise.{{Original research inline|date=October 2020}}  While Debord's influence in bringing Chtchglov's text to an international audience is undoubted, his skill with the 'praxis' of unitary urbanism has been placed into question by almost all the subsequent protagonists of the Formulary's directives.{{Original research inline|date=October 2020}}   Debord was indeed a notorious drunk (see his Panegyrique, Gallimard 1995) and this altered state of consciousness must be considered along with assertions he made regarding his attempts at psychogeographical activities such as dérive and constructed situation.{{Original research inline|date=October 2020}}  The researches undertaken by WNLA, AAA and the London Psychogeographical Association during the 1990s support the contention of Asger Jorn and the Scandinavian Situationniste (Drakagygett 1962 - 1998) that the psychogeographical is a concept only known through practise of its techniques.{{Citation needed|date=October 2020}} Without undertaking the programme expounded by Chtchglov, and the resultant submission to the urban unknown, comprehension of the Formulary is not possible.{{Original research inline|date=October 2020}} As Debord himself suggested, an understanding of the 'beautiful language' of situationist urbanism necessitates its practice.{{Citation needed|date=October 2020}}

==Dérive==
{{Main|Dérive}}
Along with [[détournement]], one of the main Situationist practices is the ''dérive'' ({{IPA|fr|de.ʁiv|lang}}, "drift").<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3" /><ref name=":6" /> The dérive is a method of drifting through space to explore how the city is constructed, as well as how it makes us feel. Guy Debord defined the ''dérive'' as "a mode of experimental behavior linked to the conditions of urban society: a technique of rapid passage through varied ambiances."<ref name="Debord1958Definitions">{{cite journal|author=Guy Debord|date=June 1958|title=Definitions|url=http://www.cddc.vt.edu/sionline/si/definitions.html|journal=Internationale Situationniste|location=Paris|issue=1|translator=Ken Knabb}}</ref> He gave a fuller explanation in "Theory of the Dérive" (1956), first written as a member of the [[Letterist International]]: <blockquote>In a dérive one or more persons during a certain period drop their usual motives for movement and action, their relations, their work and leisure activities, and let themselves be drawn by the attractions of the terrain and the encounters they find there… But the dérive includes both this letting go and its necessary contradiction: the domination of psychogeographical variations by the knowledge and calculation of their possibilities.<ref name="Debord1956Theory">{{Cite journal|last=Debord|first=Guy|date=November 1956|title=Theory of the Dérive|url=http://www.cddc.vt.edu/sionline/si/theory.html|journal=Les Lèvres Nues|issue=9|translator=Ken Knabb}}</ref></blockquote>The ''dérive''<nowiki/>'s goals include studying the terrain of the city (psychogeography) and emotional disorientation, both of which lead to the potential creation of [[Situationist International#Etymology and usage|Situations]].<ref name="Debord1956Theory" />

==Contemporary psychogeography==

[[File:Enkutatash-sex-majik-2004.GIF|thumb|A proliferation of psychogeographical groups in the 90s and early 00s was credited to the re-emergence of the London Psychogeographical Association. evoL PsychogeogrAphix 2003]]
[[File:Sex-majik-2004.GIF|thumb|evoL PsychogeogrAphix 2004]]

In 1987 the psychoanthropologist Howard F. Stein of the University of Oklahoma published ''Developmental Time, Cultural Space: Studies in Psychogeography,'' introducing a new way of looking at how human beings deal with geographical entities, and how the latter resonate in their unconscious mind with personal ones. This was followed in 1989 by a book titled ''Maps from the Mind: Readings in Psychogeography'', edited by Howard Stein and by William Niederland, an eminent psychoanalyst, which incorporated fifteen chapters on various psychogeographical subjects by interdisciplinary scholars. The main focus of this new psychogeography was the application of psychoanalytic insights to our interactions with geographical entities.

Since the 1990s, as situationist theory became popular in artistic and academic circles, [[avant-garde]], [[neoist]], and [[revolutionary]] groups emerged, developing psychogeographical [[praxis (process)|praxis]] in various ways. Influenced primarily through the re-emergence of the [[London Psychogeographical Association]] and the foundation of [[The Workshop for Non-Linear Architecture]], these groups have assisted in the development of a contemporary psychogeography.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://psychogeography.org |title=psychogeography.org weblog and archive |access-date=2017-07-28}}</ref> Between 1992 and 1996 The Workshop for Non-Linear Architecture undertook an extensive programme of practical research into classic (situationist) psychogeography in both [[Glasgow]] and London. The discoveries made during this period, documented in the group's journal ''Viscosity'', expanded the terrain of the psychogeographic into that of [[urban design]] and architectural performance. Morag Rose has identified three dominant strands in contemporary psychogeography: literary, activist and creative.<ref>{{Cite thesis|title=Women walking Manchester : desire lines through the original modern city|url=http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/19889/|publisher=University of Sheffield|date=2017|degree=Ph.D.|first=Morag|last=Rose}}</ref><sup>:29</sup>

The journal ''[[Transgressions: A Journal of Urban Exploration]]'' (which appears to have ceased publication sometime in 2000) collated and developed a number of post-avant-garde revolutionary psychogeographical themes. The journal also contributed to the use and development of psychogeographical maps which have, since 2000, been used in political actions, drifts and projections, distributed as flyers.{{Citation needed|date=October 2020}} Since 2003 in the [[United States]], separate events known as [[Provflux]] and [[Psy-Geo-conflux]] have been dedicated to action-based participatory experiments, under the academic umbrella of psychogeography. An article on the second annual [[Psy-Geo-conflux]] described psychogeography as "a slightly stuffy term that's been applied to a whole toy box full of playful, inventive strategies for exploring cities."<ref>{{cite magazine|last=Hart|first=Joseph|date=Jun 1, 2004|title=A New Way of Walking|url=https://www.utne.com/community/a-new-way-of-walking|magazine=[[Utne Reader]]}}</ref>  Psychogeography has also made a methodological appearance in [[Library and Information Science]]. <ref>{{cite journal|last=Evans|first=Woody|date=2020|title=The Library Ceremony: Oracles, Accidents, and Information Discovery|author-link=Woody Evans|journal=Weave: Journal of Library User Experience|volume=3 |doi=10.3998/weave.12535642.0003.104 |doi-access=free}}</ref>

Psychogeography also became a device used in [[literature]]. In [[United Kingdom|Britain]] in particular, psychogeography has become a recognised descriptive term used in discussion of successful writers such as [[Iain Sinclair]] and [[Peter Ackroyd]].<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":4" /> Sinclair is '[a]rguably the most high-profile British psychogeographer' and is credited with having a strong influence on the term's greater public use in the United Kingdom.<ref name=":3" /><sup>:9</sup> Though Sinclair makes infrequent use of the jargon associated with the Situationists, he has certainly popularized the term by producing a large body of work based on pedestrian exploration of the urban and suburban landscape.{{Citation needed|date=October 2020}}  Scholar Duncan Hay asserts that Sinclair's work does not represent the utopian and revolutionary foundations of Situationist practice, and instead 'finds its expression as a literary mode, a position that would have appeared paradoxical to its original practitioners'.<ref name=":3" /><sup>:3</sup> Sinclair has distanced himself from the term, declaring it a 'very nasty set of branding'.<ref name=":5" /><sup>:19</sup> [[Will Self]] also contributed to the popularisation of the term in Great Britain through a column in the Saturday magazine of the national [[broadsheet]] ''[[The Independent]]''.<ref name=":3" /><sup>:11;</sup><ref>{{Cite book|last=Self|first=Will|title=Psychogeography: Disentangling the Modern Conundrum of Psyche and Place|others=Ralph Steadman|id={{ASIN|1596914661|country=uk}}}}</ref> The column, which started out in the [[British Airways]] [[inflight magazine]], ran in ''The Independent'' until October 2008. {{Citation needed|date=October 2020}}

Sinclair and similar thinkers draw on a longstanding British literary tradition of the exploration of urban landscapes, predating the Situationists, found in the work of writers [[William Blake]], [[Arthur Machen]], and [[Thomas de Quincey]].  The nature and history of [[London]] were a central focus of these writers, utilising [[Romanticism|romantic]], [[gothic novel|gothic]], and [[occult]] ideas to describe and transform the city.  Sinclair drew on this tradition combined with his own explorations as a way of criticising modern developments of urban space in the key text ''Lights Out for the Territory''.  Peter Ackroyd's bestselling ''London: A Biography'' was partially based on similar sources. Merlin Coverley gives prominence to this literary tradition in his book ''Psychogeography'' (2006).<ref name=":4">{{Cite book|last=Coverley|first=Merlin|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QyxHDwAAQBAJ&q=merlin+coverley+psychogeography|title=Psychogeography|date=2018-06-28|publisher=Oldcastle Books|isbn=978-0-85730-270-0|language=en}}</ref> Coverley recognises the situationist origins of psychogeographic practice are sometimes overshadowed by literary traditions, but that they had a shared tradition through writers like [[Edgar Allan Poe]], [[Daniel Defoe]], and Charles Baudelaire.

The documentaries of filmmaker [[Patrick Keiller]] are also considered to be an example of psychogeography.<ref name="Tate Modern">{{Cite web|url=https://www.tate.org.uk/art/art-terms/p/psychogeography|title = Psychogeography – Art Term}}</ref>

The concepts and themes seen in the popular comics' writer [[Alan Moore]] in ''[[From Hell]]'' are also now seen as significant works of psychogeography.  Other key figures in this version of the idea are [[Walter Benjamin]], [[J. G. Ballard]], and [[Nicholas Hawksmoor]].  Part of this development saw increasing use of ideas and terminology by some psychogeographers from [[Charles Fort|Fort]]ean and occult areas including [[earth mysteries]], [[ley lines]] and [[chaos magic]], a course pioneered by Sinclair.  A core element in virtually all these developments remains a dissatisfaction with the nature and design of the modern environment, and a desire to make the everyday world more interesting.{{Citation needed|date=October 2020}}

[[Aleksandar Janicijevic]], the initiator of the Urban Squares Initiative,<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Yılmaz|first=Ebru|date=2016|title=Subjectivity in Design Education: The Perception of the City through Personal Maps|url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/jade.12005|journal=International Journal of Art & Design Education|language=en|volume=35|issue=1|pages=121–139|doi=10.1111/jade.12005|issn=1476-8070|hdl=11147/6126|hdl-access=free}}</ref> defined psychogeography for the group in the following terms: "The subjective analysis–mental reaction, to neighbourhood behaviours related to geographic location. A chronological process based on the order of appearance of observed topics, with the time delayed inclusion of other relevant instances".<ref>{{cite web|date=2008-12-26|title=Psychogeography Maps|url=http://urbansquares.com/12psychomaps.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090330183148/http://urbansquares.com/12psychomaps.html|archive-date=March 30, 2009|website=urbansquares.com}}</ref> In 2013 Aleksandar Janicijevic published "Urbis – Language of the urban fabric" as a visual attempt to rediscover lost or neglected urban symbols. In 2015 another book was published, "MyPsychogeography", an attempt to synthesize sketches and ideas which have informed his art practice.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://photoblog.urbansquares.com/?page_id=170 |title=psychogeography now – window to the urban future &#124; …… |publisher=Photoblog.urbansquares.com |access-date=2013-04-18 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130606150623/http://photoblog.urbansquares.com/?page_id=170 |archive-date=2013-06-06 }}</ref>{{Self-published inline|date=October 2020}}

==Groups involved in psychogeography==
Psychogeography is practiced both experimentally and formally in groups or associations, which sometimes consist of just one member.  Known groups, some of whom are still operating, include:
{{Div col|colwidth=20em}}
*[[SFZero|Bay Area Rapid Transit Psychogeographical Association]]
*[[Glowlab]]
*[[Loiterers Resistance Movement]]
*[[London Psychogeographical Association]]
*[[Nottingham Psychogeographical Unit]]
*[[Providence Initiative for Psychogeographic Studies]]
*The Unilalia Group (see [[Unilalianism]])
*[[The Workshop for Non-Linear Architecture]]
{{div col end}}

==Noted psychogeographers==
{{Div col|colwidth=15em|small=yes}}
*[[Peter Ackroyd]]
*[[Michèle Bernstein]]
*[[Pat Barker]]
*[[Paul Conneally]]
*[[Guy Debord]]
*[[Stewart Home]]
*[[Jacqueline de Jong]]
*[[Robert Macfarlane (writer)|Robert Macfarlane]]
*[[Geoff Nicholson]]
*[[Iain Sinclair]]
*[[Laura Oldfield Ford]]
*[[Nick Papadimitriou]]
*[[Will Self]]
*[[Cathy Turner (artist)]]
*[[Jean Rolin (writer)|Jean Rolin]]
*[[Philippe Vasset]]
{{div col end}}

== Applications for mobile devices ==
A number of applications have been made for mobile devices to facilitate dérives:

* [http://deriveapp.com/s/v2 Dérive app]
* [https://www.serendipitor.net Serendipitor] 
* [http://www.brokencitylab.org/drift/ Drift]
*[https://dérive.stranno.su Dérive]

==See also==
{{div col|colwidth=15em|small=yes}}
*[[Desire path]]
*[[Ecocriticism]]
*[[Edgelands]]
*[[Environmental psychology]]
*[[Flâneur]]
*[[Graffiti]]
*[[Hypergraphy]]
*[[Landscape zodiac]]
*[[Parkour]]
*[[Psychohistory]]
*[[Psychonaut]]
*[[Rhizome (philosophy)]]
*[[Social trail]]
*Urban acupuncture
*[[Urban exploration]]
*[[Wayfinding]]
{{div col end}}

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

===Sources===
{{Refbegin}}
* {{Cite book |last=Kaufman |first=Vincent |year=2006 |title=Guy Debord: Revolution in the Service of Poetry |location=Minneapolis |publisher=University of Minnesota Press }}
* {{Cite book |editor-last=Knabb |editor-first=Ken |year=1995 |title=Situationist International Anthology |location=Berkeley |publisher=Bureau of Public Secrets }}
* {{Cite book |editor-last=McDonough |editor-first=Tom |year=2004 |title=Guy Debord and the Situationist International: Texts and Documents |location=Boston |publisher=October Press }}
{{Refend}}

==Further reading==
{{Refbegin}}
* Balsebre, Gianluigi (September 1995). ''Della critica radicale. Bibliografia ragionata sul'internazionale situazionista con testi inediti in italiano'' (in Italian). Bologna: Grafton.
* Balsebre, Gianluigi (1997). ''Il territorio dello spettacolo'' (in Italian). Bologna: Potlatch.
* Coverley, Merlin (2006). ''Psychogeography''. London: Pocket Essentials.
* Debord, Guy, ed. (1996). ''Guy Debord presente Potlatch''. Paris: Folio.
* Ford, Simon (2005). ''The Situationist International: A User's Guide''. London: [[Black Dog Publishing]].
* Home, Stewart (1997). ''Mind Invaders: A Reader in Psychic Warfare, Cultural Sabotage and Semiotic Terrorism''. London: Serpent's Tail.
* Larry Miller's Flux-Tour at NYU's Grey Art Gallery. https://greyartgallery.nyu.edu/2011/11/performing-in-larry-millers-flux-tour-at-the-grey/
* George Maciunas Flux-Tours. https://www.fondazionebonotto.org/en/collection/fluxus/maciunasgeorge/10/1520.html
* Janicijevic, Aleksandar (June 2008). [https://web.archive.org/web/20130606150623/http://photoblog.urbansquares.com/?page_id=170 "Psychogeography Now - Window to the Urban Future"]. (Toronto) (International Journal for Neighbourhood Renewal, Liverpool, UK)
* Law, Larry; Chris Gray, editors (1998). ''Leaving the 20th Century: the Incomplete Work of the Situationist International''. London: Rebel P.
* Sadler, Simon (1998). ''The Situationist City''. Cambridge: MIT P.
* Smith, Phil. [http://triarchypress.com/pages/Mythogeography_Guide_to_Walking_Sideways.htm ''Mythogeography: A Guide to Walking Sideways'']
* Vazquez, Daniele (2010). [https://web.archive.org/web/20110714163737/http://www.nerosubianco-cn.com/scheda.asp?id=78 ''Manuale di Psicogeografia'']. Cuneo: Nerosubianco edizioni. 
* Wark, McKenzie (2008). ''50 Years of Recuperation of the Situationist International''. New York, Princeton Architectural.
{{Refend}}

==External links==
{{Library resources box}}{{Refbegin}}
*[http://imaginarymuseum.org/LPG/debordpsychogeo.jpg ''Guide psychogeographique de Paris.''] Guy Debord's famous map of Paris
*[http://www.3ammagazine.com/3am/psychogeography-merlin-coverley/ Interview with Merlin Coverley]
*[http://www.4wcop.org/ 4th World Congress of Psychogeography- annual conference]
{{Refend}}

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[[Category:Underground culture]]
[[Category:Social philosophy]]
[[Category:Culture jamming]]
[[Category:Walking]]