Editing Pub session

{{about|playing music in a pub|drinking alcohol in a pub|drinking session}}
{{short description|Making music while at a pub}}
{{more citations needed|date=December 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2020}}
[[File:Mulligans session.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Irish music enthusiasts gather at a pub to play music and drink [[beer]]]]

A '''pub session''' ('''seisiún''' in [[Irish Language|Irish]]; '''seisean''' in [[Scottish Gaelic]]; '''seshoon''' in [[Manx Gaelic]]) is performing music in the setting of a [[public house|local pub]], in which the music-making is intermingled with the consumption of ale, stout, and beer and conversation.<ref name="Rough Guides 1999">{{cite book |title=World Music: Africa, Europe and the Middle East |publisher=Rough Guides |series=Music reference series |year=1999 |isbn=978-1-85828-635-8 |url=https://archive.org/details/roughguidetoworl00simo |url-access=registration |access-date=17 September 2018 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/roughguidetoworl00simo/page/172 172]–173}}</ref> Performers sing and play traditional songs and tunes<ref name="Rough Guides 1999" /> from the Irish, English, Scottish, Cornish, and Manx traditions, using instruments such as the [[fiddle]], [[accordion]], [[concertina]], [[flute]], [[tin whistle]], [[uilleann pipes]], [[tenor banjo]], [[guitar]], and [[bodhrán]].<ref name="Traditiones 2012">{{cite book |title=Traditiones |publisher=Slovenska akademija znanosti in umetnosti, Razred za filološke in literarne vede. |issue=v. 41, no. 1 |year=2012 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=S9_sIfjYdhcC |access-date=24 September 2018 |page=38}}</ref> Some sessions have dancing too.<ref>{{cite web |title=About Bal Miniscule |url=http://balmini.org/about.php |website=Bal Miniscule |access-date=15 January 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url=https://pubcrawlbudapest.hu/ |title= Pub Crawl Budapest }} Thursday, July 23, 2020 </ref>

== History ==

Singing and consuming alcohol have been practised together from ancient times,{{when|date=September 2018}} but the written evidence is fragmentary until the 16th century. In [[William Shakespeare|Shakespeare]]'s [[Henry IV, Part 1|''Henry IV'']], Hal and [[Falstaff]] discuss drinking and playing the "tongs and the bones". There are depictions of pub singing in paintings by Teniers (1610–1690), Brouwer (1605/6-1638) and [[Jan Steen]] (1625/5-1656).

=== 1800 to 1950 ===

The 1830 Beer Act abolished the levy on beer - within a single year 400 new pubs opened, and within 8 years there were 46,000.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.oldcannonbrewery.co.uk/5.html |title=History |date=2007-01-10 |access-date=2018-03-13 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070110215128/http://www.oldcannonbrewery.co.uk/5.html |archive-date=10 January 2007 }}</ref> This number peaked in the 1870s and declined after 1900. By the 1850s, an increasing number of student songs and commercial song-books were published across Europe. The most famous was the ''Scottish Students' Song Book'' by [[John Stuart Blackie]] (1809–1895).  The mixture of traditional songs with hints of erotic humour continues to this day.  The Irish tradition also benefited from the compilation of O'Neill's ''Music of Ireland'', a compilation of 1,850 pieces of Irish session and dance music, published initially by [[Francis O'Neill]] (1848–1936) in 1903.

One of the most popular drinking songs, "[[Little Brown Jug (song)|Little Brown Jug]]," dates from the 1860s. By 1908 [[Percy Grainger]] had begun to record folk singers, but not in their natural habitat—the pub. In 1938 [[A.L. Lloyd]] persuaded his employers at the [[BBC]] to record the singers in the Eel's Foot pub in Eastbridge, [[Suffolk]].

At The Eel's Foot, 1939–47, the songs performed included: "False Hearted Knight", "The Dark-Eyed Sailor", "The Princess Royal", "The [[Foggy Dew (English song)|Foggy Dew]]", "Underneath Her Apron", "Pleasant and Delightful", "The Blackbird." Surprisingly, one of the songs was "Poor Man's Heaven" an American IWW song ([[Industrial Workers of the World]]), dating from about 1920. The oldest singer there was William "Velvet" Brightwell (1865–1960). In 1947 the BBC made more recordings there and broadcast them as "Anglia Sings" on 19 November 1947. Almost all of the participants were in their 50s and 60s. Six years later the first folk club opened in [[Newcastle upon Tyne]], and the average age was in the 20s.

== Instruments ==
[[File:Nash-session.jpg|thumb|Various instruments being played at a pub session]]

The [[fiddle]] has predominated since the 17th century. The [[Diatonic button accordion#Melodeon|melodeon]] became popular in the 1890s. By the 1950s the [[accordion]] took over, particularly in Scotland. By the 1960s the [[guitar]] was the instrument most frequently heard in a pub. Nowadays so many people can afford instruments that ensemble playing is the norm. [[Celtic music|Celtic]] tunes are popular, even in England, however English music is enjoying a large revival currently, due in part to 'new-folk' artists playing traditional English music, such as Bellowhead and Eliza Carthy. Some people go to folk festivals simply in order to play along with others in the beer tent.

=== Choosing an instrument ===

Each session has its own informal rules as to which instruments are acceptable and in what number. Some sessions may have a strict "'traditional' instruments only" rule whereas others will accept anyone who shows up to play with any instrument.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.huffingtonpost.com/marjorie-freimuth/an-outsiders-guide-to-a-d_b_9556002.html |title=An Outsider's Guide to a Dublin Pub Session |last=Freimuth |first=Marjorie |date=2016-04-18 |website=Huffington Post |language=en-US |access-date=2018-03-13}}</ref> The word ''traditional'' is used loosely as sessions themselves are a relatively recently revived phenomenon and some instruments considered 'traditional,' such as the [[bouzouki]] are in fact relatively new to the genres played at a session. It is wise to ask about what is expected at a particular session before bringing a non-'traditional' instrument.

Generally there can be an unlimited number of [[fiddle]]s, [[flute]]s, [[accordion]]s and [[tin whistle]]s. The [[bodhrán]] is common in Irish sessions, but many sessions prefer that only one person play the bodhrán at a time. [[Uilleann pipes]] are common in Irish sessions, but the more commonly known [[Great Highland Bagpipe]]s are never used in a session, because they drown out other instruments. [[Mandolin]]s, [[banjo]]s, [[cittern]]s and [[bouzouki]]s are welcome in moderation. [[Guitar]]s and [[Appalachian dulcimer|dulcimers]] are frequently allowed in sessions without strict "'traditional' instruments only" rules.

== Etiquette ==
There are "open sessions", when anyone who wishes can play, and "closed sessions", where the playing is restricted to a group. The general rules are fairly simple, but depend on the kind of session. In general, pub sessions are not places for learning an instrument. It is expected that those taking part have attained competence in playing their instrument. Some sessions are wholly instrumental while others will engage the crowd with singing. It is customary to introduce oneself to the other participants before joining in. There will usually be a leader or oldest member who sets the tone and keeps the session running smoothly; often leader(s) do not appear to be leaders at all.  Occasionally, even the leaders of a session may not realize that they lead.

Practically, however, there are always leaders at a session, by the nature of human dynamics.  Some sessions follow a round-robin structure, others have a more free-for-all approach, and the leader(s) of a session should be observed to see how this particular session is run.  Due to freeform nature of the session, there is always an element of serendipity and there is an atmosphere of anticipation and an expectation of tolerance from all present.

It is frowned upon when one openly criticises people who know only one song or only a few tunes.  Sessions are occasions to be enjoyed by all participants, and if others are accepted members of the group, it is not up to one person (other than the leaders of the session) to decide that they are not welcome.

== Legal considerations ==
In England and Wales the [[Licensing Act 2003]] came into force in 2005. It could be interpreted as meaning that any performer would be obliged to give prior notification to police, fire brigade and environmental health. Following much lobbying by various groups, the law settled down to allow "spontaneous" events and religious events.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.randomdestination.co.uk/ChippenhamMorris/license.htm |title=Government U turn on licensing legislation |access-date=2006-11-08 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060515224528/http://www.randomdestination.co.uk/ChippenhamMorris/license.htm |archive-date=15 May 2006 }} License</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Folk clubs]]
* [[Irish traditional music session]]
* [[List of public house topics]]
{{Portal bar|Beer|Wine|Drink|Society|Companies|Business and economics}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
{{Commons}}
* [https://thesession.org/sessions thesession.org] – Information about sessions worldwide.
* [http://www.uksessions.net/ UKSessions.net] – Music session in the UK.
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20151130212506/http://www.musicalmakers.org/the-music-of-ireland/ The Tradition of the Pub Session]

[[Category:Music events]]
[[Category:Drinking culture]]
[[Category:Culture of Ireland]]
[[Category:Culture of the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Culture of the Isle of Man]]
[[Category:Folk music venues]]
[[Category:Pubs]]