Editing Puffinus

{{Short description|Genus of birds}}
{{Automatic taxobox
| image = Puffinus_gavia_-_SE_Tasmania.jpg
| image_caption = [[Fluttering shearwater]], ''Puffinus gavia''
| taxon = Puffinus
| authority = [[Mathurin Jacques Brisson|Brisson]], 1760
| type_species =''Procellaria puffinus'' ([[Manx shearwater]])
| type_species_authority = [[Morten Thrane Brünnich|Brünnich]], 1764
| subdivision_ranks = Species
| subdivision = See text
| synonyms =
* ''Thyellodroma'' {{Taxobox_authority | author = [[Leonhard Hess Stejneger|Stejneger]] | date = 1888}}
* ''Hemipuffinus'' {{Taxobox_authority | author = [[Tom Iredale|Iredale]] | date = 1913}}
* ''Neonectris'' {{Taxobox_authority | author = [[Gregory Mathews|Mathews]] | date = 1913}}
}}

'''''Puffinus''''' is a [[genus]] of [[seabird]]s in the order Procellariiformes that contains about 20 small to medium-sized [[shearwater]]s. Two other shearwater genera are named: ''[[Calonectris]]'', which comprises three or four large shearwaters, and ''[[Ardenna]]'' with another seven species (formerly often included within ''Puffinus'').

The taxonomy of this group is the cause of much debate, and the number of recognised species varies with the source.

The species in this group are long-winged birds, dark brown or black above, and white to dark brown below. They are pelagic outside the breeding season. They are most common in temperate and cold waters.

These [[Procellariiformes|tubenose]] [[bird]]s fly with stiff wings, and use a shearing flight technique to move across wave fronts with the minimum of active flight. Some small species, such as the [[Manx shearwater]], are cruciform in flight, with their long wings held directly out from their bodies.

Many are long-distance [[bird migration|migrants]], perhaps most spectacularly the [[Sooty shearwater|sooty]] and [[short-tailed shearwater]]s, which perform migrations of 14,000&nbsp;km or more each year.

''Puffinus'' shearwaters come to islands and coastal cliffs only to breed. They are nocturnal at the colonial breeding sites, preferring moonless nights to minimise predation. They nest in [[Burrow nest|burrows]] and often give eerie contact calls on their night-time visits. They lay a single white [[bird egg|egg]].

They feed on [[fish]], [[squid]] and similar oceanic food. Some will follow fishing boats to take scraps, notably the sooty shearwater; these species also commonly follow [[whale]]s to feed on fish disturbed by them.

==Taxonomy==
The [[genus]] ''Puffinus'' was introduced by the French zoologist [[Mathurin Jacques Brisson]] in 1760 with the [[Manx shearwater]] (''Puffinus puffinus'') as the [[type species]].<ref>{{ cite book | last=Brisson | first=Mathurin Jacques | author-link=Mathurin Jacques Brisson | year=1760 | title=Ornithologie, ou, Méthode Contenant la Division des Oiseaux en Ordres, Sections, Genres, Especes & leurs Variétés | language=fr, la | at=[https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/36010456 Vol. 1, p. 56], [https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/36210979 Vol. 6, pp. 129-130] | place=Paris | publisher=Jean-Baptiste Bauche }}</ref><ref>{{ cite book | editor1-last=Mayr | editor1-first=Ernst | editor1-link=Ernst Mayr | editor2-last=Cottrell | editor2-first=G. William | year=1979 | title=Check-list of Birds of the World | volume=1 | edition=2nd | publisher=Museum of Comparative Zoology | place=Cambridge, Massachusetts | page=89 | url=https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/16108729 }}</ref>

Traditionally, ''Puffinus'' has been grouped with the ''Procellaria'' and ''Calonectris'' shearwaters. However, more recent results<ref name=Austin1996/><ref name=Heidrich/><ref name=Austin2004/> have determined that the genus is apparently [[paraphyletic]] and while in part very close to ''Calonectris'', forms a [[clade]] with the genera ''[[Pseudobulweria]]'' and ''[[Lugensa]]'', which were formerly presumed to be [[gadfly petrel]]s, and can be divided in what has been called the "Puffinus" and the "Neonectris" group after notable species; the latter has been separated as a distinct genus named ''[[Ardenna]]''.<ref name=Penhallurick/><ref>{{ cite web | last=Remsen | first=J.V. | title=Proposal (647) to South American Classification Committee: Split ''Ardenna'' from ''Puffinus'' | publisher=South American Classification Committee | date=September 2014 | url=http://www.museum.lsu.edu/~Remsen/SACCprop647.htm | access-date=23 January 2016}}</ref> The former is taxonomically confusing, with species having been [[Lumpers and splitters|split and remerged]] in the last years.<ref name=Heidrich/><ref name=Austin2004/>

''Puffinus'' is a [[Neo-Latin]] [[loanword]] based on the English "puffin". The original [[Latin]] term for shearwaters was usually the catchall name for sea-birds, ''[[mergus]]''.<ref name=Thompson/> "Puffin" and its variants, such as  poffin, pophyn and puffing,<ref name = oedpuffin>{{cite web| title=Puffin | work= Oxford English Dictionary| url=http://www.oed.com/view/Entry/154193?rskey=GJrKv4&result=1&isAdvanced=false#eid | publisher=Oxford University Press | access-date = 14 December 2014 }}{{subscription required}}</ref> 
referred to the cured carcass of the fat nestling of the shearwater, a former delicacy.<ref name= job90>{{cite book | last= Jobling | first= James A | year= 2010| title= The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names | url= https://archive.org/details/Helm_Dictionary_of_Scientific_Bird_Names_by_James_A._Jobling | publisher = Christopher Helm | location = London | isbn = 978-1-4081-2501-4 |page = 323}}</ref> The original usage dates from at least 1337, but from as early as 1678 the term gradually came to be used for another, unrelated, seabird, the [[Atlantic puffin]], an [[auk]].<ref name = oedpuffin/> The current English name was first recorded in 1835 and refers to the former nesting of this species on the [[Isle of Man]].<ref name = oedmanx>{{cite web| title= Manx| work= Oxford English Dictionary| url=http://www.oed.com/view/Entry/113817?redirectedFrom=manx#eid  | publisher=Oxford University Press | access-date = 14 December 2014 }}{{subscription required}}</ref>

===Extant species===
The genus ''Puffinus'' contains the following 21 species:<ref name=ioc>{{cite web| editor1-last=Gill | editor1-first=Frank | editor1-link=Frank Gill (ornithologist) | editor2-last=Donsker | editor2-first=David | editor3-last=Rasmussen | editor3-first=Pamela | editor3-link=Pamela Rasmussen | date=July 2021 | title=Petrels, albatrosses | work=IOC World Bird List Version 11.2 | url=https://www.worldbirdnames.org/bow/petrels/ | publisher=International Ornithologists' Union | access-date=15 December 2021 }}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Image !! Scientific name !! Common name !! Distribution
|-
|[[File:Puffinus nat.JPG|120px]] ||''Puffinus nativitatis''|| [[Christmas shearwater]] || tropical Central Pacific.
|-
|[[File:Manx Shearwater.JPG|120px]] ||''Puffinus puffinus''|| [[Manx shearwater]]|| north Atlantic Ocean in the United Kingdom, Ireland, Iceland, the Faroe Islands, France, the Isle of Man, the Channel Islands, the Azores, Canary Islands, and Madeira
|-
|[[File:Ma - Puffinus yelkouan.jpg|120px]] ||''Puffinus yelkouan''|| [[Yelkouan shearwater]]|| eastern and central Mediterranean. 
|-
|[[File:Puffinus mauretanicus.jpg|120px]] ||''Puffinus mauretanicus''|| [[Balearic shearwater]]||Morocco and Algeria
|-
|||''Puffinus bryani''|| [[Bryan's shearwater]] ||Hawaiian Islands
|-
|[[File:Black-vented Shearwater, Cabo San Lucas harbor, Baja California del Sur, Mexico, 25 February 2014 (12921391404).jpg|120px]] ||''Puffinus opisthomelas''||  [[Black-vented shearwater]] || Pacific Ocean and the Gulf of California
|-
| || ''Puffinus auricularis''|| [[Townsend's shearwater]]||Cerro Evermann on Isla Socorro in the Revillagigedo Islands, Mexico, though formerly present on Clarion Island and San Benedicto.
|-
|[[File:NEWELL'S SHEARWATER (4-27-2018) holo-holo boat, coast and lehua island, out of port allen, kauai co, hawaii - (2) (41352713635).jpg|120px]] || ''Puffinus  newelli''|| [[Newell's shearwater]]|| Hawaiian Islands
|-
| ||''Puffinus myrtae''|| [[Rapa shearwater]] || islets of Rapa in the Austral Islands of French Polynesia
|-
|[[File:Puffinus gavia - SE Tasmania.jpg|120px]] ||''Puffinus gavia''||  [[Fluttering shearwater]] || New Zealand and migrates to Australia and the Solomon Islands.
|-
|[[File:Hutton's shearwater (DOC).jpeg|120px]] ||''Puffinus huttoni''|| [[Hutton's shearwater]] ||New Zealand
|-
|[[File:Audobon's Shearwater.jpg|120px]] ||''Puffinus lherminieri''|| [[Sargasso shearwater]]|| The Caribbean and parts of the western Atlantic.
|-
| ||''Puffinus persicus''||  [[Persian shearwater]] ||southern Red Sea, the Gulf of Aden and the Somali coast across the south of the Arabian Peninsula to the Gulf of Oman, Pakistan and western India
|-
|[[File:Pétrel de Barau .jpg|120px]] || ''Puffinus bailloni''|| [[Tropical shearwater]] or Baillon's shearwater|| eastern Indo-Pacific; western Indian Ocean
|-
|[[File:Puffinus subalaris.jpg|120px]] ||''Puffinus subalaris''||| [[Galápagos shearwater]]||Galápagos Islands
|-
| ||''Puffinus bannermani''|| [[Bannerman's shearwater]] || Volcano Islands in the Ogasawara Group to the southwest of Japan
|-
| ||''Puffinus heinrothi''|| [[Heinroth's shearwater]] ||the Bismarck Archipelago and northern Solomon Islands
|-
|[[File:Barolo Shearwater.jpg|120px]] ||''Puffinus assimilis''|| [[Little shearwater]]|| Australia & New Zealand
|-
| ||''Puffinus elegans''|| [[Subantarctic shearwater]] || Tristan da Cunha, islands of the southern Indian Ocean and New Zealand Subantarctic Islands
|-
| ||''Puffinus baroli''||  [[Barolo shearwater]] ||Azores and Canaries
|-
|||''Puffinus boydi''|| [[Boyd's shearwater]]||Cape Verde
|-
|}

===Phylogeny===
Phylogeny of the genus based on a study by Joan Ferrer Obiol and collaborators published in 2022. Only 14 of the 21 recognised species were included.<ref>{{Cite journal | last1=Ferrer Obiol | first1=J. | last2=James | first2=H.F. | last3=Chesser | first3=R.T. | last4=Bretagnolle | first4=V. | last5=González-Solís | first5=J. | last6=Rozas | first6=J. | last7=Welch | first7=A.J. | last8=Riutort | first8=M. | date=2022 | title=Palaeoceanographic changes in the late Pliocene promoted rapid diversification in pelagic seabirds | journal=Journal of Biogeography | volume=49 | issue=1 | pages=171–188 | doi=10.1111/jbi.14291 | doi-access=free | bibcode=2022JBiog..49..171F | hdl=2445/193747 | hdl-access=free }}</ref>
{{Clade| style=font-size:100%;line-height:80%;width:500px;
|label1=''Puffinus''
|1={{clade
   |1=[[Christmas shearwater]], ''Puffinus nativitatis''
   |2={{clade
      |1={{clade
         |1=[[Fluttering shearwater]], ''Puffinus gavia''
         |2=[[Hutton's shearwater]], ''Puffinus huttoni''
         }}
      |2={{clade
         |1={{clade
            |1={{clade
               |1=[[Sargasso shearwater]], ''Puffinus lhermineri''
               |2={{clade
                  |1=[[Barolo shearwater]], ''Puffinus baroli''
                  |2=[[Boyd's shearwater]], ''Puffinus boydi''
                  }}
               }}
            |2={{clade
               |1=[[Manx shearwater]], ''Puffinus puffinus''
               |2={{clade
                  |1=[[Balearic shearwater]], ''Puffinus mauretanicus''
                  |2=[[Yelkouan shearwater]], ''Puffinus yelkouan''
                  }}
               }}
            }}
         |2={{clade
            |1={{clade
               |1=[[Little shearwater]], ''Puffinus assimilis''
               |2=[[Subantarctic shearwater]], ''Puffinus elegans''
               }}
            |2={{clade
               |1=[[Tropical shearwater]], ''Puffinus bailloni''
               |2={{clade
                  |1=[[Black-vented shearwater]], ''Puffinus opisthomels''
                  |2=[[Newell's shearwater]], ''Puffinus newelli''
                  }}
               }}
            }}
         }}
      }}
   }}
}}

===Fossil record===
[[File:Puffinus.png|thumb|Comparison between ''P. olsoni'' and ''P. puffinus'']] 
Several [[fossil]] species which became extinct long ago are also known. The proportion of larger ("Neonectris") species apparently was larger before the [[Pliocene]], i.e. before [[marine mammals]] diversified:
* "Puffinus" group
** Menorcan shearwater, ''Puffinus'' sp. ([[Late Quaternary prehistoric birds|prehistoric]]) – possibly extirpated population of extant species; tentatively placed in this group<!-- AnuOrnitolBalears16:3 -->
** [[Dune shearwater]] or Hole's shearwater, ''Puffinus holeae'' ([[Late Quaternary prehistoric birds|prehistoric]])<!-- Ardeola51:91; ColoquPaleontol1:627; Ibis144:153 -->
** [[Lava shearwater]] or Olson's shearwater, ''Puffinus olsoni'' ([[Late Quaternary prehistoric birds|prehistoric]]) –  tentatively placed in this group<!-- ColoquPaleontol1:627; Ibis144:153 -->
** [[Bermuda shearwater]], ''Puffinus parvus'' ([[extinct]]) –  tentatively placed in this group; possibly synonymous with ''[[Audubon's shearwater|P. lherminieri]]''<ref>{{cite journal|author1=Sangster, G.|author2=Robb, M.S.|author3=Mackin, W.A.|author4=Bolton, M.|year=2024|title=Vocalizations and species limits in the North Atlantic clade of small shearwaters (Procellariiformes: ''Puffinus'')|journal=Biological Journal of the Linnean Society|volume=143 |issue=3 |at=blae008|doi=10.1093/biolinnean/blae008}}</ref>
** [[Scarlett's shearwater]], ''Puffinus spelaeus'' ([[Late Quaternary prehistoric birds|prehistoric]])<!-- *Emu94:201 -->
** ''Puffinus tedfordi'' (Pleistocene of western North America)
** ''[[Puffinus nestori]]'' (Late Pliocene/Early Pleistocene of Ibiza)<!-- AnuOrnitolBalears16:3; Ardeola51:91; BiochemSystEcol26:145; ColoquPaleontol1:627; *Endins14:95; Palaeontology44:933 -->
* "Neonectris" group
** ''Puffinus'' sp. 1 (Late Miocene/Early Pliocene of Lee Creek Mine, US)
** ''Puffinus'' sp. 2 (Late Miocene/Early Pliocene of Lee Creek Mine, US)
* Unassigned:<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Tennyson |first1=A. J. D. |last2=Salvador |first2=R. B. |last3=Tomotani |first3=B. M. |last4=Marx |first4=F. G. |title=A New Diving Pliocene ''Ardenna'' Shearwater (Aves: Procellariidae) from New Zealand |year=2024 |journal=Taxonomy |volume=4 |issue=2 |pages=237–249 |doi=10.3390/taxonomy4020012 |doi-access=free |hdl=10037/33366 |hdl-access=free }}</ref>
** ''?Puffinus raemdonckii'' (Early Oligocene of Belgium) – formerly in ''[[Larus]]''<!-- JSystPaleontol5:1. -->
** ''Puffinus micraulax'' (Early Miocene of C Florida, US) – probably "Puffinus" group
** ''Puffinus'' sp. (Early Miocene of Calvert County, US)<ref name=Wetmore/>
** ''Puffinus'' sp. (Early Pliocene of South Africa)<ref name=Olson/>
** ''Puffinus felthami'' (Pleistocene of W North America)
** ''Puffinus kanakoffi'' (Pleistocene of W North America)
** ''"Puffinus" aquitanicus''
** ''Puffinus antiquus'' 
** ''Puffinus barnesi''
** ''Puffinus calhouni''
** ''Puffinus diatomicus''
** ''Puffinus inceptor''
** ''Puffinus mitchelli''
** ''Puffinus priscus''

''"Puffinus" arvernensis'' (Early Miocene of France) is now considered a primitive [[albatross]] of the fossil genus ''[[Plotornis]]''. Some other species like ''P. conradi'' and ''P. pacificoides'' have been reclassified as those of ''[[Ardenna]]''.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Tennyson |first1=Alan J.D. |last2=Mannering |first2=Al A. |date=January 2018 |title=A new species of Pliocene shearwater (Aves: Procellariidae) from New Zealand |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/338491087 |journal=Tuhinga |volume=29 |pages=1–19}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[List of extinct birds]]

==References==

{{Reflist|refs=
<ref name=Austin1996>{{cite journal|author=Austin, Jeremy J. |year=1996|title= Molecular phylogenetics of ''Puffinus'' shearwaters: preliminary evidence from mitochondrial cytochrome ''b'' gene sequences | journal=Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution|volume= 6|issue=1|pages= 77–88|doi=10.1006/mpev.1996.0060|pmid=8812308|bibcode=1996MolPE...6...77A }}</ref>
<ref name=Austin2004>{{cite journal|author1=Austin, Jeremy J. |author2=Bretagnolle, Vincent |author3=Pasquet, Eric  |name-list-style=amp |year=2004|title= A global molecular phylogeny of the small ''Puffinus'' shearwaters and implications for systematics of the Little-Audubon's Shearwater complex|journal=[[Auk (journal)|Auk]]|volume= 121|issue=3|pages= 847–864|doi=10.1642/0004-8038(2004)121[0847:AGMPOT]2.0.CO;2|s2cid=86177092 }}</ref>
<ref name=Heidrich>{{cite journal|author1=Heidrich, Petra |author2=Amengual, José F. |author3=Wink, Michael  |name-list-style=amp |year=1998|title= Phylogenetic relationships in Mediterranean and North Atlantic shearwaters (Aves: Procellariidae) based on nucleotide sequences of mtDNA|journal=Biochemical Systematics and Ecology|volume= 26|issue=2|pages= 145–170|doi=10.1016/S0305-1978(97)00085-9|bibcode=1998BioSE..26..145H |url=http://www.uni-heidelberg.de/institute/fak14/ipmb/phazb/pubwink/1998/8.%201998.pdf}}</ref>
<ref name=Olson>Olson, Storrs L. (1985): Section X, H, 2. Procellariidae. ''In:'' Farner, D.S.; King, J.R. & Parkes, Kenneth C. (eds.): ''Avian Biology'' 8: 210–211. Academic Press, New York.</ref>
<ref name=Penhallurick>{{cite journal|author1=Penhallurick, John  |author2=Wink, Michael  |name-list-style=amp |year=2004|title= Analysis of the taxonomy and nomenclature of the Procellariformes based on complete nucleotide sequences of the mitochondrial cytochrome ''b'' gene|journal=[[Emu (journal)|Emu]]|volume= 104|issue=2|pages= 125–147|doi=10.1071/MU01060|bibcode=2004EmuAO.104..125P |s2cid=83202756 }}</ref>
<ref name=Thompson>{{cite journal|author=Thompson, D'Arcy Wentworth |year=1918|title= The Birds of Diomede|journal=Classical Review|volume= 32|issue=5/6|pages= 92–96|jstor=699721|doi=10.1017/S0009840X00011549|s2cid=164153825 |url=https://zenodo.org/record/1557450}}</ref>
<ref name=Wetmore>{{cite journal|author=Wetmore, Alexander |year=1926|title= Observations on fossil birds described from the Miocene of Maryland|journal=[[Auk (journal)|Auk]]|volume= 43|issue=4|pages= 462–468|url=http://sora.unm.edu/sites/default/files/journals/auk/v043n04/p0462-p0468.pdf|doi=10.2307/4075132|jstor=4075132}}</ref>
}}

==Further reading==
{{Commons}}
{{Wikispecies}}
* Brooke, M. (2004): ''Albatrosses and Petrels Across the World''. [[Oxford University Press]], Oxford, UK. <small>{{ISBN|0-19-850125-0}}</small>

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{{Taxonbar|from=Q858279}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Puffinus| ]]
[[Category:Bird genera]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Mathurin Jacques Brisson]]